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Planning Thesis Production using MS Word 2007

Course Notes

IS Services, Trinity College, DublinPresented by Niamh Hopkins ([email protected])

ContentsCourse objectives......................................................................................................................3

Templates and Master Documents – an overview................................................................3Creation of a Template.............................................................................................................4

Note on hidden files and folders...........................................................................................7Adding Style Features to a template.....................................................................................8

Setting the default font and font size....................................................................................8Heading Styles........................................................................................................................10

Displaying all Styles.............................................................................................................11Editing the Caption Style.....................................................................................................11

Creating a new style............................................................................................................14Creating a style to format tables.........................................................................................15

Creating a new file using the Thesis template........................................................................17Exercise...............................................................................................................................18

Creating an outline structure using numbered headings........................................................19Merging Files..........................................................................................................................23

Adding Page Numbers to Merged File....................................................................................25Apply Styles and Insert Captions.............................................................................................25

Table of Contents....................................................................................................................26To insert a Table of Contents..............................................................................................26

Tables of Tables and Figures...............................................................................................27Inserting Cross References..................................................................................................27

Master documents..................................................................................................................29Creation of a Master document..........................................................................................29

Pagenumbering in a Master Document..................................................................................31Tables of Contents, List of tables and figures......................................................................31

Section Breaks........................................................................................................................32Using Section Breaks...............................................................................................................33

Controlling page orientation...............................................................................................33Controlling page number format.........................................................................................33

Controlling footnote numbering.........................................................................................34Section Breaks in Master Documents.....................................................................................35

Importing Data into Word.......................................................................................................36Appendix 1................................................................................................................................. i

Appendix 2................................................................................................................................v

2

Template

Style1Style2Style3Style4Style5Style6

Document1

Document2

Document3

Document4

Document5

MasterDocument

Course objectivesThis course is primarily designed for postgraduate students in Trinity College who are

engaged in writing a research thesis. Participants completing the course will learn how to implement the Graduate Studies Office guidelines on thesis layout using a Word

template and styles – see https://www.tcd.ie/Graduate_Studies/currentstudents/admin/thesisregs/index.php

set up an outline structure for the thesis with numbered headings manage page numbering

generate table of contents, lists of tables and figures set up and use a master document/sub-document to manage the production of a

thesis that is held in separate files use Section Breaks to manage page numbers, footnote numbers and page

orientation

This course uses Office 2007 but the concepts outlined are all available in Office 2003. The course follows a worked example, working through the features of Word outlined above.

Templates and Master Documents – an overview

Figure 1Figure 1 above shows the relationship between some of the main topics being covered in

this course. Our first task will be to create a new template and, by modifying the styles within that template, ensure that it embodies the rules set down by the Graduate Studies

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Office. Any files created using this new template will have the correct margins, line spacing

etc as defined by the GSO.

Creation of a Template

Our first step, then, is to create a template including settings for page margins and line

spacing. Within this template we can then go on to define Styles that will control the format of the text.

1. To create a template, open a new document in Word.

2. Click on the Page Layout tab and then on the arrow to the right of the group name,

Page Setup, as follows

Figure 2

3. Set the left margin to be not less than 35 mm and all other margins to be not less

than 20 mm

4. Click Pages under multiple pages. Use the drop down arrow to choose mirror

margins if your thesis is to be printed on both sides of the paper e.g. for the softbound copies. This shifts the margins so that the thesis can be bound and the

margins always appear in the correct place.

4

Figure 3

5. Next save your file as a template document.

6. Click on the Office button, choose Save As and choose Word Template as follows:

Figure 4

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7. Name your file Thesis. The file will be saved in the following folder

Figure 5

C:\Users\username\AppData\Roaming\Microsoft\Templates

where ‘username’ is the username you have used to logon to your PC. To use the same template on another PC you will need to copy this file (on to a memory stick, for example)

and then copy it into the equivalent location on the other PC.

When moving your thesis files from one computer to another it is strongly recommended

that you also move a copy of the thesis template file as well. This needs to be copied to the same folder on the destination PC.

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Note on hidden files and folders

You may find that when browsing to the AppData folder to copy your thesis template that

this folder is not visible. This Application Folder is known as a ‘hidden folder’ and on your PC is may be that hidden folders are not displayed. To change this setting follow these steps:

when viewing any folder click on the Organize dropdown menu and choose Folder and Search Options.

click on the View tab and tick the Show Hidden Files and Folders

Figure 6

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Adding Style Features to a templateApart from providing a facility to control the overall appearance of your page a template can

also be used to incorporate Styles which control features relating to the format of the text. These include:

Setting the default font and font size

Setting line spacing Setting justification

New styles can also be created to facilitate the formatting of specific pieces of text.

