Photosynthesis and plant cells Photosynthesis and plant cells.
Photosynthesis
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Transcript of Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
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Autotroph vs. Heterotroph
• Autotroph- organism that makes its own food– We call autotrophs Producers– Plants, algae
• Heterotroph- an organism that cannot make its own food– Obtain energy by eating other organisms– We call heterotrophs Consumers– Animals, most bacteria, fungi
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Almost all plants are photosynthetic autotrophs, as are some bacteria and protists Autotrophs generate their own organic matter through
photosynthesis Sunlight energy is transformed to energy stored in the form of
chemical bonds
(a) Mosses, ferns, andflowering plants
(b) Kelp
(c) Euglena (d) Cyanobacteria
THE BASICS OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
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Photosynthesis
• Photosynthesis occurs in all cells with chloroplasts (mainly plants)
• Step 1: photo-• Light energy is harvested
• Step 2: -synthesis• Sugar is made
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• Photosynthesis is the process by which autotrophic organisms use light energy to make sugar and oxygen gas from carbon dioxide and water
AN OVERVIEW OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Carbondioxide
Water Glucose Oxygengas
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
Glucose = sugar or carbohydrate
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WHAT’S WITH LIGHT???
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THE SUN: MAIN SOURCE OF ENERGY FOR LIFE ON EARTH
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Electromagnetic Spectrum and Visible LightGamma
rays X-rays UVInfrared &
Microwaves Radio waves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
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Different wavelengths of visible light are seen by the human eye as different colors.
WHY ARE PLANTS GREEN?
Gammarays X-rays UV Infrared Micro-
wavesRadiowaves
Visible light
Wavelength (nm)
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Why are plants green?
Reflected light
Transmitted light
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Sunlight minus absorbed wavelengths or colors equals the apparent color of an object.
The feathers of male cardinals are loaded with carotenoid pigments. These pigments absorb some wavelengths of light and reflect others.
Reflected light
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• Chloroplasts absorb light energy and convert it to chemical energy
LightReflected
light
Absorbedlight
Transmittedlight
Chloroplast
THE COLOR OF LIGHT SEEN IS THE COLOR NOT ABSORBED
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Question:
Where does photosynthesis take place?
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• In the chloroplasts!!
LEAF CROSS SECTION MESOPHYLL CELLLEAF
Chloroplast
Mesophyll
CHLOROPLAST Intermembrane space
Outermembrane
Innermembrane
ThylakoidcompartmentThylakoidStroma
Granum
StromaGrana
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• Chloroplasts are comprised of:– outer membrane and inner membrane (together
form the chloroplast envelope)– stroma (a thick fluid)– thylakoids (called grana when in stacks)– The pigement chlorophyll is imbedded in the
thylakoid memebrane
Notice that the Thylakoid stacks are connected together
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Where Photosynthesis happens
• Pigment molecules called chlorophyll are on the surface of the thylakoid membrane– Chlorophyll gives plants their green color
• Chlorophyll molecules absorb and capture light energy from the sun– The chlorophyll then uses the energy to combine H,
C, and O atoms into sugars and oxygen molecules– Nearly all of the Oxygen in our atmosphere has
been produced by plants
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In Summary… Photosynthesis
• Chloroplasts convert light energy into chemical energy
6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light energy C 6H12O6 + 6 O2
CarbonDioxide + Water + Light Sugar + Oxygen
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pigments in the chloroplast- not just chlorophyll
• Chlorophyll a: most common pigment in chloroplast (absorbs blue &red light and reflects green light thus giving the chloroplast a green color)(chloro = green phylla + leaf)
• Accessory pigments: additional pigments that absorb different wavelengths (carotene, chlorophyll b, & xanthophyll)
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But it’s not that easy…Photosynthesis occurs in two different phases
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The Light Phase• This phase occurs in the grana (thylakoid
stacks)• In this phase, light is captured by the
chlorophyll molecules– The chlorophyll molecules use the energy from the
light to make:• ATP (cellular energy molecule)• NADPH (another high energy molecule)
– Both of these molecules move on to the dark phase
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“Waste” Products
• Water is split, and Oxygen created during the light phase– Oxygen is released, hydrogen molecules from the
water used in dark phase– Remember, this is the Oxygen that you breathe
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The complicated view…
(not on test)
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1. light
2. H2O 3. CO2
5. granum6. light reaction
11. Calvin
Cycle
7. NADP+
8.ADP+P_
9.ATP10.NADPH
13. O214. sugar
4. stroma
12. thylakoid
The simplified version (on test)
Light Reactions
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The Calvin Cycle
• Also known as the Light Independent or Carbon fixation phase– This set of reaction does
not rely on light– Occurs in the stroma
(fluid inside of chloroplast)
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• The calvin cycle uses the H from the H20 and the C from the CO2
• It also utilizes the ATP and the NADPH from the Light Reactions
• With these components, sugars are made in the stroma
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1. light
2. H2O 3. CO2
5. granum6. light reaction
11. Calvin
Cycle
7. NADP+
8.ADP+P_
9.ATP10.NADPH
13. O214. sugar
4. stroma
12. thylakoid
Calvin Cycle
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What is the Purpose?
• Sugar is produced during this phase– Sugar can be used to synthesize more complex
molecules like: • Starch• Fats/Lipids
– Sugar can be used to make ATP during cell Respiration
– It can be stored in the tissues of organisms
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• Bring In– light– CO2
– H2O• Let Out
– O2
• Produce– sugars
So what does a plant need?
6CO2 6H2O C6H12O6 6O2lightenergy + ++
roots
shoot
leaves
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Factors Affecting Rate of Photosynthesis
1. Temperature: increases rate up to a certain point2. Light Intensity: increases rate up to a certain point3. CO2 level: Increases rate up to a certain point4. Water: decrease water, decrease photosynthesis5. Minerals; Ex. Magnesium, Nitrogen
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Photosynthesis Summary• Who?
– Green plants, algae, autotrophs• Materials:
– CO2 + Water+ Light• Energy Source:
– Light + Sunlight• Products:
– Food + Oxygen• Timing:
– When light is present• Location:
– chloroplast