"Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 20157
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Transcript of "Phubbing" - only caused by "Fear of Missing Out"? - Presentation Media Psychology Conference 20157
“Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear ofMissing Out”?
Comparing different causes ofproblematic usage of mobile phones in
social situations
C. Bosau & J. Panakkal
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Quelle: http://healthmeup.com/photogallery-healthy-living/could-you-be-suffering-from-fear-of-missing-out-fomo/32443/3
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Quelle: http://www.buzzly.fr/jq/ckeditor/plugins/doksoft_uploader/userfiles/phubbing2.jpg
Quelle: https://timenerdworld.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/phubbing.jpg?w=600
Quelle: http://www.buzzly.fr/jq/ckeditor/plugins/doksoft_uploader/userfiles/phubbing.jpeg
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
Previous results: Phubbing
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What we already know:• Phubbing indeed has negative consequences:
• for social interaction: inferior conversation and lower levels of empathy(Misra, Cheng, Genevie & Yuan, 2014)
• for romantic relationships: less satisfaction and lower individual well-being (Bosau & Ruvinsky, 2016; Krasnova, Abramova, Notter & Baumann, 2016; McDaniel & Coyne, 2016; Roberts & David, 2016)
• for leader-employee-relationships: lower employee engagement (Roberts &
David, 2017)
Important question:How can this strange and contradictory behaviour be explained?
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Quelle: http://www.examiner.com/article/checking-facebook-and-twitter-all-day-scientists-say-you-may-have-fomo
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
Previous results: Fear-of-missing-Out
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What we already know:• Mobile phones are potential addiction sources (Carbonell, Oberst & Beranuy, 2013)
• FoMO correlates highly with social media engagement in general (Przybylski, Murayama,
DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013) and Facebook usage in particular (Bosau, Aelker & Amaadachou, 2014)
• FoMO correlates with problematic mobile phone use (PMPU) and habitualchecking behaviour (Collins, 2013)
• INDEED: FoMO is also an important predictor of phubbing (Bosau & Kühn, 2015; Chotpitayasunondh &
Douglas, 2016)
Remaining questions:Are there other predictors? What are the predictors, that can explain thiscontradictory behaviour?
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
The study
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Former studies:§ many looked at FoMO only§ FoMO can only explain about 5-15%
of the varianceà there is a lot left and unexplained!
This study:§ looked intensively at the literature
for theoratically plausible predictors
§ integrated FoMO and severalother measures of personality
Method:• Online questionnaire (posted via Facebook, mailing-lists and personal
emails, partly snowball sampling) in spring 2016• N = 309• age: 15 to 59 years:
< 18y = 3%, 18-25y = 50%, 26-30y = 25%, 31-40y = 13%, > 40y = 10% • male = 22%, female = 78%
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
The scales
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Fear of Missing Out - FoMO(Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan, & Gladwell, 2013)
Phubbing(Roberts & David, 2016, slightly adapted)
The independent variables:
The dependent variable:
GenderThe moderator:
Cognitive concentration issues(Jacobs, 2015)
Social Interaction Anxiety(Fergus, Valentiner, McGrath, Gier-Lonsway & Kim, 2012)
Descriptive social norms(single item measurement)
Age
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
1,81
1,83
2,20
2,29
2,36
2,41
2,57
3,04
3,07
3,73
1 2 3 4 5
Ichwerdeunruhig,wennichnichtweiß,wasmeineFreundevorhaben.
WennicheineguteZeiterlebe,istesmirwichtig,Einzelheitendarüberonlinezuteilen(z.BFacebook-Status...
Manchmalfrageichmich,obichzuvielZeitdamitverbringe,zuerfahrenwasummichherumpassiert.
Ichfürchte,dassmeineFreundebereichendereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.
Esbeunruhigtmicht,wennicherfahre,dassmeineFreundeohnemichSpaßhaben.
Ichfürchte,dassandereMenschentollereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.
AuchwennichimUrlaubbin,verfolgeichweiterhinwasmeineFreundemachen.
Esärgertmich,wennicheineGelegenheitverpasse,michmitmeinenFreundenzutreffen.
Esistmirwichtig,InsiderwitzemeinerFreundezuverstehen.
Esärgertmich,wennicheingeplantesTreffenverpasse.
FoMO – Fear of Missing Out
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Independent variable• scale of Przybylski, Murayama, DeHaan & Gladwell (2013)• scale: 1 = „trifft gar nicht zu“ vs. 5 = „trifft voll zu“• Cronbach’s α = .78
Problem:anexploratory factoranalysis showed athree (!)factor
solution
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
1,81
2,29
2,36
2,41
1 2 3 4 5
Ichwerdeunruhig,wennichnichtweiß,wasmeineFreundevorhaben.
Ichfürchte,dassmeineFreundebereichendereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.
Esbeunruhigtmicht,wennicherfahre,dassmeineFreundeohnemichSpaßhaben.
Ichfürchte,dassandereMenschentollereErlebnisseerfahrenalsich.