Setting the default font and font size

This is done by changing the font and font size of the Normal style which is the default style

within a template.

1. Click on the Home tab and in the Styles group click on the arrow to the right of the

group name to display the Styles window.

Figure 7

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2. To modify the Normal style click on the dropdown arrow as above and choose

Modify.

3. At this point you can choose to apply any formatting you wish using the options in

the following window. For example, you could change the font size from 11 to 10. Verdana 11 point is a good choice so we will leave it as the default for the Normal

style.

4. Choose to justify text in the Normal style by clicking on the Text Justify button as

shown above.

Setting Line Spacing

1. Click on the Format button and choose Paragraph

2. under spacing use the drop down arrow to set the line spacing to 1.5 or double.

3. If Spacing Before or Spacing After is set to anything other than 0pt then set it to 0pt.

4. Click OK. At this point make sure that the ‘New documents based on this template’ radio button is ticked.

Figure 8

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Heading StylesLater on we will generate a Table of Contents based on the headings in the text of the thesis.

In generating this Table of Contents Word looks for text that has been set to styles Heading1, Heading 2 or Heading3. Our next step is to modify these styles so that they conform to the

format we require.

1. In the Styles window click on Heading 1 and then on the dropdown arrow to the right

2. Choose Modify3. Base Heading 1 on ‘no style’

4. Set the font to Verdana and the point size to 14.5. Change the text colour to Automatic (or black)

6. Choose to left justify text in the Heading 1 style.7. In each case click the radio button ‘New documents based on this template’ but

untick the ‘Automatically Update’ box.

Figure 9

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Displaying all StylesAt this point your Style panel may not be displaying all styles and you may not be able to see

the Heading2 and Heading3 styles in the list. To display all styles-1. Click on the Options link on the bottom right of the Styles panel

2. Choose All Styles as shown below

Figure 10

Repeat the steps outlined above for styles Heading2 and Heading 3. In doing so, base Heading 2 on Heading 1 and base Heading 3 on Heading 2. If the Heading 2 and Hading 3

styles don’t show in the list click on Options and from the dropdown list choose to show All Styles.

(Before proceeding reset the first line in your template to style Normal; otherwise the

default text in any document created using this template will be Heading3).

Editing the Caption StyleIn order to build lists of tables and lists of figures to accompany the table of contents for the thesis you need to use the Captions style to provide titles for tables, illustrations, grpahs etc.

in your thesis. The Caption style needs to be modified so that it uses the same font and font colour as the Normal style. To modify the caption style

1. Select the Caption style in the list of styles and choose Modify

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Figure 11

2. Change the point size to 10, the colour to black and select the font to match your

Normal style3. Tick ‘New documents based on this template and click OK.

Figure 12

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TipThe Replace command in Word provides the facility to replace one style in a document with another. For example, to change all text in the Heading 3 style to Heading 3

1. Click on Replace in the Editing group of commands

2. Click on the More button3. Click in the Find what box and then on the Format button

4. This allows you specify a font or other feature. In this case click on Style and choose Normal-single

Figure 13

5. Click in the Replace with box

6. Again click the Format button, then Style and choose Normal-7. Finally, click Replace all.

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Creating a new styleA style can be a useful device for quickly applying a number of formatting features to a piece

of text or a table.

Creating a style for indented quotations

An extended quotation in a thesis is often presented as indented from both left and right margins. To create a style called indentQuote do the following:

1. Click on the New Style button at the bottom left of the New Style window.

2. Name the style indentQuote

3. Under Format, choose Paragraph and set the left and right indent to 1.5cm and the

line spacing to 1.5 as in Fig. 5.

4. To create a gap before and after an indented quote change the Before and After

spacing to 10pt.

5. Don’t forget to tick ‘New documents based on this template’

6. Click OK

Figure 14

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Creating a style to format tablesLet’s say we have a series of tables that are typed up in the following format:

Age North South19 69 17920 132 43821 57 16629 27 4430 185 61731 22 19

39 7 2840 175 61741 13 10

Rather than displaying the data in such a plain manner we want to format it as follows:

Age North South19 69 17920 132 43821 57 16629 27 4430 185 61731 22 1939 7 2841 13 10

1. Select Styles and Formatting from the Format menu and click on New Style on the

panel on the right.

