Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history...
-
Upload
eugene-baker -
Category
Documents
-
view
248 -
download
2
Transcript of Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history...
![Page 1: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phylogeny & the Tree of LifeChapter 26
![Page 2: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Phylogeny & SystematicsPhylogeny:
◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species◦ Determined by evidences from fossil record, homologous
structures, molecular homologies Systematics:
◦ Helps us understand phylogeny (data analysis of phylogeny)
![Page 3: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
26.1Phylogenies show evolutionary relationships
![Page 4: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
TaxonomyGrouping according to
evolutionary similaritiesBinomial nomenclature
(Linnaeus)Domains SpeciesTaxon (plural: taxa):
named taxonomic hierarchy◦Ex: Panthera is the taxon
at the genus level
![Page 5: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Phylogenetic TreeLinks
taxonomy and phylogeny
Branch points◦Divergence of
two lineages from a common ancestor
Most recent common ancestor
![Page 6: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
How to read a phylogenetic tree
![Page 7: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
26.2
Phylogenies are inferred from morphological and molecular data
![Page 8: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Recall:Homology
◦Similarities due to common ancestryAnalogy
◦Similarities due to convergent evolution
![Page 9: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Morphology & DNAPhysical traits and genetics are
homologous in organisms with recent shared common ancestors
![Page 10: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Molecular SystematicsUses DNA and other molecules to
hypothesize evolutionary history
![Page 11: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
26.3
Shared characters are used to construct phylogenetic trees
![Page 12: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
CladisticsScience of constructing a
cladogram
![Page 13: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
CladisticsClades
◦Groups of organisms sharing a common ancestor
![Page 14: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
MonophyleticA valid clade is
monophyletic, it consists of the ancestor species and all its descendants
![Page 15: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Paraphyletic
A paraphyletic clade consists of an ancestral species and some, but not all, of the descendants
![Page 16: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
PolyphyleticA
polyphyletic clade includes many species that lack a common ancestor
![Page 17: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Species Change Over Time (Nodes)
![Page 18: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Characteristics Shared primitive
character ◦ Homologous structure
that is older than the branching of a particular clade from other members of that clade
◦ It is shared by more than just the taxon we are trying to define.
◦ Example – mammals all have a backbone, but so do other vertebrates.
![Page 19: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Characteristics
Shared derived character ◦ New evolutionary
feature, unique to a particular group
◦ Example - all mammals have hair, and no other animals have hair.
![Page 20: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Ingroup & OutgroupIn: Group of study (make
comparisons)Out: Group that diverged prior to
ingroup
![Page 21: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
26.6
New information continues to revise our understanding of the tree of life
![Page 22: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
A Changing Approach to Classification of LifeNew evidence means continued
revision of classification◦Genome (DNA) sequencing
![Page 23: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Tree of LifeCurrent
classification:◦Three domains
6 kingdoms
![Page 24: Phylogeny & the Tree of Life Chapter 26. Phylogeny & Systematics Phylogeny: ◦ Evolutionary history of a species or group of species ◦ Determined by evidences.](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061520/5697bfc81a28abf838ca8522/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
3 Domains
First life on Earth