Phylum Porifera Invertebrates. There are 2 Types of animals Vertebrates: Animals with backbones....

Phylum PoriferaPhylum Porifera

InvertebratesInvertebrates

There are 2 Types of animalsThere are 2 Types of animals

VertebratesVertebrates: Animals with backbones.: Animals with backbones.

InvertebratesInvertebrates: : Animals without backbones.Animals without backbones.

* * About 97% of all animal species are inverts.About 97% of all animal species are inverts.

KingdomKingdom Animalia Animalia PhylumPhylum Porifera Porifera

Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) Phylum Porifera (“pore bearers”) There are about 10,000 different speciesThere are about 10,000 different species

Are the simplest multicellular animalsAre the simplest multicellular animals

Adults are either asymmetrical or radialAdults are either asymmetrical or radial

Cells are independent of each otherCells are independent of each other

Rely on water current for food, gas exchange, Rely on water current for food, gas exchange, excretion, & reproductionexcretion, & reproduction


Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes Sponges come in many sizes, colors, and shapes including:including:

Flabellate (fan-shaped)Flabellate (fan-shaped) Arboresecent (tree-like)Arboresecent (tree-like)



Caliculate (Cup Shaped) Tubular (Tube Shaped)Tubular (Tube Shaped)



Amorphous (Shapeless)Globular (Ball Shaped)

An IntroductionAn Introduction Turn Volume up

PoriferaPoriferaMost are marine (saltwater)Most are marine (saltwater)

Have tiny pores on the surface to allow water to Have tiny pores on the surface to allow water to enter & circulate through a series of canals enter & circulate through a series of canals where where planktonicplanktonic organisms are filtered out and organisms are filtered out and eateneaten

PoriferaPoriferaPlanktonicPlanktonic: Describes small organisms that : Describes small organisms that

passively float or drift in a body of water.passively float or drift in a body of water.

Zooplankton: Animal like

Phytoplankton: Plant like

PoriferaPorifera

All are All are sessilesessile: :

Living attached to the bottom or a surface.Living attached to the bottom or a surface.

All are All are filter feedersfilter feeders::

Actively filter suspended food from the waterActively filter suspended food from the water

Porifera: AnatomyPorifera: Anatomy

The outer surface is covered with flat The outer surface is covered with flat cells and sometimes tube-like pore cells cells and sometimes tube-like pore cells called called ostiaostia, which form canals to allow , which form canals to allow water to enter.water to enter.

Simple sponges have one large Simple sponges have one large atriumatrium in the center which is also called a in the center which is also called a spongocoelspongocoel

Fish in Atrium/SpongocoelFish in Atrium/Spongocoel

Porifera: AnatomyPorifera: AnatomyWater is pumped into a larger canal lined with Water is pumped into a larger canal lined with

collar cellscollar cells also calledalso called ChoanocytesChoanocytes, which , which have a flagellum that creates currents and a have a flagellum that creates currents and a collar that traps food.collar that traps food.

Food gets trapped

here

Porifera: EatingPorifera: Eating After choanocytes trap food on their collar, and After choanocytes trap food on their collar, and

is moved along to the base of the collaris moved along to the base of the collar

Food is then engulfed by the cell to form a food Food is then engulfed by the cell to form a food vacuole, and is digested by enzymes and pH vacuole, and is digested by enzymes and pH changeschanges

Digested food is passed to Digested food is passed to amoeboidamoeboid cells, & cells, & distributes it to other cellsdistributes it to other cells

Porifera: AnatomyPorifera: AnatomyWater leaves through the Water leaves through the osculumosculum, a , a

large opening on the toplarge opening on the top

Sponges are Filter FeedersSponges are Filter Feeders

SponginSpongin

SponginSpongin: Resistant fibers for support.: Resistant fibers for support.

Magnified spongin Highly magnified spongin

Porifera: AnatomyPorifera: Anatomy

Larger sponges need Larger sponges need spiculesspicules for support for support

* Are different shapes & sizes * Are different shapes & sizes

Porifera: Body FormsPorifera: Body Forms

1. 1. AsconAscon: Simplest & least common body form: Simplest & least common body form

• Considered “simple sponges”Considered “simple sponges”

• A type of sponge having an oval shape and a thin body wall with pores leading directly into the spongocoel.

• Has a single osculum at the top.

