Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(2) February 2016, Pages: 1-5

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Advances in Environmental Biology

ISSN-1995-0756 EISSN-1998-1066

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Copyright © 2016 by authors and Copyright , American-Eurasian Network for Scientific Informatio n (AENSI Publication).

Physical and Chemical Characteristic Of Soil That Is

Developing On Alangga And Meluhu Geological

Formation In Various Land Use In Endanga Watershed,

South East Sulawesi, Indonesia

M. Tufaila, Sitti Leomo and La Mpia

Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu, Kendari 93232 INDONESIA Address For Correspondence:

M. Tufaila, Department of Agrotechnology, Faculty of Agriculture, Universitas Halu Oleo Kampus Bumi Tridharma Anduonohu,

Kendari 93232 INDONESIA

E-mail: m.tufailahemon@yahoo.co.id

This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY).

http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Received 12 February 2016; Accepted 12 March 2016; Available online 22 March 2016

ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to analyze characteristic of developing soil on Alangga and Meluhu geological formation in various land use. This study was conducted in Endanga watershed which is a part of Konaweha watershed that is located in Landono and Mowila district, South Konawe region, South east Sulawesi province. The area of the watershed is ± 1353.67 ha, which is developing on geological formation Alangga and Meluhu that comprised of parent material conglomerate, sandstone, filit and quartz. The result shows that soil that was developing on parent material conglomerate, sandstone, filit and quartz has different physical and chemical characteristic. Soil texture in the study location is sandy loam, silty loam, sandy clay loam, value bulk density 0.97 g/cc to 1.29 g/cc, soil water content 3.4% to 50.9 %, porosity 43.4% to 58.7%.

KEYWORDS: Geological formation, parent material, physical characteristic, chemical characteristic, Endanga watershed

INTRODUCTION

Developing stages and characteristic of the soil is affected by its parent material. Parent material is a the

starting material is ground, which is comprised from organic material and minerals. Parent material can be originated from sedimented soil material from other area as an effect of transportation by water and wind. Jenny [13] states that parent material is the condition of soil in time zero of the soil formation process. Through weathering, rock can transform to parent material, and with subsequent weathering along with other soil formation process, parent material will become a soil in very long time [22,21].

Endanga watershed is a part of Konaweha watershed, which is located in Landono and Mowila district, South Konawe region, South East Sulawesi province. The area of watershed Endanga is ± 1353.67 ha, which is used as primary forest, secondary forest, bush, reed, multiple cropping, and paddy fields. The type of soil in Endanga watershed is Cambisol and Podzolic soil [17,].

Endanga watershed is formed from Alangga and Meluhu geological formation. Alangga geological formation is comprised of sandstone and conglomerate [5]. Depositional environment is on the land-brackish. Meanwhile, Meluhu formation is comprised of sandstone and quartz. Age difference parent material of every site can affect the development of soil’s physical and chemical characteristic.

2 M. Tufaila, 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(2) February 2016, Pages: 1-5

The aim of this study is to analyze characteristic of developing soil on Alangga and Meluhu geological formation in various land use.

Method: Date and Location:

This study used explorative survey method and was conducted in January 2015. The research site is in Endanga watershed, South Konawe region, South East Sulawesi (Table 1) with difference geological formation and difference existing land use (Figure 1) Table 1: Land Units in Endanga watershed, South Konawe region, South East Sulawesi

Land units

Soil type Geological formation Parent material Land use Area (Ha)

1 Cambisol Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Secondary forest 65.39 2 Cambisol Meluhu Filit and quartz Secondary forest 28.63 3 Cambisol Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Multiple cropping 8.51 4 Cambisol Meluhu Filit and quartz Multiple cropping 4.56 5 Cambisol Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Paddy fields 14.06 6 Cambisol Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Bush 77.46 7 Cambisol Meluhu Filit and quartz Bush 7.75 8 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Reed 26.39 9 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Secondary forest 5.83 10 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Primary forest 250.34 11 Podzolic Meluhu Filit and quartz Secondary forest 3.54 12 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Multiple cropping 190.32 13 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Paddy fields 16.08 14 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Bush 89.53 15 Podzolic Meluhu Filit and quartz Bush 69.05 16 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Primary forest 494.41 17 Podzolic Alangga Conglomerate and Sandstone Bush 1.82

Total 1353.67

(a) (b)

Fig. 1: Geological map (a) and existing land use (b) in Endanga watershed Data collection method:

Soil properties is consist of physical and chemical properties, such as texture, bulk density, porosity, soil water content, pH permeability, organic mater, nitrogen and pH. Cluster sampling method was used to collect the samples. Composite soil sample were taken from each land units. Samples were taken from 0 – 20 cm and 20 – 40 cm deep, and then they were analyzed in Laboratory, Soil Research Institute, Bogor Indonesia.