2. Set up a new style called DataTable as follows:

15

Figure 15

3. Click on the Borders button and choose Top and Bottom borders.

4. Change the Line weight to 1/4 pt.

5. Tick Add to Template and click OK.

You have now created a new style called DataTable that can be used to apply to any table

you create in your documents.

Table styles are not displayed in the Styles panel alongside ‘paragraph’ styles such as Normal and Heading 1. They are only displayed when you have selected a table in the document. If

you select a table and the different table styld are not displayed than click on the Table Tools tab as shown below.

Figure 16This is consistent with the way in which commands and tools are displayed in the ribbon in Word 2007 – that is, the display of tools and commands is context sensitive.

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Creating a new file using the Thesis templateYour new Thesis template is now ready for use. To create a new file using this template:

1. Launch MS Word and choose New from Office button2. Click on My Templates from the panel on the left.

3. This should display something like the following

Figure 17

4. Click on ‘thesis’ and click OK. This will create a file under the thesis template. Check that the margins are correct – in particular, the left hand margin must be 3.5cms or

more. Also, check that the styles you have set up in this template are available from the dropdown list on the top left corner of the Word window.

All new files that form part of your thesis should be created following these steps.

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Exercise1. Quit MS Word

2. Re-launch Word and create a new file using your Thesis template3. Type in the text below

4. Type in the column headings separated by tabs, before you insert the table.5. use Insert -> Table to initially set up the table and use the styles you have created

in your template to format the content.6. To add the caption below the table click on the References tab and click on Insert

Caption. For Label, choose Table and type in the text ‘Population of County Meath, 1712-1749’.

___________________________________________________________________________

Chapter FiveRegional patterns of population growth within the county are also quite difficult to

determine during this key period between 1750 and the early nineteenth century. However, data from a religious census conducted in 1732 is available at the baronial level and this can

be compared with the returns of the first official census in 1821.

Year Houses Population 1712 16489 807971725 17802 854501732 17495 822261744 16250 747521749 16967 79744

Table 1 Population of County Meath, 1712-1749___________________________________________________________________________

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Creating an outline structure using numbered headingsSome disciplines require that headings in a thesis be presented as numbered. Superficially

this appears to be a simple process but there are serious pitfalls and unless the numbering system is setup correctly at the start the whole system can easily go awry.

The steps we have taken already in defining our Heading styles are important, particularly

the way in which Heading 2 style is based on Heading 1 and the Heading 3 style on Heading 2.

To illustrate how numbered headings work we will edit our thesis template and applying

outline numbers to the Heading styles.

1. Launch Word, click on the Office button and click Open2. Click on Templates from the left hand panel and open your Thesis template

3. Click on Multilevel list in the Paragraph group of commands and then chose to link outline numbering with the Heading styles as shown

Figure 18

4. If the first line in the template file changes to a numbered Heading 1 then change it back to the Normal style. Save the change to the file and close it

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5. Next open a new file based on your Thesis template. Type in the following text and

apply the related heading style to each line of text.

Heading 1Heading 2

Heading 2Heading 2

Heading 3Heading 3

Heading 1Heading 2

Heading 2Heading 3

Heading 3Heading 3

Heading 1Heading 2

Heading 2

When you apply the styles show should get the following outline numbers displayed

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You can customise how the numbers are formatted relative to the text in the headings by choosing Define New Multilevel List. The Number Position and Text Position parts of the

dialog box control indents. How they work is shown below. So, set the Text Position and Number Position settings for each Level in your headings scheme.

Now, for each Level, indicate whether you want the number followed by a Tab, a Space or

Nothing. When you're happy that all levels are formatted as you want, click OK, OK, Apply.

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Figure 19

As we are going to use the Heading 1 style exclusively for chapter titles we can customise it to include the word Chapter so that each Heading 1 will take the format –

Chapter [number] [followed by title]

To do this edit Heading 1 as follows-

Having applied these number formats to Headings you can now get the following overview

of your file by choosing Outline from the View menu and from the Show Level dropdown menu choose Show Level 3.

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How far from the left margin do you want the number?

How far in from the left margin do you want the text on the first line to start?

Merging FilesA Ph.D. thesis can extend to 100,000 words and it makes sense to divide up such a long piece

of work, consisting of many chapters, into a number of separate files. The problem with having your work spread over a number of files is that it means you can’t use the Table of

Contents and Table of Figures features of Word to automatically generate these tables, as we will do later in the course. Structuring your work in this way also makes the management

of page numbers an additional task. Setting up a Master File solves these problems. On the downside it involves becoming proficient in yet another feature of MS Word.

