Www.soran.edu.iq M. Saadatian Photosynthesis 1. Photosynthesis.
Photosynthesis
Transcript of Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis
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Photosynthesis in natureOrganisms Autotrophs Heterotrophs
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Photosynthesis in natureOrganisms Autotrophs :
Organism Organic
compound
simple inorganic
external source of energy, such as light
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Photosynthesis in natureOrganisms Autotrophs
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Photosynthesis in natureOrganisms Heterotrophs:
Organism Organic compounds from inorganic sources
cannot synthesize
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Photosynthesis in natureOrganisms Heterotrophs
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Chloroplasts: sites of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts: sites of photosynthesis
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Chloroplasts Double membrane envelope Thylakoid Granum Thylakoid space lumen Stroma lamellea Stroma DNA, RNA, Ribosome
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Chloroplasts
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Chloroplasts Thylakoid
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Chloroplasts
Thylakoid
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Chloroplast pigment
Chlorophyll Carotenoid Protein + lipid
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Chloroplast pigment
Chlorophyll (green pigment) Chlorophyll a : all higher plant, algae,
cyanobacteria Chlorophyll b : all higher plant, algae Chlorophyll c : diatom, brown algae Chlorophyll d : red algae
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Chloroplast pigment
Carotenoid (yellow pigment) Carotenes: orange, orange-red Xanthophylls : yellow
รั�บพลั�งงานแสง กรัะบวนการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง
ป้�องก�น chlorophyll จากการัทำ�าลัายโด้ยแสง (photodestruction)
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The nature of light
Properties of light Wave nature : มี�ค�ณสมีบ�ติ"เป้#นคลั$%น
(ความียาว, ความีถี่�%) Particle nature : แสงมี�ลั�กษณะเป้#น
ก�อนพลั�งงาน (discrete packets of energy)
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The nature of light
Wave nature Electronmagnetic energy Short wavelength high energy Visible light 380-750 nm
ช่)วงแสงทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อสรั�รัะว"ทำยาของพ$ช่ 280-800 nm
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The nature of light
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The nature of light
Particle nature Particle nature : แสงมี�ลั�กษณะเป้#น
ก�อนพลั�งงาน (discrete packets of energy)
: เด้"นทำางมีาอย)างติ)อเน$%อง
Photon (ก�อนพลั�งงาน)
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Principle of light absorption by plant The photooxidation by plant of pigment
molecule (chlorophyll, carotenoid)
1 photon pigment 1 electron
Ground state Excited state
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photosynthesis
พลั�งงานแสง คารั�โบไฮเด้รัติ (น�.าติาลั)
6H2O + 6CO2 ----------> C6H12O6+ 6O2
light
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Photosynthesis
Light reaction Dark reaction
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Light reaction
The part of electron in photosynthesis
Light energy chemical energy
NADPH ATP
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Light reactionRobert Emerson Green algae chlorella
Wave length ติ)างๆก�น :photosynthesis at 710 nm = 10
photosynthesis at 660 nm = 43.5
photosynthesis at 660+710 = 72.2
แสงทำ�.งสอง wave length ช่)วยส)งเสรั"มีการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง
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Light reactionLight-harvesting complexes Thylakoid Chlorophyll a, Chlorophyll b, Carotenoid
+Protein
Antenna complex
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Light reactionLight-harvesting complexes
Antenna complex
Absorb light energy
Reaction center
transfers
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Light reactionLight-harvesting complexes
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Light reactionThe four major complexes of thylakoid
Light energy Chemical energy
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Light reactionThe four major complexes of thylakoid
1.Photosystem II (PS ll)
2.Cytochrom complex
3.Photosystem l (PS l)
4.ATP syntheses
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The four major complexes of thylakoidPhotosystem II (PS ll) Reaction center chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a Absorption peak about 680 nm
(P 680)
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The four major complexes of thylakoidPhotosystem II (PS ll) Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b (1:1) Xanthophylls (carotenoids)
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The four major complexes of thylakoid Photosystem II (PS ll)
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The four major complexes of thylakoidCytochrome complex Cytochrome b6
Cytochrome f
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The four major complexes of thylakoidPhotosystem l (PS l) Reaction center chlorophyll
