Phylogeny Book

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1 Anjay Ajodha Archaebacteria Characteristics Mostly anaerobic In extreme environments No peptidoglycan Non-pathogenic Divergent Event 3.8 billion years ago Last common ancestor was a thermophile Body Plan unicellular Metabolism Lithotrophs (from inorganic compunds) Organotrophs (from organic compounds) Phototrophs (from sunlight) Digestion Intracellular Other Systems No other complex systems Reproduction Asexual, simple binary fission Examples Methanogens, thermophiles The red color is due to halophiles. http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/ %E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:San_Franci sco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg

Transcript of Phylogeny Book

Page 1: Phylogeny Book

1Anjay Ajodha

Archaebacteria

Characteristics Mostly anaerobic In extreme environments No peptidoglycan Non-pathogenic

Divergent Event 3.8 billion years ago Last common ancestor was a thermophile

Body Plan unicellular

Metabolism Lithotrophs (from inorganic compunds) Organotrophs (from organic compounds) Phototrophs (from sunlight)

Digestion Intracellular

Other Systems No other complex systems

Reproduction Asexual, simple binary fission

Examples Methanogens, thermophiles

Vocabulary Peptidoglycan – a polymer of sugars connected by polypeptides making up the cell wall of

bacteria Binary fission – when each daughter cell gets a copy of the single parental chromosome

The red color is due to halophiles.

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg

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Eubacteria

Characteristics Two groups ( gram +, gram -) Decomposers Clump into clusters

Divergent Event 2 billion years ago

Body Plan Unicellular, but may clump together Spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral-shaped

Metabolism Autotrophs (photosynthesis) Heterotrophic

Digestion Intracellular

Reproduction Asexual, simple binary fission, vegetative

Other Systems No other complex systems

Examples Cyanobacteria, actinomycetes

Vocabulary None

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg

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Fungi

Description Breaks down organic material Eukaryotic More closely related to animals

Divergent Event 1 billion years ago –multicellular life Few fossils

Body Plan Unicellular

o Yeast Multicellular

o Mushrooms Chitinous Cell Wall

Metabolism Heterotrophs

o breaks down organic materials Saprobes

Digestion Extracellular Digestion Most use modified hyphae

Other Systems No complex systems (nervous, circulatory, etc)

Reproduction Asexual (budding, spore formation) Sexual (Gametic fusion of mating types)

Examples Lichens, molds

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_(fly_agaric).JPG

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Phyla of the Kingdom Fungi

Basidomycota Description:

o typical mushroom with head and stemo Some reproduce asexually or through club

shaped structures Commercial Value: many are used as food Examples: Agaricus (button mushrooms)

Zygomycota Description:

o forms spherical spores from during sexual reproduction Commercial value: forms on food Examples: bread mold

Ascomycota Description:

o spores produced in special sacs for reproduction Commercial value: yeast is included in this phylum Examples: Euascomycetae (truffles)

Deutromycota Description:

o are “imperfect” fungio don’t fit into the other categorieso Asexual

Commercial Value: penicillin Examples: Trichophyton (athlete's foot)

Protista

http://www.perspect ive.com/nature/fungi/agcampes.jpg

http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/bread-mold.jpg

http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/mor-esculenta-small.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Athletes.jpg

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Characteristics Require a water-based environment Aerobic Can form cysts to survive Major component of plankton, mostly multicellular

Divergent Event 2 billion years ago – complex cells appeared No longer recognized in taxonomy

Body Plan Unicellular

o Amoeba Multicellular

o Sea Lettuce

Metabolism Intracellular

Reproduction Asexual

o Budding Sexual

o Conjugation

Other Systems No other complex systems present

Examples Dinoflagellates Algae

Phyla of the Kingdom Protista

http://www.oberlin.k12.oh.us/talent/isp/reports2002/amoebaproteus/images/amoeba.jpg

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Ciliophora Description:

o Freshwater organismso Use cilia to move

Protist Type : Animal like Examples: Paramecium

Zoomastingina Description:

o Have flagellao Oldest eukaryote group

Protist Type: Animal like Examples: Trypanosoma gambiense (African sleeping sickness)

Euglenophyta Description:

o Photosynthetic or heterotrophico Red photosensitive eyespot

Protist Type: Animal or Plant like Examples: Euglena

Chlorophyta Description:

o Green algaeo Sexual and asexual production

Commercial Value: Plant like Examples: Sea lettuce

Phaeophyta Description:

o Large and complexo Differentiated tissues and organs

Protist Type: Plant like Examples: Kelp

Rhodophyta Description:

o Red, multicellular algaeo Deeper parts of the ocean

Protist Type: Plant like Examples: Nori

Plantae

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nori.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelp_in_Neskowin.jpg

http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Euglena.JPG

http://forum.notebookreview.com/image.php?u=33193&dateline=1149868975

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/movies/protista/paramecium.jpg

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Characteristics Sessile organisms Root System Glucose in Cell Wall

Divergent Event First appearance of land plants 475 million years ago Flowering plants appeared 130 million years ago

Body Plan Multicellular

Metabolism Autotrophic, with few exceptions

Reproduction Sexual, vary by phylum

Circulatory System Xylem and phloem used to circulate nutrients and water

Nervous System Somewhat complex nervous system

Examples Sunflowers Pine Trees

Phyla of the Kingdom Plantae

Bryophyta Description:

o Commonly known as mosseso Avascular

http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/flowers.jpg

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Environment: Damp, hard surfaces Examples: Summer Moss