An alternative approach to using a Master file is to type up the different sections of your

thesis in separate files – remembering to create each file under your ‘thesis’ template. When you are close to completing your thesis you can then merge these files together using a

series of Select All – Copy – Paste operations.

This approach make cause problem is the merged Word file is very large – say 8 or 10 Mb. A document consisting exclusively of text is very unlikely to reach this size. However, if your

thesis contains scanned images, particularly if they are of a high resolution, this is likely to add considerable to the overall file size. In these circumstances the Master Document / Sub-

Document approach described further on in this course is recommended.

For example, let’s say the thesis consists of the following filesChapter 1

Chapter 2Chapter 3

Chapter 4Chapter 5

To merge these files into one new file do the following:

1. Create a new file using your thesis template and save it as Complete Thesis2. Open Chapter 1

3. Select all the contents as shown

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Figure 20

4. Click Copy

5. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file6. Click Paste

7. Open Chapter 28. Select all the contents as shown

9. Click Copy10. Switch back to the Complete Thesis file. Make sure the insertion point is at the end

of the file.11. Click Paste










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Adding Page Numbers to Merged FileManaging page numbers is done using the Headers and Footers. Page numbers should be

centred in the footer.

Click on Insert and then on Page Number in the Header & Footer groupChoose the option shown below

Figure 21

Apply Styles and Insert CaptionsScroll through the merged file and apply the Heading 1 style to the chapter headings, apply

the Heading 2 style to the main sub-headings and apply the Heading 3 style to some of the sub-headings in Chapters 4 and 5.

To insert captions click on the References tab and below each table and figure

1. Click Insert caption2. If the object is a table choose label type ‘table’. If the object is a figure choose label

type ‘figure.3. Remove the tick beside ‘Exclude label from caption’

4. Click Numering and choose to include the chapter number. This option is only applicable if you are using numbered headings.

When you’ve finished these steps insert three blank pages at the beginning of the file to

prepare for the insert of the table of contents and other lists.

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Table of ContentsA Table of Contents should immediately follow your acknowledgements page. It's basically a

list of what's in your thesis but according to the Graduate Studies Office guidelines it should-

'Show list in sequence, with page numbers, all relevant subdivisions of the thesis, including the list of abbreviations, titles of chapters and their sections and subsections ;the list of

references; the bibliography (if any), other functional parts of the whole thesis; and any appendices and the index (if provided)'

A Table of Contents will pick up on the Headings defined in a document and uses these to

build the table

To insert a Table of Contents 1. First, insert a page break at the beginning of the file by choosing Insert -> Page

Break.

2. Choose References and then Table of Contents. Click on the down-arrow and choose Insert Table of Contents so you get to manually set the format of the table

3. From the Table of Contents dialogue box shown below choose whether to Show page numbers, whether to Right align page numbers, choose a Tab leader, and a

Format and decide using Show levels the number of levels to be seen. View results in Print Preview. Click OK to accept results.

Figure 22

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Changes to the text of the thesis – whether the text in headings of addition/removal of text

affecting page numbering – will be not automatically reflected in the table of contents. Having made a change of this type you need to manually update the table of contents. To do

this simply highlight it clicking in the table of contents and then press the function key F9 (or right mouse click and choose Update Field or Update Entire Table). Click OK.

With the Control key depressed you can navigate the Table of Contents by clicking on any

item in it. To return to the top of the file press Ctrl and the Home key.

Tables of Tables and FiguresFollowing the table of contents it is customary to include a list of tables and a separate list of

figures included in the thesis. As with a Table of Contents, these can be automatically generated using the relevant features in Word.

1. At the top of page 2 type in the heading ‘List of tables’

2. Apply the Initial style to this text3. Choose References -> Insert Table of Figures

4. For your list of tables choose Tables from the dropdown list beside ‘Caption label’5. Insert a page break and type in the heading ‘List of figures’ on the new page.

6. Choose References -> Insert Table of Figures7. For your list of figures choose Figures from the dropdown list beside ‘Caption label’

Inserting Cross ReferencesMS Word provides the facility to use dynamic references to a range of different items in a file. These include references to tables, figures and page numbers. As an exercise go through

the merged file and insert cross references at the following points:1. In Chapter 3 insert a cross reference to Table 3-1 close to where the table is located.