FoMO – shortened scale
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Independent variable• a factor analyses of the scale of Przybylski et al. (2013) showed a three factor
solution (PCA with Varimax rotation; criterium: eigenvalue)• 63% explained variance• only the first factor can be labeled as the ‚pure‘, original FoMO-factor (28%
explained variance)• Cronbach’s α of the shortened scale = .81
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
2,28
2,42
2,46
2,50
2,56
3,03
1 2 3 4 5
MirwareineffektivesArbeiten/Lernenwegenungünstigeräußerer…
TrotzgutemVorsatzundredlichemBemühen,konntemichnurfürsehrkurze…
Ichmusstemichsehrzusammenreißen,umüberhaupteineAufgabeinAngriff…
IchhabemiteinerArbeitbegonnenunddannohneAbsichtetwasganzanderes…
IchhatteSchwierigkeiten,sorgfältigundzugleichzügigzuarbeiten/lernen.
TrotzgutemVorsatz,einegewisseZeitintensivzuarbeiten/lernen,habeich…
Cognitive concentration issues & SocialInteraction anxiety
13
Independent variable• scale of Jacobs (2015): scale: 1 = „nie“ vs. 5 = „sehr oft“; Cronbach’s α = .90
• scale of Fergus, Valentiner, McGrath, Gier-Lonsway & Kim (2012): scale: 1 = „trifft gar nicht zu“ vs. 5 = „trifft voll zu“; Cronbach’s α = .85
1,73
1,93
2,41
2,57
2,58
2,65
1 2 3 4 5
Ichbinangespannt,wennichmitnureinerPersonalleinebin.
Ichwerdeangespannt,wennicheinenBekanntenaufderStraßetreffe.
WennichzueinerGruppedazustoße,denkeichdarübernach,dassich…
Ichbinnervös,wennichmitMenschenzutunhabe,dieichnichtgutkenne.
Ichwerdeangespannt,wennichübermichodermeineGefühlesprechenmuss.
Ichbinangespannt,wennichzueinerGruppedazustoße.
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
2,12
2,17
2,18
2,22
2,50
2,78
3,08
3,19
1 2 3 4 5
WennichinGesellschaftvonanderenetwasesse,benutzeichmeinSmartphone.
IchhaltemeinSmartphoneinderHandwennichinGesellschaftbin.
InGesellschaftvonanderen,achteichdarauf,dassichmeinSmartphonejederzeitsehe.
IchbenutzemeinSmartphoneineinemsozialenUmfeld,auchwennicheigentlichetwaszurGruppebeitragenkönnte.
IchschaueabundzuaufmeinSmartphone,währendichmichunterhalte.
WennmeinSmartphoneklingelt/vibriert,schaueichdrauf,auchwennichmichgeradeunterhalte.
WennichunterwegsmitBekanntenoderFreundenbin,benutzeichmeinSmartphone.
WennichmichinGesellschaftbefinde,nutzeichmeinSmartphoneinMomentenderStille.
Phubbing
14
Dependent variable• scale of Roberts & David (2016), original pPhubbing-scale was slightly adapted• scale: 1 = „nie“ vs. 5 = „sehr oft“• Cronbach’s α = .85
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
1 2 3 4 5
Age
FoMO
Descriptive phubbing norm
Cognitive concentrationproblemsSocial InteractionAnxiety
Phubbing
-.28***
-.17*** .25***
-.27*** .34*** .17***
-.18*** .33*** .19*** .34***
-.30*** .47*** .35*** .31*** .21***
Bivariate correlations of the constructs
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Main question: Is there a relationship between the independentconstructs and phubbing?
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
standardized Beta
-.14***
.33***
.23***
.12**
-.01
.30
standardized Beta
-.16***
.36***
.23**
.29
The regression results
16
standardized Beta
Age -.18***
FoMO .42***
DescriptivephubbingnormCognitiveconcentrationproblemsSocialInteractionAnxiety
corr.R2 .24
* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
• dependent variable: Phubbing• stepwise regression analysis
FoMO remainstobethestrongestpredictor
However:additionalvariance(intotal:30%)canbeexplainedbytheotherpredictors
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 17
standardizedBeta
Age -.12**
FoMO .34***
Descriptivephubbingnorm .25***
Cognitiveconcentrationproblems .14**
SocialInteractionAnxiety .01
corr.R2 .33
* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
standardizedBeta
-.20
.30**
.15
.02
-.10
.16
• dependent variable: Phubbing• regression analysis – comparison male vs. female
♀ ♂concentrationproblemsandsocialnormsareastrongerpredictorforfemales
malesphubonlybecauseof
FoMO
The regression results: moderator gender
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”?
standardized Beta
-.17***
.22***
.26***
.15***
-.02
.25
standardized Beta
-.19***
.25***
.27**
.23
The regression results
18
standardized Beta
Age -.23***
FoMO – shortversion .29***
DescriptivephubbingnormCognitiveconcentrationproblemsSocialInteractionAnxiety
corr.R2 .16
* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
• dependent variable: Phubbing• stepwise regression analysis
lowerexplanatorypowerofFoMOà thecorrelationofFoMO andPhubbingis
partlytautologic
only25%canofthevariancebeexplained
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 19
standardizedBeta
Age -.14**
FoMO – shortversion .24***
Descriptivephubbingnorm .28***
Cognitiveconcentrationproblems .17***
SocialInteractionAnxiety -.01
corr.R2 .27
* p < .10, ** p < .05, *** p < .01
standardizedBeta
-.26
.09
.19
.08
-.05
.10
• dependent variable: Phubbing• regression analysis – comparison male vs. female
♀ ♂
The regression results: moderator gender
FoMO isnowalowerpredictorforfemalesandformalesevennopredictoratallanymore!