Ascon Body FormAscon Body Form

Porifera: Body FormsPorifera: Body Forms

2.2. SyconSycon is when the sponge wall appears folded is when the sponge wall appears folded

• These sponges tend to be larger than These sponges tend to be larger than asconoids and have a tubular body with a asconoids and have a tubular body with a single osculum. single osculum.

• Similar to the ascon sponge, but the body wall Similar to the ascon sponge, but the body wall is folded. The "folds" form is folded. The "folds" form radial canals..

• ChoanocytesChoanocytes line the radial canals rather line the radial canals rather than the than the spongocoelspongocoel..

Sycon Body FormSycon Body Form

Porifera: Body PlanPorifera: Body Plan3.3. LeuconLeucon: Have extensive branched canal system: Have extensive branched canal system

- Considered “Complex Sponges”Considered “Complex Sponges”

- Do NOT have a spongocoel (Atrium)Do NOT have a spongocoel (Atrium)

- Have multiple exit points (oscula) for water leaving Have multiple exit points (oscula) for water leaving the spongethe sponge

- Have increased surface area and filter large volumes Have increased surface area and filter large volumes of waterof water

Leucon Body FormLeucon Body Form

Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction

Many are Many are asexualasexual: branches or buds break : branches or buds break off and grow into separate sponges identical off and grow into separate sponges identical to the original one called to the original one called FragmentationFragmentation..

* No Sound *

Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction SSexuallyexually: When both sexes release : When both sexes release

gametes during the spawning season.gametes during the spawning season.

*** What are gametes? ***Gametes: Haploid cells (sperm or egg) that functions in

sexual reproduction. The union of 2

gametes of opposite sex produces a zygote.


SpawningSpawning is the production or is the production or depositing of large quantities of depositing of large quantities of eggs and and spermsperm in water. in water.

Frog Spawn Fish Spawning Clam Spawning

More Sponge Spawning Pics.More Sponge Spawning Pics.

Sponge ReproductionSponge Reproduction ZygoteZygote: Diploid Cell produced by the fusion : Diploid Cell produced by the fusion

of an egg and sperm. A fertilized egg cell.of an egg and sperm. A fertilized egg cell.

Diploid Cell

Haploid Cellsperm

Zygote


Most sponges can produce Most sponges can produce bothboth male male and female gametes in the same and female gametes in the same individual and is called individual and is called monoeciousmonoecious

Some are Some are dioeciousdioecious meaning that they meaning that they have separate sexes in each individual have separate sexes in each individual

(either male OR female…not both)(either male OR female…not both)

Are we monoecious or dioecious?We are DIOECIOUS!


Once the egg is fertilized, a larva is formedOnce the egg is fertilized, a larva is formed

LarvaLarva: Is an immature stage that may : Is an immature stage that may undergo a dramatic change in structure before undergo a dramatic change in structure before changing to the adult body formchanging to the adult body form

After no more than 2 days of free-swimming After no more than 2 days of free-swimming existence, the larva settles to the existence, the larva settles to the substratesubstrate and and begins to develop into the adult formbegins to develop into the adult form

What is “Substrate”?

Types of SpongesTypes of Sponges

EncrustingEncrusting: form thin brightly colored : form thin brightly colored growths on rocks or dead coral.growths on rocks or dead coral.


Glass spongesGlass sponges: live in deep water & : live in deep water & have skeletons of fused silica spiclues.have skeletons of fused silica spiclues.

(example: Venus Flower Basket)(example: Venus Flower Basket)


Boring SpongesBoring Sponges: bore thin channels : bore thin channels through oyster shells and corals.through oyster shells and corals.

ImportanceImportance

1. 1. Bath SpongesBath Sponges: Harvested & used to bathe with: Harvested & used to bathe with

Commercial ImportanceCommercial Importance2. 2. MedicalMedical: Some act as antibiotics & others have : Some act as antibiotics & others have

painkilling properties (still researching)painkilling properties (still researching)

• Researchers think that sponges us chemicals to limit competition among sponges…they release these chemicals to insure themselves space in the ecosystem

• Some of these chemicals have been found to have beneficial pharmaceutical effects for humans, including compounds with respiratory, cardiovascular, gastrointestinal, anti-inflammatory, antitumor, and antibiotic activities.

Harvesting SpongesHarvesting Sponges Turn Volume down

The End.The End.

Phylum Porifera Invertebrates. There are 2 Types of animals Vertebrates: Animals with backbones....

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