Physical and Chemical Changes Pure Substances Mixtures States of Matter
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Transcript of Physical and Chemical Changes Pure Substances Mixtures States of Matter
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Physical and Chemical ChangesPure Substances
MixturesStates of Matter
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Everything that has mass and volume is called matter.
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All matter, regardless of state, undergoes physical and chemical changes. These changes can be microscopic or macroscopic.
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• occurs when the substance changes appearance but does not change its chemical composition. •Ex: water freezing into ice or cutting a piece
of wood into smaller pieces•The appearance has changed, but the
properties of that substance are the same (i.e. it has the same melting point, boiling point, chemical composition, etc.)
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• Melting point• Boiling point• Vapor pressure• Color• State of matter
• Density • Electrical conductivity• Solubility• Adsorption to a surface• Hardness
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• occurs when a substance changes into something new. This occurs due to heating, chemical reaction, etc.
•Ex: if the density, melting point or freezing point of the original substance changes.
•Many common signs of a chemical change can be seen (bubbles forming, mass changed, etc).
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• Reaction with acids• Reaction with bases (alkalis)• Reaction with oxygen (combustion)• Ability to act as oxidizing agent
• Ability to act as reducing agent• Reaction with other elements• Decomposition into simpler substances• Corrosion
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• Physical properties are those that we can determine without changing the identity of the substance we are studying.
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• The physical properties of sodium metal can be observed or measured. It is a soft, lustrous, silver-colored metal with a relatively low melting point and low density.
• Hardness, color, melting point and density are all physical properties.
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• Chemical properties describe the way a substance can change or react to form other substances. These properties, then, must be determined using a process that changes the identity of the substance of interest.
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• In other words, we have to define chemical properties of a substance by the chemical changes it undergoes.
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• Physical and chemical properties may be intensive or extensive.
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• Intensive properties such as density, color, and boiling point do not depend on the quantity of the sample and can be used to identify substances.
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• Extensive properties such as mass and volume do depend on the quantity of the sample.
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Substances can be identified as either an element, compound, or a mixture.
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•A substance is matter of a particular kind. •Each substance has its own characteristic
properties that are different from the set of properties of any other substance.
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• Fixed composition• Cannot be separated into simpler substances
by physical methods (physical changes)• Can only be changed in identity and
properties by chemical methods• Properties do not vary
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Compounds
• Can be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes
Elements
• Cannot be decomposed into simpler substances by chemical changes
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Mixtures are two or more substances that are NOT chemically combined.Mixtures do not:
· Have constant boiling points
· Have constant melting points
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• Variable composition– Results in different physical properties
• May be separated into pure substances by physical methods
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• look the same throughout but can be separated by physical means (dissolution, centrifuge, gravimetric filtering, etc.). Examples: milk, yogurt
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• Have the same composition throughout
• Components are indistinguishable• May or may not scatter light
Examples: milk, yogurt, etc.
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• homogenous mixtures created when something is completely dissolved in pure water. Therefore, they are easily separated by distillation or evaporation.
Examples: sugar water, salt water
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• composed of large pieces that are easily separated by physical means (ie. density, polarity, metallic properties).
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• Do not have same composition throughout
• Components are distinguishable
Examples: fruit salad, vegetable soup, etc.
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• Solids• Liquids• Gases
(And how the Kinetic Molecular Theory affects each)
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•Have a definite shape•Have a definite volume
Molecules are held close together and there is very little movement between them.
Kinetic Molecular Theory
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•Have an indefinite shape•Have a definite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:Atoms and molecules have more space between them than a solid does, but less than a gas (ie. It is more “fluid”.)
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•Have an indefinite shape•Have an indefinite volume
Kinetic Molecular Theory:
Molecules are moving in random patterns with varying amounts of distance between the particles.