RESULT AND DISCUSSION

Soil that is formed from different parent material will have different physical and chemical characteristic of

soil (Table 2). This is caused by the difference in weathering stages of each parent material [20,8]. Properties of passive parent material is based on the fact that various parent material (other soil formation factors are in

3 M. Tufaila, 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(2) February 2016, Pages: 1-5

identical state) could form similar soil types. On the contrary, similar parent material that undergo different soil formation process will produce different soil type [29,15,6]. Table 2: Physical and chemical characteristic of soil

Land Unit

Texture Porosity

Bulk Density

Soil Water

Content Permeabilty

Organic Matter pH

Clay Silty Sandy Soil Texture Classes

C N C/N H2O KCl

(%) (%) g/cc (%) cm/hour (%)

1 12 30 58 Sandy Loam 58.7 0.97 50.9 0.19 0.7 0.07 10 4.8 3.6

2 6 28 68 Sandy Loam 49.7 1.23 16.1 0.23 0.59 0.06 10 4.7 3.5

3 37 48 15 Silty Loam 47.7 1.29 23.5 1.5 0.55 0.07 8 4.9 3.7

4 13 21 66 Sandy Loam 49.7 1.2 17.2 0.62 0.5 0.04 13 5.3 3.8

5 17 32 51 Sandy Loam 48.5 1.25 14.5 4.74 1.02 0.09 11 5 3.7

6 10 31 59 Sandy Loam 43.4 1.1 19.4 1.4 0.73 0.06 12 4.3 3.7

7 29 47 24 Loam 55.5 1.1 21.6 1.35 1.13 0.12 9 5 3.7

8 31 15 54

Sandy Clay Loam 48.1 1.29 26.4 3.45 0.72 0.05 14 4.9 3.7

9 11 24 65 Sandy Loam 53.4 1.13 37.4 0.42 0.85 0.08 11 4.6 4

10 15 57 28 Silty Loam 53.5 1.22 18.9 2.34 1.26 0.15 8 4.2 3.7

11 8 61 31 Silty Loam 51.2 1.17 32.7 0.4 0.3 0.04 8 4.7 3.9

12 26 44 30 Loam 52.2 1.14 15.8 0.48 0.6 0.05 12 5 3.9 13 22 47 31 Loam 55.8 1.07 15.4 2.82 0.73 0.07 10 4.7 3.8

14 27 22 51

Sandy Clay Loam 51.5 1.26 3.4 11.53 1.81 0.14 13 4.5 3.7

15 25 46 29 Loam 53.8 1.08 27 6.33 0.98 0.1 10 5.1 3.8

16 13 66 21 Silty Loam 48.8 1.15 13.9 1.38 0.82 0.1 8 4.5 3.7

17 13 43 44 Loam 53.6 1.08 20.8 4.56 0.58 0.06 10 5 3.3

Texture: Soil texture is one of permanent soil physical properties, therefore it is not easy to be changed by human. It

has substantial impact on other soil physical properties, such as structure, consistency, water affinity, and resistance to erosion. Soil texture also can give an indication of soil parent material and the weathering stages. Soil texture in the research site is sandy loam, silty loam, sandy clay loam. Soil texture composition in Endanga watershed is dominated by sand. This is affected by sandstone as the parent material.

Bulk Density:

Bulk density is the compression size of soil particles (sandy, silty, and clay). Bulk density is varied based on adhesiveness the soil particles [28,23] soil bulk density can be used to show the value of the land boundary in limiting the ability of vegetation’s root to penetrate soil, and the growth of the root [9]. Value bulk density in research site ranged from 0.97 g/cc to 1.29 g/cc. This variation is caused by soil texture and organic materials.