Choose ‘Only label and number as shown below.

Figure 23

2. Insert a further cross reference close to Figure 3.1.

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3. Work your way through the document inserting cross references (tables and

figures).4. These are dynamic references so that when further tables and figures are introduced

these references can be updated unilaterally.5. To update all cross-references, select the entire document and hit F9.

This is described on

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Master documentsIf you are planning to write a thesis that may extend to over 50,000 words then it makes

sense to break it up into a number of separate documents rather than saving it all in one very large file. This, however, can cause problems in managing page numbering and

footnotes/endnotes, for example. The advantages of creating a master document are It will automatically manage page numbering. Otherwise, unless you work with just a

single file, this has to be done manually each time you add a page and this is a very tedious task.

It defines a structure to your thesis but still allows flexibility for change. References are automatically managed.

You can review the entire thesis without having to work with one very large file.

Creation of a Master document.

Figure 24

1. Create a new file using the Thesis template and save it as MasterFile. (Do this following the steps above for creating a new Word file). Save this file in the folder

where the individual chapter files are located.2. Before importing the sub-documents into the Master file create a new blank page

at the top of the file and then position the insertion point at the top of the second page. This simplifies the steps later on of adding new content to the Master file –

such as the table of contents.3. To enter your subdocuments like, Chapter1, Chapter2 etc. Click on the View tab

and choose Outline. Click on Show Document and then on Insert.4. Browse to where the Chapter1 file is saved and click OK.

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Figure 25

5. If Word identifies that the subdocument has been created using a template other than Thesis then it will apply the Thesis template when importing the file into the

master document. However, all formatting features in the original files will be reflected in the Master document. So, it is important to create your sub-

documents using your Thesis template rather than assuming that the Master document can impose the layout and styles you require. You may also be asked

whether you want to rename any Styles in the sub-documents have the same name as those in the Master document. If so, answer ‘No to all’.

6. Follow the same procedure for inserting Chapter2-5.7. Subdocuments must be expanded out to allow new subdocuments to be added

8. Save the Master Document and close it.

Re-open the Master Document. Sub-documents appear as hyperlinks. (They may be opened

individually.) Use Expand Sub-documents to see their contents. Further sub-documents can be created at a later date and inserted using the step outlined at 3. above.

Figure 26

All entry of text, insertion of Footnotes / Endnotes and editing is done in the sub-documents.

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When all text is entered and Footnotes / Endnotes are completed, you may add a Table of

Contents, tables of tables and figures, Headers and Footers to the completed Master Document.

Pagenumbering in a Master DocumentIt’s best to omit adding page numbers to your sub-document files before importing them

into your Master document. The problem is that if you start the sub-document Chapter 2, for example, with page number 20 this will be ‘hard coded’ when the file is imported into

the Master file. Any additional pages you have added to the start of your Master file (to accommodate your Table of Contents, for example) will mean that this page number will be

incorrect in the Master file. Page numbers can be added to the Master file in the same manner as with an ordinary Word

file.1. Click Insert -> Page Numbers

2. Choose the ‘Bottom of Page’ and centred option3. Sub-documents are inserted into a master document as separate sections. As

footers vary from one section to the next you must insert a page number in each section. So, scroll through the file checking that there is a page number on each

page. If you find a page without a page number then insert one. This will have the effect of inserting page numbers on all pages in that section.

Tables of Contents, List of tables and figuresThese are inserted and managed in exactly the same way as described above when implemented for a ‘merged’ file.

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Section BreaksSection breaks define logical divisions within your Word file. Using Section Breaks you can

change elements of different parts of your document, such as orientation, headers and footers (including page numbering) and footnote numbering.

A section consists of part of a page, or a whole page or even a number of pages.Used imaginatively, Section Breaks simplify the organization and formatting of large

documents.

Section Breaks differ from Page Breaks: If the break is a Next Page Section Break then there is a break between one page and

the next page and the way the two pages are arranged may be different different. For example, they may have different page orientation

If it is a Continuous Section Break there may not be a break between one page and the next, but what precedes the Section Break can be different to what follows the

Section Break. Even page - Starts a new section at the top of the next even-numbered page

Odd page Starts a new section at the top of the next odd-numbered page

Note: to see breaks you must use Draft View (click View and then Draft)

Figure 27

The window above shows the option for inserting a section.

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Removing a Section Break

Placing the cursor below the extreme left hand side of the Section Break mark (use Draft view) drag it up to highlight it and press the backspace key to delete it.

