Phylogeny Book
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Transcript of Phylogeny Book
1Anjay Ajodha
Archaebacteria
Characteristics Mostly anaerobic In extreme environments No peptidoglycan Non-pathogenic
Divergent Event 3.8 billion years ago Last common ancestor was a thermophile
Body Plan unicellular
Metabolism Lithotrophs (from inorganic compunds) Organotrophs (from organic compounds) Phototrophs (from sunlight)
Digestion Intracellular
Other Systems No other complex systems
Reproduction Asexual, simple binary fission
Examples Methanogens, thermophiles
Vocabulary Peptidoglycan – a polymer of sugars connected by polypeptides making up the cell wall of
bacteria Binary fission – when each daughter cell gets a copy of the single parental chromosome
The red color is due to halophiles.
http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%AB:San_Francisco_Bay_Salt_Ponds.jpg
2Anjay Ajodha
Eubacteria
Characteristics Two groups ( gram +, gram -) Decomposers Clump into clusters
Divergent Event 2 billion years ago
Body Plan Unicellular, but may clump together Spherical, rod-shaped, or spiral-shaped
Metabolism Autotrophs (photosynthesis) Heterotrophic
Digestion Intracellular
Reproduction Asexual, simple binary fission, vegetative
Other Systems No other complex systems
Examples Cyanobacteria, actinomycetes
Vocabulary None
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:EscherichiaColi_NIAID.jpg
3Anjay Ajodha
Fungi
Description Breaks down organic material Eukaryotic More closely related to animals
Divergent Event 1 billion years ago –multicellular life Few fossils
Body Plan Unicellular
o Yeast Multicellular
o Mushrooms Chitinous Cell Wall
Metabolism Heterotrophs
o breaks down organic materials Saprobes
Digestion Extracellular Digestion Most use modified hyphae
Other Systems No complex systems (nervous, circulatory, etc)
Reproduction Asexual (budding, spore formation) Sexual (Gametic fusion of mating types)
Examples Lichens, molds
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Amanita_muscaria_(fly_agaric).JPG
4Anjay Ajodha
Phyla of the Kingdom Fungi
Basidomycota Description:
o typical mushroom with head and stemo Some reproduce asexually or through club
shaped structures Commercial Value: many are used as food Examples: Agaricus (button mushrooms)
Zygomycota Description:
o forms spherical spores from during sexual reproduction Commercial value: forms on food Examples: bread mold
Ascomycota Description:
o spores produced in special sacs for reproduction Commercial value: yeast is included in this phylum Examples: Euascomycetae (truffles)
Deutromycota Description:
o are “imperfect” fungio don’t fit into the other categorieso Asexual
Commercial Value: penicillin Examples: Trichophyton (athlete's foot)
Protista
http://www.perspect ive.com/nature/fungi/agcampes.jpg
http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/bread-mold.jpg
http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/mor-esculenta-small.jpg
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4a/Athletes.jpg
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Characteristics Require a water-based environment Aerobic Can form cysts to survive Major component of plankton, mostly multicellular
Divergent Event 2 billion years ago – complex cells appeared No longer recognized in taxonomy
Body Plan Unicellular
o Amoeba Multicellular
o Sea Lettuce
Metabolism Intracellular
Reproduction Asexual
o Budding Sexual
o Conjugation
Other Systems No other complex systems present
Examples Dinoflagellates Algae
Phyla of the Kingdom Protista
http://www.oberlin.k12.oh.us/talent/isp/reports2002/amoebaproteus/images/amoeba.jpg
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Ciliophora Description:
o Freshwater organismso Use cilia to move
Protist Type : Animal like Examples: Paramecium
Zoomastingina Description:
o Have flagellao Oldest eukaryote group
Protist Type: Animal like Examples: Trypanosoma gambiense (African sleeping sickness)
Euglenophyta Description:
o Photosynthetic or heterotrophico Red photosensitive eyespot
Protist Type: Animal or Plant like Examples: Euglena
Chlorophyta Description:
o Green algaeo Sexual and asexual production
Commercial Value: Plant like Examples: Sea lettuce
Phaeophyta Description:
o Large and complexo Differentiated tissues and organs
Protist Type: Plant like Examples: Kelp
Rhodophyta Description:
o Red, multicellular algaeo Deeper parts of the ocean
Protist Type: Plant like Examples: Nori
Plantae