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 20
Ø FoMO is still a very strong predictor of phubbing
• BEWARE: the explanatory power strongly depends on the operationalisation andthe used scale of FoMO
• the existing FoMO scale of Przybylski et al. (2013) could have some validityproblems
Ø People who admit having cognitive concentration problems tend to have also problems toconcentrate on social situations and thus do phub more
Ø Phubbing behaviour is also influenced by the phubbing behaviour of other people. Thus, people simply copy the behaviour of others to some extend
Ø However: the results should only be generalized for females!
Conclusion
FoMO might still be an important predictor of phubbingbehaviour. Though, phubbing is more than just fearing to miss out on something.
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 21
• Bosau C., Aelker, L. & Amaadachou, H. (2014). Ich darf nichts verpassen! – Kann “Fear of Missing Out (FoMO)” Suchtverhalten in Facebook erklären? 49th Congress of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) in Bochum, Germany.
• Bosau C. & Kühn, M. (2015). How to explain “phubbing” – Can “Fear of Missing Out” predict the compulsive use of mobile phones in social situations?. 9th Conference of the Media Psychology Division (German Psychological Society) in Tübingen, Germany.
• Bosau, C. & Ruvinsky, M. (2016). Die Nutzung von Smartphones in Partnerschaften – Negative Effekte von Phubbing und FoMO auf die Beziehungsqualität. 50th Congress of Deutsche Gesellschaft für Psychologie (DGPs) in Leipzig, Germany.
• Carbonell, X., Oberst, U. & Beranuy, M. (2013). The Cell Phone in the Twenty-First Century: A Risk for Addiction or a Necessary Tool? Principles of Addiction. Vol. 1, pp. 901-909.
• Chotpitayasunondh, V. & Douglas, K.M. (2016). How “phubbing“ becomes the norm: The antecedents and consequences of snubbing via smartphone. Computers in Human Behaviour, Vol. 63, 9-18.
• Collins. L. (2013). FoMO and Mobile Phones: A Survey Study. Unpublished master thesis. Tilburg University, Tilburg.• Fergus, T.A., Valentiner, D.P., McGrath, P.B., Gier-Lonsway, S.L. & Kim, H. (2012). Short Forms of the Social
Interaction Anxiety Scale and the Social Phobia Scale. Journal of Personality Assessment, Vol. 94 (3), 310-320.• Jacobs, B. (2015). Zusammenhänge zwischen Leistungsprognosen, Ergebniseinschätzungen, erzielten Leistungen in
Konzentrationstests und subjektiver Auffassung der eigenen Konzentrationsfähigkeit. Abgerufen von http://psydok.sulb.uni-saarland.de/volltexte/2015/5252/ [21.05.2016]
• Krasnova, H., Abramova, O., Notter, I. & Baumann, A. (2016). Why Phubbing is Toxic for Your Relationship: Understanding the Role of Smartphone Jealousy among „Generation Y“ Users. 24th European Conference on Information Systems (ECIS), Istanbul, Turkey.
• McDaniel, B.T. & Coyne, S.M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, Vol. 5(1), 85-98.
Literature
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 22
• Misra, S., Cheng, L., Genevie, J. & Yuan, M. (2014). The iPhone Effect: The Quality of In-Person Social Interactions in the Presence of Mobile Devices. Environment and Behaviour, 1-24.
• Przybylski, A.K., Murayama, K., DeHaan, C.R. & Gladwell, V. (2013). Motivational, emotional, and behaviouralcorrelates of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 29, pp. 1841-1848.
• Roberts, J.A. & David, M.E. (2016). My life has become a major distraction from my cell phone: Partner phubbing and relationship satisfaction among romantic partners. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 54, 134-141.
• Roberts, J.A. & David, M.E. (2017). Put down your phone and listen to me: How boss phubbing undermines the psychological conditions necessary for employee engagement. Computers in Human Behavior, Vol. 75, 206-217.
Literature
Media Psychology 2017Bosau & Panakkal: “Phubbing”, only caused by “Fear of Missing Out”? 23
Thank you very much for yourattention!
Contact details:
Rheinische Fachhochschule KölnProf. Dr. Christian Bosau, Dipl.-Psych. & Master of HRM & IRSchaevenstraße 1a/b50676 KölnTel.: +49 221 20302-0e-mail: [email protected]
Slideshare: cbosauTwitter: cribocologne