Using Section Breaks

Below we will look at how section breaks can be used to control the following:

Page orientation

Page numbersFootnote numbers

Controlling page orientationBy default pages in a document have the same orientation. This can be either Portrait or

Landscape, and we can change from one orientation to the other. If we make a change then this becomes a change for the entire document.

Section Breaks make it possible to use different orientations in the different parts of the same document – we could use Portrait for text and Landscape for diagrams and graphics.

Changes regarding page orientation are made in a sub-document, not in your Master document.

To apply Landscape page orientation to a single page (say page 3 in Chapter 3, for example)1. Insert a Section break at the top of page 4

2. Insert a Section break at the bottom of the page 23. Click in the page containing the map

4. Choose Page Layout -> Orientation and set a Landscape page, making sure that the change applies to ‘this section’.

Controlling page number formatSection Breaks can also be used to switch from one page number format to another. For

example, pages consisting of the thesis Title, Declaration, Acknowledgements and Table of Contents are numbered using Roman numerals – i,ii,iii – while the main body of the thesis

will have pages numbered 1,2,3 etc.1. Go PageLayout/Breaks insert a next page section break before the page containing

the first page of chapter 1. This will define the first few pages in your file and Section 1.

2. Double-click in the footer for Section 1. Select the page number

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3. Click on the Page Number button (Insert Tab) in the Header and Footer group and

choose Roman numeral format as below.

Figure 28

Controlling footnote numberingFootnotes (or endnotes) are generally numbered 1 to X within each chapter. To achieve this you need to define each chapter as a separate section. Insert a section break at the end of

each chapter. Then, when inserting a footnote ensure that footnotes are numbered from 1 in each section as follows:

Figure 29

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Section Breaks in Master DocumentsOnce you have imported your sub-documents into the Master document you need to switch

to Print Layout and check that there are no superfluous blank pages in the document. When importing the sub-documents Word may insert a Section Break (next page) at the end of

each chapter. When combined with a Page Break at the end of each file this will result in an additional black page at the end of each chapter.

The best way to manage Page Breaks and Section Breaks is to switch to Draft view. Identify

the section break you want to delete. Click on the extreme left of the dotted line which represents the section break and hit the Backspace key to delete.

Figure 30

Once you have set up your Master document all subsequent changes to the text of your thesis can be done in the sub-documents. Changes made to the contents of a sub-document

are reflected in the Master document once the Master document is open and the sub-documents expanded. Expanding a sub-document is the equivalent to reading in the latest

version of the sub-document.

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Importing Data into Word

You can insert data from an Excel worksheet into a Word document in two ways:

if you do not need to maintain a connection between the source file and the

destination file then copy the chart as an image (bitmap or GIF file)

if you need to maintain a connection between the source file and the destination file

in Word 2007 you can simply Paste in the object and the link to the source chart and data is retained.

If the object is linked, the source file opens in the source program (it opens in Excel). Whenyou save any changes you have made, the linked object is updated.

Example:

Open the WH Data Excel workbook.

Select the chart showing the number of workhouse inmates and choose Edit -> Copy

Open the Chapter 4 file

The chart can now be inserted in two different ways

o First simply choose Home -> Paste and this will copy the chart in as a linked

object

o Second, choose Home -> Paste and then Paste Special. Choose Picture

(bitmap) or Picture (GIF) or Picture (JPEG).

Remember not to change the location of the files otherwise the link can be broken.

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Appendix 1

(Extract from College Calendar Part II 2008/09)

1.33 The submission of theses and dissertations

1.33.1 General. Candidates and Supervisors should note that these

requirements are mandatory and they are asked to familiarise themselves

with the information below. Theses must meet all the requirements set out

below. Please note: from time to time the Dean of Graduate Studies may

approve other formats on an individual basis.

1.33.2 Language. A thesis or dissertation should be written in

English or Irish unless prior permission has been granted for the use of

another language by the Dean of Graduate Studies. A candidate who wishes

to write a thesis or dissertation in a language other than English or Irish

should initially contact his/her Supervisor/Course Co-ordinator. The

Supervisor/Course Co-ordinator will then consult with his/her Director of

Teaching and Learning (Postgraduate). If the latter can satisfy him/herself

that a) there are sound academic reasons for the thesis or dissertation to be

written in a language other than English or Irish and b) that the candidate has

the necessary skills/fluency in the relevant language, then the Director of

Teaching and Learning (Postgraduate) should send a summary of the case

under the two headings outlined above to the Dean of Graduate Studies. The

Dean of Graduate Studies will normally be guided by the recommendation of

the Director of Teaching and Learning (Postgraduate), but may refer the

matter to the Graduate Studies Committee if s/he deems it necessary.

1.33.3 Published Work. A thesis submitted for a higher degree may

be based on, or include, writings already published by the candidate, if the

studies from which they derive have been carried out during the period of

registration on the higher degree register. Such writings must be fully

integrated into the body of the thesis.

38

1.33.4 Length. A thesis must be written concisely. Dissertations

submitted in part-fulfilment of the requirements of a postgraduate taught

course are limited to the length prescribed in the individual course

regulations (see below in Sections 4 and 6). Normally a Ph.D. thesis should

not exceed 100,000 words of text (exclusive of footnotes and bibliography)

and a M.Litt. or M.Sc. (by research) thesis, 60,000 words of text (exclusive of

footnotes and bibliography), and for scientific or technical subjects will

normally be shorter. If a thesis is likely to exceed these limits, the Dean of

Graduate Studies must be advised of its estimated length and her/his

permission obtained at an early stage in the writing. Additional material, such

as numerical appendices, listings of computer programs and textual

footnotes, may be bound in a separate volume. Where the combined length

of text, footnotes and appendices, etc. exceeds 400 pages the thesis must

be bound in two volumes.

1.33.5 Typescript and illustrations. The thesis must be printed on

good quality, A4 (297 x 210mm) white paper. The type must be fully formed

as in the output of a laser or ink jet printer. The output of dot matrix printers is

not acceptable. The type must be black and not less than 10 point. Linespacing

must be at one and a half or double spacing between lines. The

gutter margin of both text and diagrams must not be less than 35 mm and

that on the other three sides not less than 20 mm. The two copies of the

thesis for examination should be soft-bound (not ringbound) and printed on

one side of the page only. It is required that the hard-bound copy of a thesis

will be printed on both sides of the page on paper of a weight of at least 90

gsm (exceptions are at the discretion of the Dean of Graduate Studies). A

copy of the hard-bound thesis will be lodged in the Library following approval

by Council. Colour photocopies and scanned images may be used in the

copy of the thesis deposited in the Library.

1.33.6 Cover. A thesis which has been examined and in which all

necessary corrections have been completed must be securely bound in hard

covers with dark blue cloth. The final size when bound must not exceed 320

x 240 mm.

39

1.33.7 Title. The title of the thesis must be written in full on the title

page of each volume of the thesis. The degree for which the thesis has been

submitted, the year, and the name of the candidate, in that order, should be

lettered in gold, in 24 pt or larger type, down the spine, so as to be readable

when the volume is lying flat with the front cover uppermost. The title must

also appear in gold lettering on the front cover of the thesis. The year on the

spine and title page must be the year that the thesis was approved by

Council (not the year of initial submission).

1.33.8 Declaration. The thesis must contain immediately after the

title page a signed declaration that

a) it has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or

any other University,

b) it is entirely the candidate's own work (in the case of a thesis for

which the work has been carried out jointly; there must be a statement that it

includes the unpublished and/or published work of others, duly

acknowledged in the text wherever included) and

c) the candidate agrees that the Library may lend or copy the thesis

upon request. This permission covers only single copies made for study

purposes, subject to normal conditions of acknowledgement. (See below for

withheld access (a “stay”) for such permission).

1.33.9 Summary. A succinct summary of the methods used and the

major findings of the thesis must be bound into each copy of the thesis

following the declaration page. It must not exceed two pages of typescript.

1.33.10 Acknowledgements. A formal statement of

acknowledgements must be included in the thesis.

1.33.11 References. Systematic and complete reference to sources

used and a classified list of all sources used must be included in the thesis.

The titles of journals preferably should not be abbreviated; if they are,

abbreviations must comply with an internationally recognised system (the

format may vary according to the precedents and customs of the subject

40

area; graduate students should consult with their Supervisor as to

appropriate presentation).

1.33.12 Abstract. One copy of an abstract, printed on a single sheet

of A4 paper, must be submitted loose with each copy of the soft-bound

thesis. The abstract must contain the title of the thesis and the author's full

names as a heading and may be single spaced. Two copies of an abstract

must be submitted loose with the final hard-bound copy.