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Nori.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Kelp_in_Neskowin.jpg
http://scienceblogs.com/clock/upload/2006/07/Euglena.JPG
http://forum.notebookreview.com/image.php?u=33193&dateline=1149868975
http://biology.clc.uc.edu/movies/protista/paramecium.jpg
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Characteristics Sessile organisms Root System Glucose in Cell Wall
Divergent Event First appearance of land plants 475 million years ago Flowering plants appeared 130 million years ago
Body Plan Multicellular
Metabolism Autotrophic, with few exceptions
Reproduction Sexual, vary by phylum
Circulatory System Xylem and phloem used to circulate nutrients and water
Nervous System Somewhat complex nervous system
Examples Sunflowers Pine Trees
Phyla of the Kingdom Plantae
Bryophyta Description:
o Commonly known as mosseso Avascular
http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/sitebuildercontent/sitebuilderpictures/flowers.jpg
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Environment: Damp, hard surfaces Examples: Summer Moss
Pterophyta Description:
o Fernso Have leaves, but no flowers or seeds
Protist Type: Temperate and tropical forest Examples: Whisk Ferns
Cycadophyta Description:
o Palm-style leaveo Nitrogen-fixing roots
Environment: Tropical Areas Examples: Encephalartos
Ginkgophyta Description:
o Only contains one living species Environment: Planted in cities because they are pollution-resistant, very few
in wild Examples: Ginkgo bilboa
Coniferophyta Description:
o Very tolerant of many climateso Needle-like leaves
Environment: Northern Hemisphere Examples: Pine Tree
Phylum Anthophyta
Description Flowering Plants
Environment Everywhere
http://faculty.uca.edu/march/bio2/plant_bio/polytric.jpg
http://intro.bio.umb.edu/111-112/OLLM/112s99/phyla/plants/pterophyta.jpg
http://www.uamineralmuseum.org/wp-content/gallery/cactus/EncephalartosWoodii.jpg
http://www.gardeninggonewild.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/05/ginkgo-biloba-leaves-april-30-08.jpg
http://www.quality-firs.com/perfecttree.jpg
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Examples Roses
Class Monocotyledonae Description
o One seed leaf (cotyledon)o Parallel leaf veinso Flower petals come in threes
Exampleso Hemerocallis
Class Dicotyledonae Description
o Two seed leaves (cotyledons)o Branching leaf veinso More than 3 petals
Exampleso Magnolia
Animalia
Characteristics Eukaryotic Specialized cell systems Anaerobic & Aerobic
Divergent Event Appearance of:
o Arthropods – 570 million years ago
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dicot
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Hemerocallis_longituba.jpg
10Anjay Ajodha
o Fish – 500 million years agoo Reptiles – 300 million years agoo Mammals – 200 million years ago
Body Plan Multicellular
Metabolism Heterotrphs
Reproduction Sexual Asexual - budding
Complex Systems Kingdom Animalia has these systems
o Digestiveo Nervouso Circulatoryo Respiratory
Examples Slugs Lion
Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia
Porifera Description:
o Filter feedero No complex systems
Examples: sea sponge
Cnidaria Description:
o Have all these stinging vells
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:SpongeColorCorrect.jpg
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o Simple nerve neto No complex circulatory or respiratory systemso Gastrovascular digestion
Examples: Portuguese man o’ war
Platyhelminthes Description:
o Has three cell layerso Bilateral symmetryo Open circulatory systemo Ganglia for nervous systemso No respiratory system
Examples: flatworm
Nematoda Description:
o One way digestive tracto Bilateral symmetryo Ganglia for nervous systemo Complete digestive systemso Open circulatory systemo No respiratory system
Examples: Roundworms
Annelida Description:
o Segmented bodyo Whole digestive systemo Has a braino Simple circulatory and has a coelomo No respiratory system
Examples: Earthworm
Phyla of the Kingdom Animalia (cont’d)
Mollusca Description:
o Encased in a shello Soft bodieso Complete digestive systemo Gangliao Close circulatory system with simple hearto Gills
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Portuguese_Man-O-
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Bedford%27s_Flatworm.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Roundworm.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Regenwurm1.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
