Phrases and clauses 2
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Transcript of Phrases and clauses 2
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C. Putnam L. Raney
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Clause – a group of words that have a subject and a verb that must always agree
Phrase – a noun, verb, or preposition with all its modifiers
- does NOT have a subject and verb which agree
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Noun phrases Verb phrases Prepositional phrases Appositive phrases
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Definition: -A noun with all its modifiers -A complete subject is always classified as a noun phrase.
Example:
The frustrated, irritated teachers...
Noun: teachers
Modifiers: the, frustrated, irritated
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Defined as a verb with all of its modifiersEXAMPLE:
…completely frightened the seventh grade students.
Verb - frightened Modifier - completely
EXAMPLE: …would like to improve her grammar skills.
Verb phrase - would like to improve
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Gerunds – verbs that end in “ing” but DO NOT function as a verb- function as nouns- example: One teacher enjoys frightening new seventh graders. (noun as a direct object)
Infinitives- verbs that begin with “to”- function as a nouns, adjectives, or adverbs- example: The language arts classroom is a place
students do not want to enter. Participles
- verbs that function as an adjective- example: The screeching teacher frightened
the students.
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Defined as the preposition, the object of the preposition (preposition who or what), and all its modifiers
Example: The frustrated, irritated teachers enrolled
in Mr. Ruff’s “ Grammar for Dummies” class.
preposition - in
object of the preposition - class modifiers – Mr. Ruff’s, “Grammar for Dummies”
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Definition: A noun phrase that renames the noun it follows. Also known as a parenthetical phrase
Example: Brad Ruff, the grammar guru, empowers
teachers. Appositive phrase?- the grammar guru
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Definition: Words that contain a subject and a verb which must always agree.
Two types of clauses: Independent Clause Dependent Clause
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An independent clause MUST HAVE a subject and a verb which agree.
Example:The frustrated, irritated teachers finally understood the basic grammar concepts.
All the words in an independent clause can act alone as a sentence.
They are a complete thought.
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The subject and verb agree, but the words CANNOT stand alone as a complete sentence.
also known as subordinate clause or relative clause
Examples:
since the teachers seek proficiency in grammar
which sheltered the children from the storm
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Clauses can be joined with:
1. Coordinating conjunctions (join two independent clauses)
- AKA “FANBOYS” for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so
2. Subordinating conjunctions (join dependent clause to independent clause)
Some examples:- if, since, because, with, when, whether, while
3. Relative Pronouns
- who, whose, whom, which, that - NOTE: If a relative pronoun is used to begin a
dependent clause, that pronoun also has a function within the dependent clause. It will also have an antecedent in the independent clause.
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coordinating conjunction:- The busses lumbered along the boulevard, and the children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.
subordinating conjunction:- The busses lumbered along the boulevard while the
children eagerly looked for the first sight of Disneyland.
Relative pronoun: - The busses, which were slowly lumbering along the
boulevard, were filled with eager children looking for their first sight of Disneyland.
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WHO OR WHOM? WHO – used as the subject of a clause WHOM – used as an object
Direct object Indirect objects Object of a preposition
Example: Because the wind violently sliced through
the branches, the toddler, who/whom was terrified, joined its howling.
- antecedent?
- function in the clause?
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While the frustrated teachers were industriously taking notes, they relaxed, and the light bulbs went off in their brains, which indicated miraculous understanding of the grammar concepts.
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Type of Sentence -Simple Sentence -Compound Sentence - Complex Sentence -Compound/Complex
Sentence
# of # of Independent Clauses Dependent
Clauses
1 0 2+ 0 1 1+ 2+ 1+