1.33.13 Submission. Two copies of the thesis, which may not be

returned, and which for the first submission should be soft-bound, should be

presented at the Graduate Studies Office, accompanied by two loose copies

of the abstract. The thesis will not be accepted until it has been established

that the candidate is currently registered on the higher degree register and

that any outstanding fees have been paid.

1.33.14 Access to theses. One copy of every thesis approved for a

higher degree is lodged in the custody of the Librarian in the University

Library. A thesis so approved may be consulted or copied in the Library or

through an inter-library loan. Users must undertake not to use or reproduce

material so obtained without the consent of the Librarian and must

acknowledge duly the source of such information.

1.33.15 Withheld access (a “stay”). Should an author of a thesis wish

to withhold permission for the use of her/his work, a written application must

be made to the Dean of Graduate Studies at the time of submission of the

thesis for examination. Such applications must have the written support of

the graduate student's Supervisor or Director of Teaching and Learning

(Postgraduate), must state the reasons for the request for a stay on access

and must provide a contact address. The maximum length of a stay is five

years. During this period of withheld permission the thesis may be consulted,

lent or copied only by written permission of the author who is under an

obligation to reply to all inquiries within a reasonable time.

41

Appendix 2

A Statistical Approach to Signal Processing TechniquesIn Post-Production Systems

A dissertation submitted to the University of Dublinfor the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy

James Burnside

Trinity College Dublin, November 2006Department of Electrical Engineering

Trinity College Dublin

Declaration

I hereby declare that this thesis has not been submitted as an exercise for a degree at this or

any other University and that it is entirely my own work.I agree that the Library may lend or copy this thesis upon request.

Signed,James Redmond

November 21, 2008

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SummaryNonlinear Signal Processing: A Statistical Approach focuses on unifying the study of a broad and important class of nonlinear signal processing algorithms which emerge from statistical

estimation principles, and where the underlying signals are non-Gaussian, rather than Gaussian, processes. Notably, by concentrating on just two non-Gaussian models, a large set

of tools is developed that encompass a large portion of the nonlinear signal processing tools proposed in the literature over the past several decades.

Key features include:

* Numerous problems at the end of each chapter to aid development and understanding

* Examples and case studies provided throughout the book in a wide range of applications bring the text to life and place the theory into context

* A set of 60+ MATLAB software m-files allowing the reader to quickly design and apply any of the nonlinear signal processing algorithms described in the book to

an application of interest is available on the accompanying FTP site.

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AcknowledgmentsI would like to thank all former and present members of the Visualization group who have helped me over the years, and especially my PhD companions: and Dr. Francis Kelly.

I wish to express my deep gratitude to my co-supervisor Dr. Kiera Russell for the time she

gave me. And of course, most of all, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr. William Bentley for his patience and intelligence in deciphering my obscure drafts, the good atmosphere he

instigates in the lab, his contagious motivation and, above all, his constant efforts and help over the last 3 years. Thanks Anil.

And of course, I wish to thank my parents, my brothers and all my friends for their love and

support and the good time I had in Dublin.

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ContentsIntroduction 1Transfer of Statistics in Image Processing 9

Probabilistic Tracking 19Image Simpli fication 25

Thesis Outline 30Distribution Transfer and its Applications 38

Distribution Transfer 41The Linear Case 49

The General Non-Linear Case 60The 1D case 69

Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 78Description of the Manipulation . 90

Theoretical Convergence Study 104Kullback-Leibler Divergence 111

Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 123Results and Choice of Axis Sequence 130

Conclusion 140Appendix 129

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Tables1.1 Introduction 12.1 Transfer of Statistics in Image Processing 9

2.2 Probabilistic Tracking 192.3 Image Simpli fication 25

2.4 Thesis Outline 302.5 Distribution Transfer and its Applications 38

3.1 Distribution Transfer 413.2 The Linear Case 49

3.3 The General Non-Linear Case 603.4 The 1D case 69

4.1 Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 785.1 Description of the Manipulation . 90

5.2 Theoretical Convergence Study 1045.3 Kullback-Leibler Divergence 111

6.1 Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 1237.1 Results and Choice of Axis Sequence 130

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Figures3.1 Distribution Transfer and its Applications 383.2 Distribution Transfer 41

3.3 The Linear Case 494.1 The General Non-Linear Case 60

4.2 The 1D case 695.1 Extending the 1D Case to Higher Dimensions 78

5.2 Description of the Manipulation . 906.2 Theoretical Convergence Study 104

6.3Kullback-Leibler Divergence 1117.1 Experimental Datasets: Sampling PDFs 123

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