12Anjay Ajodha
Examples: Oysters, clams
Arthropoda Description:
o Very spread outo Exoskeleton of chitino Complete digestive systemo Simple brain or ganglia presento Open circulatory systemo Gills
Examples: Lobsters, crabs
Echinodermata Description:
o All species are marineo Radial symmetryo Complete digestive systemo Ring nerve topologyo Open circulatory systemo Gills
Examples: Starfish
Chrodata Description:
o Have some sort of braino Have a backbone of some typeo Have all the other body systemso Complete digestive systems
Examples: Humans, tigers, snake
Subphylum Vertebrata
Description Have vertebral column All bodily systems
Examples Monkey, Bass
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Red-knobbed.starfish.arp.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tiger_in_Ranthambhore.jpg
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Class Myxini Description
o Lack jawso Slimyo Complete digestive and closed circulatory systemo Gills and basic brain
Exampleso Hagfish
Class Cephalaspidomorphi Description
o Cartilaginouso Jawlesso Complete digestive systemo Basic nervous systemo Closed circulatory systemo Gills
Exampleso Lamprey
Class Chondrichthyes Description
o Jawso Complete digestive systemo Complete nervous systemo Closed circulatory systemo Gills
Exampleso Great White Shark
Subphylum Vertebrata (cont’d)
Class Osteichthyes Description
o Bony skeletono Complete digestive system and two chambered hearto Developed brain and gillso Paired fins
Exampleso Trout
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/64/
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pacific_hagfish_Myxine.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Diversas_lampreas.1_-_Aquarium_Finisterrae.JPG
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Tibur%C3%B3n.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Trout.jpg
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Class Amphibia Description
o Ectothermico Lays eggso Complete digestion, developed braino Lungs, gills, three chambered heart
Exampleso Bullfrogs
Class Aves Description
o Hard beak, no teetho Hard eggs, featherso Complete digestion, nervous system, lungso 4 chambered heart
Exampleso Pigeon
Class Mammalia Description
o Ear boneso Hair, Mammary Glandso Complete digestion, nervous system, lungso Complex brain
Exampleso Cheetah
Sources http://danmarkltd.tripod.com/taxonomy/id1.html http://www.auburn.edu/academic/classes/biol/1030/boyd/lect4outline.htm http://www.conifers.org/zz/cycadales.htm http://www.esu.edu/~milewski/intro_biol_two/lab_3_seed_plts/Ginkgophyta.html http://www.botany.hawaii.edu/faculty/webb/bot311/bot311-00/celltissorgan/
coniferophyta.htm http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/anthophyta/anthophyta.html http://www.hcs.ohio-state.edu/hcs300/angio1.htm http://www.biology.buffalo.edu/courses/bio531/lecture6.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/porifera/porifera.html
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:North-American-bullfrog1.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Rock_dove_-_natures_pics.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheCheethcat.jpg
15Anjay Ajodha
http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/cnidaria/cnidaria.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/platyhelminthes/platyhelminthes.html http://users.rcn.com/jkimball.ma.ultranet/BiologyPages/I/Invertebrates.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/myxini.html http://animals.jrank.org/pages/1945/Lampreys-Cephalaspidomorphi-PHYSICAL-
CHARACTERISTICS.html http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/vertebrates/basalfish/chondrintro.html http://fernbank.edu/STT/VertBio/pages/Osteichthyes/osteichthyes.htm http://www.shsu.edu/~bio_mlt/AMPHIBIA.html http://imnh.isu.edu/DIGITALATLAS/bio/reptile/main/reptilia.htm http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Aves.html http://animaldiversity.ummz.umich.edu/site/accounts/information/Mammalia.html http://www.historyoftheuniverse.com/archaebact.html http://www.buzzle.com/articles/characteristics-of-archaebacteria.html Biology 6th Edition Campbell/Reece http://www.mscc.edu/webs/breeder/1110/
biol1110_bacteria_eubacteria&archaebacteria.pdf http://www.ucmp.berkeley.edu/bacteria/cyanointro.html http://www.perspective.com/nature/fungi/ http://www.microbiologybytes.com/introduction/myc2.html http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio106/protista.htm