Chlorophyll a Absorption peak at 700 nm (P 700)
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The four major complexes of thylakoidPhotosystem l Chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b (4:1) Xanthophyll
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The four major complexes of thylakoid
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The four major complexes of thylakoidATP syntheses มี� enzyme ทำ�าห์น�าทำ�%สรั�าง ATP เก"ด้การัสรั�าง ATP (ADP + Pi ATP)
Photophosphorelation
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Light reaction
Electron transport
Non-cyclic electron transport
Cyclic electron transport
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Non-cyclic electron transport Photosystem ll absorbs light
Splitting of water
H2O --------------> 2H+ + 1/2O2 + 2 electrons
Photoexcited electron
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Non-cyclic electron transport Electron transport chain- Plastoquinone = Pq- Cytochome complex- Plastocyanin = PcPhotosystem lElectron transport chain- Ferredoxin = Fd NADP+ reductase NADPH
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Non-cyclic electron transport
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Non-cyclic electron transport
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Non-cyclic electron transport Proton gradient (H+) Proton motive force
ATP synthese
ADP + Pi ATP
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Non-cyclic electron transport
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Non-cyclic electron transport NADPH ATP O2
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Non-cyclic electron transport DO IT YOURSELF
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Non-cyclic electron transport
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Non-cyclic electron transport
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Cyclic electron transport
Photosystem l Electron transport chain- Ferredoxin = Fd - Plastoquinone = Pq- Cytochome complex- Plastocyanin = Pc Photosystem l
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Cyclic electron transport
Proton gradient (H+) Proton motive force
ATP synthese
ADP + Pi ATP
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Cyclic electron transport
มี�การัเพ"%มี H+ เพ"%มี Gradient ATP ไมี)มี�การัสรั�าง NADPH
ติ�องการั Proton gradient มีากป้รัะส"ทำธิ"ภาพของ PS ll ไมี)ด้�
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Cyclic electron transport
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Cyclic electron transport
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Dark reaction
The Calvin Cycle ATP NADPH CO2
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Dark reaction
The Calvin Cycle : การัติรั2ง CO2
Carboxylation Reduction Regeneration
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Calvin Cycle
RuBP = ribulose bisphosphate PGA = phosphoglycerate PGAL = phosphoglyceraldehyde
(G3P) G3P = glyceraldehyde - 3 - phosphate
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Calvin Cycle
Carboxylation (carbon fixation)
3CO2 + 3RuBP 6 PGARubisco
(5C) (3C)
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Calvin Cycle
Reduction
6 PGA 5 PGAL + 1PGAL6 ATP
6 NADPH (3C) Out put
(Glucose, organic compound)
(3C)
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Calvin Cycle
Regeneration
5 PGAL 3 RuBP(3C)
3 ATP
(5C)
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Calvin Cycle
สารัป้รัะกอบอ"นทำรั�ย�ติ�วแรัก PGA (3C)
น�.าติาลัติ�วแรักจากการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง PGAL
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Calvin Cycle
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Calvin Cycle
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Photosynthesis The first organic product
Three carbon compound
3- phosphoglycerate (PGA)
C3 plant
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The C4 photosynthesis Bundle sheath cell Mesophyll cell
Photosynthetic cells of C4 plant leaf
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The C4 photosynthesis
First product four carbon compound
1000 species of angiosperm
(19 family) Sugarcane, corn, grass family
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The C4 photosynthesisMesophyll cell Carbonfixation PEP carboxylase
PEP = phosphoenolpyruvate (3 C)
OAA = oxaloacetate (4C)
PEP carboxylase PEP + CO2 OAA
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The C4 photosynthesis
Mesophyll cell
OAA malate(4C)(4C)
Malate dehydrogenase
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The C4 photosynthesis
malate (4C)
Pyruvate (3C) CO2
Mesophyll cell Bundle sheath cell
Bundle sheath cell
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The C4 photosynthesisBundle sheath cell
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CAM plant
Classulacean acid metabolism (CAM)
Carbon fixation in succulent species
Family crassulaceae
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CAM plant
Family crassulaceae
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CAM plant
Succulent species Cuticle ห์นา, ใบห์นา Vacuole ให์ญ่)อ�ติรัาการัคายน�.าติ�%าพ$.นทำ�%ผ"ว/ป้รั"มีาติรั : ติ�%า cactus, pineapple
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CAM plant
Adaptation to arid
- Hot day high light intensity- cool night - dry soil
ถี่�าป้ลั5กในสภาพป้กติ" ติรั2ง CO2 แบบ C3 plant
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CAM plant The night open stomata
The day close stoma
Take up CO2
- Conserve water - prevent CO2 from enter the leaf
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CAM plant
Mesophyll cell Store the organic acid
(make during the night) Malic acid
vacuole
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CAM plant
Chloroplast Light reaction ATP, NADPH Organic acid (malic acid)
CO2
Calvin cycle
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CAM plant
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CAM plant
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Photorespiration
Respiration Normal respiration :
เซลัลั�ทำ�กช่น"ด้ มี�การัห์ายใจ, เก"ด้ติลัอด้เวลัา
(cytoplasm, mitochondria) Photorespiration :
เก"ด้เฉพาะส)วนทำ�%เป้#นส�เข�ยวของพ$ช่ เก"ด้ขณะมี�แสง
(chloroplast, peroxisome, mitochondria)
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Photorespiration
Otto Warburg (1920) : algae
การัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสงถี่5กย�บย�.งโด้ย O2
Warburg effect
• เก"ด้ในพ$ช่ C3 ทำ�.งห์มีด้ทำ�%ศึ2กษา
• เก"ด้เมี$%อ O2 ส5ง
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Photorespiration
การัห์ายใจ เน$.อเย$%อทำ�%มี�การัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง
เก"ด้ในสภาพทำ�%มี�แสงPhoto: light (แสง)
Respiration : ใช่� O2, มี�การัผลั"ติ CO2
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Photorespiration
Hot, dry day close stomata (CO2 )
Rubisco add O2 to Calvin cycle instead of CO2
Glycolic Acid (2C)
Chloroplast
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Photorespiration
Glycolic Acid (2C)
Rearrange & split
releasing
CO2
Mitochondria, peroxisome
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Photorespiration
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Photorespiration
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Photorespiration
เก"ด้ในสภาวะมี�แสง ATP, NADPH (light reaction) H2O O2 (light reaction)
Rubisco กรัะติ��นโด้ยแสง
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Photorespiration
ไมี)พบในพ$ช่ C4 : Rubisco & Calvin cycle enzyme
PEP caboxylase (mesophyll)
ไมี)ติรั2ง O2
Bundle sheath cell
![Page 89: Photosynthesis](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/54670c98b4af9ffd218b459e/html5/thumbnails/89.jpg)
Photorespiration
Bundle sheath cell เรั�ยงติ�วก�นห์นาแน)น CO2 ใน Bundle sheath cell จะถี่5กรั�กษาให์�
ส5งอย5)เสมีอ จะขนส)ง CO2 เข�ามีาติลัอด้เวลัา
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บทำบาทำของ photorespiration
ถี่)ายพลั�งงานทำ�%มีากเก"นพอออกไป้ ATP, NADPH
แด้ด้จ�ด้, อากาศึรั�อน ป้ากใบป้9ด้
O2 , ATP ,NADPH CO2 การัส�งเครัาะห์�แสงน�อย, ว�ติถี่�ด้"บเห์ลั$อมีาก
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บทำบาทำของ photorespiration
รั�กษา Rubisco & Calvin cycle enzyme
Active ติลัอด้เวลัา
![Page 92: Photosynthesis](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/54670c98b4af9ffd218b459e/html5/thumbnails/92.jpg)
ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสงความีเข�มีของแสง
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสงLight compensation point :
จ�ด้ของความีเข�มีแสงทำ�%ทำ�าให์�อ�ติรัาการัป้ลั)อย CO2
(Photorespiration)
เทำ)าก�บอ�ติรัาการัติรั2ง CO2 จากการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง (Photosynthesis)
การัติรั2ง CO2 ส�ทำธิ"เป้#นศึ5นย�
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง พ$ช่ทำ�%วไป้มี�จ�ด้อ"%มีติ�วของแสง 300 - 1000
µm/m2/s
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง Shade plant : เจรั"ญ่ได้�ด้�ทำ�%ความีเข�มีแสงติ�%า- Lower maximum photosynthesis rate- Lower light saturation range- Lower light compensation point
![Page 97: Photosynthesis](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022061120/54670c98b4af9ffd218b459e/html5/thumbnails/97.jpg)
ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง ความีเข�มีของแสง
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง คารั�บอนได้ออกไซด้�
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง CO2 compensation point :
จ�ด้ของความีเข�มีข�นคารั�บอนได้ออกไซด้� ทำ�%ทำ�าให์�อ�ติรัาการัติรั2ง CO2
ด้�วยกรัะบวนการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง เทำ)าก�บ อ�ติรัาการัป้ลั)อย CO2 จากกรัะบวนการัห์ายใจ
อ�ติรัาการัติรั2งคารั�บอนได้ออกไซด้�ส�ทำธิ"เป้#นศึ5นย�
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง พ$ช่ C4 CO2 compensation point ติ�%า
กว)า พ$ช่ C3
เพ"%มีความีเข�มีข�น CO2 ในบ�นเด้"ลัช่�ทำ
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง คารั�บอนได้ออกไซด้�
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสงอ�ณห์ภ5มี" มี�ผลัติ)อการัทำ�างานของเอนไซมี� พ$ช่เขติรั�อนติ�องการัอ�ณห์ภ5มี"ทำ�%เห์มีาะสมีติ)อ
การัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสงส5งกว)า พ$ช่เขติห์นาว อ�ณห์ภ5มี"ทำ�%เห์มีาะสมีติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วย
แสงของพ$ช่ C3 จะติ�%ากว)าอ�ณห์ภ5มี"ทำ�%เห์มีาะติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์� แสง C4
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ป้:จจ�ยทำ�%มี�ผลัติ)อการัส�งเครัาะห์�ด้�วยแสง อาย�ใบ ป้รั"มีาณน�.า ธิาติ�อาห์ารั แมีกน�เซ�ยมี,
ไนโติรัเจน