Pterophyta Description:

o Fernso Have leaves, but no flowers or seeds

Protist Type: Temperate and tropical forest Examples: Whisk Ferns

Cycadophyta Description:

o Palm-style leaveo Nitrogen-fixing roots

Environment: Tropical Areas Examples: Encephalartos

Ginkgophyta Description:

o Only contains one living species Environment: Planted in cities because they are pollution-resistant, very few

in wild Examples: Ginkgo bilboa

Coniferophyta Description:

o Very tolerant of many climateso Needle-like leaves

Environment: Northern Hemisphere Examples: Pine Tree

Phylum Anthophyta

Description Flowering Plants

Environment Everywhere

http://faculty.uca.edu/march/bio2/plant_bio/polytric.jpg

http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/OLLM/112s99/phyla/plants/pterophyta.jpg

http://www.uamineralmuseum.org/wp-content/gallery/cactus/EncephalartosWoodii.jpg

http://www.gardeninggonewild.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/ginkgo-biloba-leaves-april-30-08.jpg

http://www.quality-firs.com/perfecttree.jpg

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Examples Roses

Class Monocotyledonae Description

o One seed leaf (cotyledon)o Parallel leaf veinso Flower petals come in threes

Exampleso Hemerocallis

Class Dicotyledonae Description

o Two seed leaves (cotyledons)o Branching leaf veinso More than 3 petals

Exampleso Magnolia

Animalia

Characteristics Eukaryotic Specialized cell systems Anaerobic & Aerobic

Divergent Event Appearance of:

o Arthropods – 570 million years ago

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicot

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemerocallis_longituba.jpg

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o Fish – 500 million years agoo Reptiles – 300 million years agoo Mammals – 200 million years ago

Body Plan Multicellular

Metabolism Heterotrphs

Reproduction Sexual Asexual - budding

Complex Systems Kingdom Animalia has these systems

o Digestiveo Nervouso Circulatoryo Respiratory

Examples Slugs Lion

Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia

Porifera Description:

o Filter feedero No complex systems

Examples: sea sponge

Cnidaria Description:

o Have all these stinging vells

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpongeColorCorrect.jpg

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o Simple nerve neto No complex circulatory or respiratory systemso Gastrovascular digestion

Examples: Portuguese man o’ war

Platyhelminthes Description:

o Has three cell layerso Bilateral symmetryo Open circulatory systemo Ganglia for nervous systemso No respiratory system

Examples: flatworm

Nematoda Description:

o One way digestive tracto Bilateral symmetryo Ganglia for nervous systemo Complete digestive systemso Open circulatory systemo No respiratory system

Examples: Roundworms

Annelida Description:

o Segmented bodyo Whole digestive systemo Has a braino Simple circulatory and has a coelomo No respiratory system

Examples: Earthworm

Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia (cont’d)

Mollusca Description:

o Encased in a shello Soft bodieso Complete digestive systemo Gangliao Close circulatory system with simple hearto Gills

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_Man-O-

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedford%27s_Flatworm.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundworm.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regenwurm1.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

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Examples: Oysters, clams

Arthropoda Description:

o Very spread outo Exoskeleton of chitino Complete digestive systemo Simple brain or ganglia presento Open circulatory systemo Gills

Examples: Lobsters, crabs

Echinodermata Description:

o All species are marineo Radial symmetryo Complete digestive systemo Ring nerve topologyo Open circulatory systemo Gills

Examples: Starfish

Chrodata Description:

o Have some sort of braino Have a backbone of some typeo Have all the other body systemso Complete digestive systems

Examples: Humans, tigers, snake

Subphylum Vertebrata

Description Have vertebral column All bodily systems

Examples Monkey, Bass

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-knobbed.starfish.arp.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_in_Ranthambhore.jpg

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Class Myxini Description

o Lack jawso Slimyo Complete digestive and closed circulatory systemo Gills and basic brain

Exampleso Hagfish

Class Cephalaspidomorphi Description

o Cartilaginouso Jawlesso Complete digestive systemo Basic nervous systemo Closed circulatory systemo Gills

Exampleso Lamprey

Class Chondrichthyes Description

o Jawso Complete digestive systemo Complete nervous systemo Closed circulatory systemo Gills

Exampleso Great White Shark

Subphylum Vertebrata (cont’d)

Class Osteichthyes Description

o Bony skeletono Complete digestive system and two chambered hearto Developed brain and gillso Paired fins

Exampleso Trout

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_hagfish_Myxine.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diversas_lampreas.1_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trout.jpg

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Class Amphibia Description

o Ectothermico Lays eggso Complete digestion, developed braino Lungs, gills, three chambered heart

Exampleso Bullfrogs

Class Aves Description

o Hard beak, no teetho Hard eggs, featherso Complete digestion, nervous system, lungso 4 chambered heart

Exampleso Pigeon

Class Mammalia Description

o Ear boneso Hair, Mammary Glandso Complete digestion, nervous system, lungso Complex brain

Exampleso Cheetah

Sources http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id1.html http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/1030/boyd/lect4outline.htm http://www.conifers.org/zz/cycadales.htm http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_3_seed_plts/Ginkgophyta.html http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/bot311-00/celltissorgan/

coniferophyta.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/angio1.htm http://www.biology.buffalo.edu/courses/bio531/lecture6.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/porifera.html

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheCheethcat.jpg

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http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Invertebrates.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/myxini.html http://animals.jrank.org/pages/1945/Lampreys-Cephalaspidomorphi-PHYSICAL-

CHARACTERISTICS.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/chondrintro.html http://fernbank.edu/STT/VertBio/pages/Osteichthyes/osteichthyes.htm http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html http://imnh.isu.edu/DIGITALATLAS/bio/reptile/main/reptilia.htm http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mammalia.html http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/archaebact.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/characteristics-of-archaebacteria.html Biology 6th Edition Campbell/Reece http://www.mscc.edu/webs/breeder/1110/

biol1110_bacteria_eubacteria&archaebacteria.pdf http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/myc2.html http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm