TERM PAPER MECHANICS: PYY101

Submitted bySanjeev KumarRoll No. RK4001-B72Reg. No. 11012052

DOA: 25-Sep-2010DOR: 16-Oct-2010DOS: 13-Nov-2010

Under the Guidance of

Mr. Amandeep Singh

Faculty of B.tech-MBA (ME), PHY101

Lovely Professional University

Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

AcknowledgmentFirst and foremost, we would like to thank to our teacher of this project, Mr. Amandeep Singh for the valuable guidance and advice. He inspired us greatly to work in this project. His willingness to motivate us contributed tremendously to our project. We also would like to thank his for showing us some example that related to the topic of our project.

Besides, we would like to thank the authority of Lovely Professional University (LPU) for providing us with a good environment and facilities to complete this project. Also, we would like to take this opportunity to thank to the Centre of Affiliated Diploma Programme (CADP) of Multimedia University (MMU) for offering this subject, Computing Project. It gave us an opportunity to participate and learn about the operation of flights ticket reservation. In addition, we would also like to thank my senior friends who provide us valuable information as the guidance of our project.

Finally, an honourable mention goes to our families and friends for their understandings and supports on us in completing this project. Without helps of the particular that mentioned above, we would face many difficulties while doing this project.

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

AbstractThe materials which are applied in modem motor vehicles can be considered to be optimally accommodated to the actual demands. Normally a change of materials is only required if by that a cost reduction can be realized, or if the demands change. Such changes at present or in the near future mainly concern ecological aspects: consumption reduction; weight reduction; low emission of pollutants by vehicles and in the production process; recycling of materials. Those materials in question which better accommodate the new requirements can be: improved variants of actually applied materials; fully developed materials approved already in other technical areas but not yet applied in automotive engineering; newly developed materials. Starting from the actual conception examples will be given for each category. They will show that the costs of future materials tend to be higher, but that even with more expensive materials sometimes the cost of a component can be reduced.

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Table of ContentsAcknowledgement……………………………………. 2

Abstract........................................................................ 3

Table of Contents…………………………………..... 4

List of Tables…………………………………………. 5

List of Figure………………………………...……….. 5

Introduction…………………………………………... 6

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

IntroductionWith the development of material science, many new, high-quality, and cost-efficientMaterials have come into use in automobile. Smart materials are material that have one or more properties that can be significantly changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli, such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH, electric or magnetic fields. Smart materials is a general term for a broad category of multifunctional materials for which a specific property (optical, mechanical, electronic, automobile, etc.) can sense the environment and can be controllably modified. Many of these materials and structures emulate biological systems that can adapt to change in their environment, of these material involves combining several technological disciplines, including materials science, chemistry, solid state physics, nanotechnology and robotic.

Smart Material

These are the substances that have one or more properties that can be changed in a controlled fashion by external stimuli. These external stimuli may be of any kind such as stress, temperature, moisture, pH and even electric and magnetic field.

Science and technology have made amazing developments in the design of machinery and electronics using smart and standard materials which do not have particularly special properties. Some such materials have the ability to change shape of size simply by adding a little bit of heat or to change from a liquid to a solid almost instantly when near a magnet, these materials are called smart materials.

Smart materials have one or more properties that can be dramatically adapted. A variety of mart materials already exists and is being researched extensively. Some items are already incorporation smart materials as like that coffeepots, cars, the international space station, eyeglasses, and the number of applications for them is growing steadily.

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Smart materials produce direct, inherent physical responses to signals such as temperature, voltage, pressure, magnetic fields, light, and so on. Though the mechanical behaviour of an SM actuator often is unimpressive in isolation, the ability to use a very simple device to produce specific mechanical action in response to specific conditions or signals can dramatically improve the overall performance of a device. Designers can use SMs to simplify products, add features, improve performance, or increase reliability with relatively little mechanical complexity.

Advanced man-made composites such as glass and carbon fibre reinforced plastics can be tailored to suit the requirements of their end application, but only to a single combination of properties. Whereas, the materials and structures involved in natural systems have the capability to sense their environment, process this data, and respond. They are truly ‘smart’ or intelligent, integrating information technology with structural engineering and actuation or locomotion.

Smart Materials in Automobiles

There are many possibilities for such materials and structures in the synthetic world. Smart Materials will solve engineering problems with unachievable efficiency so far and provide an opportunity for new wealth creating products.

Smart material is generally defined as a material that can change one or more of its properties in response to an external stimulus. For example, the shape of the material will change in response to different temperature or application of electrical charge or presenting of magnetic field. In general, it can be catalogued to three main groups, which are thermo-to-mechanical, electrical-to-mechanical and magnetic-to-mechanical. In the other hand, there are some materials which termed as “smart material” does not have the properties stated above, like the material with self-healing property is also termed as “smart material”.

The demand in the automobile sector for greater comfort in the vehicle is of a high importance alongside the requirements for a low emission of pollutants. With regard to a higher comfort the reduction of the interior noise level is mostly associated with a higher structural weight. It is for this reason that the application of so-called intelligent materialises appropriate since these can be used to realize an overall adaptive system. The materials under discussion are pizeceramic foils and fibbers which can easily be fitted to thin-walled structures like a roof panel or a dash-board. Investigations have shown that the knowledge of the dynamic structural behaviour is vital at the design of an adaptive system. Mostly this knowledge can only be gained by using sophisticated numerical models associated with a great effort of computing time. In order not to expand the computing time a model has been developed which allows a fast assessment of the dynamic behaviour of a structure with integrated smart materials. The results of this model are presented for a flat steel plate with bonded piezoceramic foils. The accuracy of this model is being proved by the presentation of experimental results

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Materials and Application

The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materials and systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials. This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the optimal performance and safe design of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the threat of earthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloys for smart structures render a promising area of research in this field.

Shape Memory Alloys (SMA)

The term shape memory refers to the ability of certain alloys (Ni – Ti, Cu – Al – Zn etc.) to undergo large strains, while recovering their initial configuration at the end of the deformation process spontaneously or by heating without any residual deformation .The particular properties of SMA’s are strictly associated to a solid-solid phase transformation which can be thermal or stress induced. Currently, SMAs are mainly applied in medical sciences, electrical, aerospace and mechanical engineering and also can open new applications in civil engineering specifically in seismic protection of buildings. 

Its properties which enable them for civil engineering application are    

1. Repeated absorption of large amounts of strain energy under loading without permanent deformation. Possibility to obtain a wide range of cyclic behaviour –from supplemental and fully recentering to highly dissipating-by simply varying the number and/or the characteristics of SMA components.

2. Usable strain range of 70%.3. Extraordinary  fatigue resistance  under large strain cycles4. Their great durability and reliability  in the long run.

Structural   Uses

1) Active of structures

The concept of adaptive behavior has been an underlying theme of active control of structures which are subjected to earthquake and other environmental type of loads. The structure adapts its dynamic characteristics to meet the performance objectives at any instant. A futuristic smart bridge system (An artist rendition) is shown below :Fig.1 (3)

(Courtesy: USA Today dt. 03.03.97). Sun and Sun (6) used a thermo mechanical approach to develop a constitutive relation for bending of a composite beam with continuous SMA fibers embedded eccentric to neutral axis. The authors concluded that SMA’s can be successfully used for the active structural vibration control. Thompson et al (3) also conducted an analytical investigation on the use of SMA wires to dampen the dynamic response of a cantilever beam constrained by SMA wires.

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

2) Passive control of structures

Two families of passive seismic control devices exploiting the peculiar properties of SMA kernel components have been implemented and tested within the MANSIDE project (Memory Alloys for New Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation Devices). They are

 Special braces for framed structures and isolation devices for buildings and bridges.  Fig.2.shows the arrangement of SMA brace in the scaled frame model and the reduced scale isolation system.

3) Smart Material Tag    

These smart material tags can be used in composite structures. These tags can be monitored externally throughout the life of the structure to relate the internal material condition. Such measurements as stress, moisture, voids, cracks and discontinuities may be interpreted via a remote sensor (6)

4) Retrofitting

SMAs can use as self-stressing fibres and thus they can be applied for retrofitting. Self stressing fibres are the ones in which reinforcement is placed into the composite in a smart material in automobiles industries. They make active lateral confinement of beams and columns a more practical solution. Self stressing jackets can be manufactured for rehabilitation of existing infrastructure or for new construction

5) Self-healing

Experimentally proved self-healing behaviour (5) which can be applied at a material micro level widens their spectrum of use. Here significant deformation beyond the first crack can be fully recovered and cracks can be fully closed.

6) Self-stressing for Active Control  

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

It can be used with cementations fibercomposites with some presets, which impart self-stressing thus avoiding difficulties due to the provision of large actuators in active control which require continuous maintenance of mechanical parts and rapid movement which in turn created additional inertia forces.

In addition to SMA’s some other materials such as polymers can also be temporarily frozen in a restrained state that have a potential to be used for manufacturing of self-stressing cementations composites (4).

7) Structural Health Monitoring

Use of piezo transducers, surface bonded to the structure or embedded in the walls of the structure can be used for structural health monitoring and local damage detection. Problems of vibration and UPV testing can be avoided here. Jones et. al., (7) applied neural networks to find the magnitude and location of an impact on isotropic plates and experimented using an array of piezo-transuders surface bonded to the plate.

Application of Smart Material in Automobiles

There are many possibilities for such materials and structures in the manmade world. Engineering structures could operate at the very limit of their performance envelopes and to their structural limits without fear of exceeding either. These structures could also give maintenance engineers a full report on performance history, as well as the location of defects, whilst having the ability to counteract unwanted or potentially dangerous conditions such as excessive vibration, and effects self repair. The Office of Science and Technology Foresight Programme has stated that `Smart materials ... will have an increasing range of applications (and) the underlying sciences in this area ... must be maintained at a standard which helps achieve technological objectives', which means that smart materials and structures must solve

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

engineering problems with hitherto unachievable efficiency, and provide an opportunity for new wealth creating products.

The development of durable and cost effective high performance construction materials and systems is important for the economic well being of a country mainly because the cost of civil infrastructure constitutes a major portion of the national wealth. To address the problems of deteriorating civil infrastructure, research is very essential on smart materials. This paper highlights the use of smart materials for the optimal performance and safe design of buildings and other infrastructures particularly those under the threat of earthquake and other natural hazards. The peculiar properties of the shape memory alloys for smart structures render a promising area of research in this field.

Smart Materials in AerospaceSome materials and structures can be termed ‘sensual’ devices. These are structures that can sense their environment and generate data for use in health and usage monitoring systems (HUMS). To date the most well established application of HUMS are in the field of aerospace, in areas such as aircraft checking.

An airline such as British Airways requires over 1000 employees to service their 747s with extensive routine, ramp, intermediate and major checks to monitor the health and usage of the fleet. Routine checks involve literally dozens of tasks carried out under approximately 12 pages of densely typed check headings. Ramp checks increase in thoroughness every 10 days to 1 month, hanger checks occur every 3 months, ‘interchecks’ every 15 months, and major checks every 24000 flying hours. In addition to the manpower resources, hanger checks require the aircraft to be out of service for 24 hours, interchecks require 10 days and major checks 5 weeks. The overheads of such safety monitoring are enormous.

An aircraft constructed from a ‘sensual structure’ could self-monitor its performance to a level beyond that of current data recording, and provide ground crews with enhanced health and usage monitoring. This would minimise the overheads associated with HUMS and allow such aircraft to fly for more hours before human intervention is required.

Demand made on the materials

The demands made on components and materials which result from such expectations are also shown. Where

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

materials already in use optimally fulfill current requirements, there is little prospect of alternative materials gaining acceptance; however, in two situations they have a chance of displacing the existing materials:

1. Assuming that the demands remain unchanged, the existing material would only be replaced where such a measure also resulted in a cost reduction. In general, improved fulfillment of demands already adequately covered by the existing material - for example with regard to increased strength or better corrosion-resistance - does not represent a sufficient reason for a substitution.2. Where requirements are modified and where these new requirements, including minimized cost, are not met by the conventional materials, the new materials are substituted for the old.Modified demands result from a change in the social and legal environment and/or a change in customer attitudes. It has to be emphasized that fulfilling the requirements may not be seen under the isolated aspect of materials, but always must consider the completed part or component, including design and manufacturing aspects.The current distribution of automobile materials with respect to the total weight is shown in Fig. 2 as is a projection to the year 2000. The reasons for the probable shifts in proportions are discussed below. To understand future developments, it is necessary to analyze how demands on the automobile will change in future years.

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

For the foreseeable future, ecological requirements emerging from the social and legal environment - the need to protect the natural environment and use resources sparingly - will almost certainly represent a major factor for change.

Scope of smart material in automobilesJapan:Older Smart cars equipped with engine sizes smaller than 660 cubic centimetres (40 cu in) fit into the Kei car category of cars in Japan, and are eligible for a range of lower taxes. However, recent models with a larger engine do not meet the Kei qualifications. Because of high taxation on older cars in Japan, many older used Smart cars are exported to other countries with right-hand drive, like Great Britain and South Africa. An official version of the Smart Fortwo called the 'Smart K' has been released to fit the Kei car category. English musician, Steve Appleton (musician) is featured in a Smart TV commercial, running in Japan during 2010.

ChinaSmart was shown in April 2008 at the Beijing Auto Show 2008. Smart Fortwo started the pre-sales in October 2008 and the Smart vending machine road show in 12 cities from October 2008 to February 2009.

Hong KongSmart is already available in Hong Kong with one authorized dealer.

Smart in North America

The 2008-2011 (North America) smart fortwo Type 451 was totally redesigned, with a 70 HP naturally aspirated Mitsubishi-sourced gasoline engine of 999 cc for North America, up from the 799 cc cdi diesel, with the attendant loss of fuel economy. smart decided not to import the cdi version of the 451, now with 55 DIN HP, although this decision has led to criticism that

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

the new smart does not get the fuel economy that many would expect from such a small car. The 799 cc, far more fuel efficient diesel is sold in Europe and some other World markets.

The BRABUS Tailor-Made program is not well advertised in Canada, but no less than 15 Tailor-Made cars have been produced to Canadian specification. These vehicles are sent to the BRABUS factory in Bottrop, Germany, where the standard ex-works cars are stripped to the shell and repainted/retrimmed to suit individual customers' tastes. The first four are the BRABUS Canada 1; three in bright red (including the tridion, two cabriolets and one coupé) and one in all white (a cabriolet). Aside from the special paint, all had every BRABUS part fitted to the body and interior, and the seats, door panels and dashboards were trimmed in black Nappa leather and Alcantara. Three of these cars are in British Columbia and one (a red cabrio with silver alloys) is in Greater Toronto, Ontario. The next BRABUS Tailor-Made Canadian car was a one-off all orange 451 made for a customer in Vancouver. The other ten were all ordered by Mercedes-Benz Canada as the special "edit10n" of the Canadian BRABUS 451 (with only 70 HP), painted in metallic dark grey with an orange Nappe leather interior.

Canada

The smart fortwo was introduced in Canada in late 2004 and was sold through Mercedes-Benzdealers. Demand was initially heavy with up to 6-month waiting lists in major urban areas in the spring of 2005. The vehicle has been especially popular for commuters, small car fanatics, people needing light delivery and service vehicles, with many carrying custom paint jobs or stick-on graphics boldly advertising an associated business or service. However, the demand relaxed slightly in the second year on the market, and a very tight supply of remining 2006 model 450 cdis made 2007 sales appear to be a relatively weak. However, sales rebounded strongly once the new 451 started arriving. Canadian smart cdis cannot be registered in some states in the US, though at least 20 are known to be there.

10,239 smart fortwo cdis had been sold in Canada by the first month of 2008. Just before the Type 450 ended production (after which the production had equaled 770,256 cars) Mercedes-Benz Canada built-up stock of cdis to tide dealers over until the successor model 451 arrived at the end of 2007.

The Canadian version of the Type 450 smart fortwo cdi sold to 915 customers over three months in 2004; 4080 were sold in 2005; and 3023 in 2006. Virtually all the deliveries in 2004 and many of the deliveries in 2005 were to long-time smart fans who had been waiting for their car for years, which largely accounts for the higher numbers. Through 2007, sales totalled about 2200, with the last few cars being sold in the first month of 2008, when the new Type 451 was already on sale. The smart's strongest sales performance ever in Canada was in April 2007, when more than 500 units were sold. Sales are strongest (per capita) in Western Canada, with Vancouver Island and Vancouver being especially hot markets for smart.

United States

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

Before 2008, Smart cars were only available in the United States as "grey market" imports, such asZAP. U.S. federal regulations allow certain grey market importing in large quantities provided the vehicles are modified and tested to conform to U.S. safety and emissions regulations. Smart cars were imported into the United States by "The Defiance Company LLC", modified by G&K Automotive Conversion in Santa Ana, California, and distributed and sold by independent dealerships which were not affiliated with Mercedes. U.S. regulations did not permit the purchase and import of used Smart CDi vehicles from Canada, as the diesel powered Canadian Smarts did not meet American emissions regulations.

In June 2006, DaimlerChrysler confirmed that Smart would be officially launched in the United States in the first quarter of 2008. The cars are offered through a dealership holding company Penske Automotive Group, which created a new U.S. dealership network for the brand under the name Smart USA.[30] Initially, an updated gasoline powered Fortwo was offered, starting around US$12,000.[31] The new model made its debut at European auto shows in November 2006.

"Hybrid Technologies" plans to sell an electric version of the Smart vehicle in the U.S. starting at US$35,000. It is being called a hybrid careven though the vehicle is all-electric. The electric Smart car will have a range of 120 to 150 miles (190–240 km), a top speed of 80 mph (130 km/h), and charge in 5 to 6 hours using a standard 110 V AC outlet. An electric Smart is currently undergoing testing in the UK and will only be offered to commercial clients as a trial for the time being.[32][33] The electric model is scheduled for a U.S. release for the 2012 model year with some test market cars surfacing in 4th quarter 2010.

A Forbes article has been critical of the stated reasons that Daimler-Chrysler gave for introducing the car in the United States.[34] The Smart fortwo is the most fuel-efficient gasoline-engined car for sale in the US; however, according to the EPA, the Smart's fuel efficiency is lower than the fuel efficiency of some hybrids such as the Ford Fusion hybrid Toyota Prius, the Honda Civic Hybrid, and the 2-seat Honda Insight (making it the fourth most fuel efficient vehicle in the U.S.), which achieve 45/48, 45/40, and 61/70 respectively while the Smart achieves 33 city and 41 highway, though the Smart fortwo, which is not a hybrid, costs about half as much as a hybrid in the US.

The unique design of the Smart has received much attention in the U.S. In its April 2008 issue, Men's Vogue raised the question, "in a nation where your supersized car is your castle, is the Smart too mini for a man?".[35]

To obtain a Smart originally required obtaining a "reservation" costing $99 through a dealer or over the internet. The waiting time in January 2009 was approximately 12 months; however, as of July 2009 there was no wait to obtain a vehicle and dealers have them in stock for immediate delivery.

On January 25, 2010, Smart USA began its first lease program in the US market for smart fortwo models.[36] The program was scheduled to last through February 28, 2010, but has been extended indefinitely despite lack of leasing sales.

Smart USA has appointed its first dealer in Puerto Rico. The new dealer is located in San Juan, Puerto Rico and is part of the Penske Automotive Group. It is also a part of Triangle Automotive Group, an automotive retailer in Puerto Rico.[37]

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Applications of Smart materials in automobiles

MexicoSmart offers the hardtop and convertible models of the Fortwo coupé in Mexico. The Smart cars were first introduced to the country in 2003, and were sold in department stores Suborns and Liverpool. Later Mercedes Benz dealers started to offer the car ,which although very attractive to the public was considered very expensive and was seen as a toy car only for young people.

Currently Smart cars are still offered in the country but with little acceptance, with only the For two model available.

Smart cars have fierce competition with the Hyundai Atos, Pontiac Matiz, and Chevrolet Chevy, which are compacts with low gas consumption at less than half the cost of a Smart Car but with more space for passengers.

Smart in Australia

Since 2003 Smart has been for sale in Australia. All Smart models that have been produced have been sold in Australia. The Smart is currently sold through Mercedes-Benz Dealerships. Recently Smart has become popular among young people in urban areas of Australia, particularly in its largest cities.

Advances in the application of MR materials are parallel to the development of new, more sophisticated MR materials with better properties and stability. Many smart systems and structures would benefit from the change in viscosity or other material properties of MR. Nowadays, these applications include brakes, dampers, clutches and shock absorbers systems

Conclusion

The technologies using smart materials are useful for both new and existing constructions. Of the many emerging technologies available the few described here need further research to evolve the design guidelines of systems. Codes, standards and practices are of crucial importance for the further development.

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