Soil texture in research site is dominated by sand, hence the Bulk Density is low. Organic material also has the ability to reduce the value of bulk density. Presentation of bulk density will be high if the soil organic materials are limited. Organic soils have very low bulk density compared to material soils. Bulk density shows the condition, structure, and soil porosity. The effect of soil physical properties can be seen from link ages plant growth with bulk density. Organic materials will reduce the bulk density since they are lighter than minerals, and organic materials also will increase the soil porosity [24,3]. Soil water content:

The condition of water in the soil is important to be analyzed particularly in the depth of the water table, either seasonal or monthly. The depth of surface groundwater can be determined from local water sources, or from water drilling holes [14]. Soil water content in research site is ranged from 3.4% to 50.9%. This number is

4 M. Tufaila, 2016 Advances in Environmental Biology, 10(2) February 2016, Pages: 1-5

affected by soil texture, which is dominated by sand. Fine-textured soils has higher water retention ability in all of energy hose compared to coarse textured soils. This phenomenon is caused by the fact that fine-textured soils has more colloidal materials, pore space and absorptive surface [19]. Coarse-textured soil has lower water retention ability than fine-textured soils [1]. Therefore, vegetation in sand is generally more susceptible to drought than the one in texture clay soils or clay.

The high number of sand content and low clay content in Endanga watershed cause the soil is unable to store water in high amount, therefore it is easier for erosion, slide, and sedimentation to occur. Leomo et al. [17] explains that value of soil erodibbilty in Endanga watershed varied from 0.24 (medium) to 0.81 (very high). The higher value of soil erodibbilty means that it is easier for the erosion to occur [16,7].

Porosity:

Porosity is the percentage of the entire contents of the pores in a soil content intact, consisting of particles of space including sand, silt, clay and aggregate space between the soil aggregates. Based on the observation in research site, porosity is ranged from 43.4% to 58.7%. The difference in porosity value is affected by organic materials, structure, and soil texture.

With granular soil structure has higher porosity than ground with massive structures. Soil with sand texture has higher number of pores so that it has low water retention ability. In contrast, top soil finely textured has more porosity that is consists of small porous, which resulted in soil with high water retention ability [11].

Permeability:

Soil permeability is the ability of porous soil to pass liquid (rain drops) in lateral and vertical. Permeability rate (cm/hour) is a function of various soil physical properties [25,26]. The permeability value in research site is 0.19 cm/hour (slow) to 11.53 cm/hour (fast). The variation in the permeability value is caused by soil texture, structure, and soil porosity. Texture has high impact on soil permeability. Soil with sand texture will be easier to passing the water in the soil. This is related with the effect of texture on the proportion of colloidal materials, pore space and surface area adsorptive, the finer the texture will be more and more, so that the greater storage capacity of water, the result is increased levels and soil water availability [2,12].

pH:

pH value is related to the concentration of hydrogen ion (H+) in soil. The higher number of H+ ion in the soil, the more acidic it is. Based on the observation in research site, the soil is varied from very acid (pH H2O < 4.5) to acid (pH H2O = 4.5-5.5). The difference in pH is caused by several factors, such as climate, parent material and organic materials [4]. Soil that is formed from parent material sandstone has relatively the lower pH.

Organic Matter:

Organic matter is parent material that is originated from accumulation of accumulation of swamp vegetation and animals. This material is the remainder of a dynamic experience weathering by soil microorganisms. Therefore, this material is soil transition material and must be renewed with additions or plant remains or other organic matter. Organic matter has a role in soil fertility and resistance of soil aggregates. It also affect soil color (it will make the soil has brownish or blackish color), and affecting the nutrient availability in the soil [18,4].

The value of c-organic in research site is ranged from 0.3% (very low) to 1.82% (low). This means that in terms of soil chemical properties, the soils in research site is less fertile and the research site has very advanced decomposition stage, which was shown from the very low to low ratio of C/N. The low concentration of c-organic and soil organic matter will hamper biochemical process that is related with transformation and nutrient dynamic in the soil.

Conclusion:

It can be concluded that: 1. Soil that is developing on parent material conglomerate, sandstone, filit and quartz has various physical

and chemical characteristic. 2. Soil texture in research site is sandy loam, silty loam, sandy clay loam, to bulk density 0.97 g/cc to 1.29

g/cc, Soil water content 3.4% to 50.9 %, Porosity 43.4% to 58.7%.

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