Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio

8/12/2019 Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio

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Thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy

Photonic Techniques for Next-GenerationIntegrated Optical Networks Based on

Ultra-Wideand !adio

Técnicas Fotónicas para Redes Ópticas Integradas de Próxima

Generación Basadas en Radio de Banda Ultraancha

"arta Beltr#n !a$%re&

!per"isor# Dr$ Ro%erto &lorente 'e(

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Acknowledgement

This Ph$D$ thesis has %een de"eloped in the frame0or1 of the 2ptical 3et0or1s and ystems

4rea of the 5alencia 3anophotonics Technology 6entre 73T689 Uni"ersidad Politécnica de

5alencia 7UP589 pain9 to meet the re:!irements of the Ph$D$ degree in telecomm!nication in

the Department of 6omm!nications of the UP5$

This 0or1 has %een f!nded %y the )inistry of cience and Inno"ation9 pain9 %y a predoctoral

research fello0ship Formación de Personal In"estigador B;<*++=<,*+==$ The ;!ropean

6ommission has also indirectly f!nded this 0or1 %y the ;!ropean pro>ects FP=<IT<+*=/?* II9

FP@<I6T<*,=@A/ U6;&&9 FP@<I6T<*,=A=- B23;9 FP@<I6T<*.?,.* FI5;R9 and FP@<I6T<**..+*

;UR2<F2$ F!rthermore9 this thesis has %een indirectly financially s!pported %y the national

pro>ects FR;DIT Desarrollo de !n Demostrador Tecnológico de Procesador Fotónico para

Receptores ;lectrónicos DigitalesC9 U&TR4D;F Distri%!ción Fotónica de 5deo en Ultraalta

Definición mediante la )!ltiplexación de &ongit!des de 2nda con )od!lación en Banda

UltraanchaC9 and IT<E2G4R Infraestr!ct!ra de Telecom!nicaciones del Eogar del F!t!ro$

This 0or1 0o!ld not ha"e %een possi%le 0itho!t the help of a n!m%er of people$ First of all9 I

0o!ld li1e to gi"e special than1s to the s!per"isor of this 0or19 Prof$ Ro%erto &lorente9 for his

help and s!pport for e"erything 0hat I ha"e learned from him as a researcher$ pecial than1s

also to osé 6ara:!itena9 0ho offered me the opport!nity to 0or1 0ith him$ I also than1 Prof$

a"ier )art9 0ho ga"e me the opport!nity to >oin the 3T6$

I 0o!ld li1e to express my sincere gratit!de to the 3T6 people 0ho ha"e disinterestedly

helped me on this 0or1# Harsten ch!l(e9 osé )$ )artne(9 a"ier Eerrera9 a"ier 6arrascosa9and Teresa )eng!al$ Than1 yo! also to )aria )orant9 oa:!n Pére(9 and Ra1esh am%ara>!

for their colla%orati"e 0or1$ I am also gratef!l to all the 3T6 people for the nice moments and

for contri%!ting to a good atmosphere$

I 0o!ld also gi"e special than1s to Prof$ Idelfonso Taf!r )onroy for hosting me for a research

stay at DTU Fotoni19 Department of Photonics ;ngineering of the Technical Uni"ersity of

Denmar1 in Hongens &yng%y9 Denmar1$ Than1 yo! to 3eil G!errero9 Timothy B$ Gi%%on9 esper

B$ ensen9 ian%in J!9 Ro%erto Rodes9 and ing !9 0ho helped me on many things$ I 0ill not

forget either the nice moments shared 0ith )aisara9 !9 Hama!9 Thang9 4lex9 Dar1o9 and also

0ith the people of the Eigh<peed 2ptical 6omm!nications gro!p$

Finally9 I 0o!ld li1e to dedicate this Ph$D$ thesis to my parents and my sister$ F!rthermore9 I

dedicate to the memory of my grandparents$ I also appreciate the enco!ragement and s!pport

of the rest of my family$



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Abstract

The herein presented Ph$D$ thesis finds its application in fi%re<to<the<home 7FTTE8 optical

access net0or1s$ FTTE net0or1s ha"e %een 0idely deployed 0orld0ide and are expected to

e"ol"e to0ard 0a"elength<di"ision m!ltiplexing 7KD)8 architect!res$

4s the capacity and %and0idth per !ser re:!irements for %road%and comm!nication ser"ices

contin!o!sly increase9 technologies s!ch as hy%rid 0ireless<optical9 !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8

radio9 and millimetre<0a"e radio are %eing in"estigated as "ia%le sol!tions to pro"ide data

rates exceeding Giga%it per second per !ser$ Ey%rid 0ireless<optical net0or1s can pro"ide

simpler %ac1ha!l and are foreseen to play an important role in next<generation access

net0or1s 0hich 0ill re:!ire flexi%le deployment9 high capacity9 !pgradea%ility9 scala%le to !ser

n!m%er and demand9 and economically feasi%le$ Radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es com%ined 0ith

m!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems that pro"ide capacities compara%le to optical fi%re

comm!nication systems is seen as a fast deploya%le and cost<effecti"e sol!tion for pro"iding

seamless integrated 0iredL0ireless access to %road%and ser"ices for the end<!ser$

UKB and millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems are capa%le of m!ltigiga%it comm!nications$ UKB

permits an efficient !se of the -$,M,+$= GE( spectr!m d!e to its !ni:!e coexistence

characteristics and has mar1et mat!rity$ Eo0e"er9 UKB is constrained %y reg!lation

0orld0ide$ This reg!lation constraint ma1es millimetre<0a"e =+ GE( radio of great interest

d!e to @ GE( %and0idth consistently reg!lated 0orld0ide9 0itho!t coexistence restrictions$

T0o are the main technical o%>ecti"es of this Ph$D$ thesis# First9 the proposal9 analysis9 and

experimental demonstration of ena%ling techni:!es for flexi%le and cost<effecti"e UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems$ The 0or1 herein presented targets to extend the operation of con"entional

UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and to the next<generation =+ GE( %and$

=+ GE( operation 0o!ld re!se and extend UKB technology in terms of range and flexi%ility9

and is the foc!s of this 0or1$ econd9 the implementation of reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength

so!rces for flexi%le %and0idth aggregation in f!t!re KD) net0or1s as an interesting sol!tion

for hy%rid 0ireless<optical net0or1s as herein de"eloped$ These t0o o%>ecti"es are f!lfilled %y

means of optical signal processing techni:!es$

This Ph$D$ thesis proposes and demonstrates experimentally se"eral no"el photonic techni:!es

for UKB radio<o"er<fi%re generation to remotely pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless

comm!nications in different fre:!ency %ands9 ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e9 for

a 0ide "ariety of applications$ The operational limits of the proposed UKB<o"er<fi%re systems

are also analysed %y sim!lation 75PItransmission)a1erO8$

The ma>or achie"ements of the 0or1 herein presented can %e s!mmari(ed as follo0s#

a8 Proposal and proof<of<concept experimental demonstration of t0o techni:!es for

remote UKB p!lse shaping# 7,8 %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection9

and 7*8 %ased on differential photorecei"er and electrical delay$ These techni:!es

permit to adapt UKB spectr!m to optical access transmission 0ith "arying fi%redispersion %y ad>!sting delay$



A

%8 Proof<of<concept experimental demonstration of a =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re

system at ,$*/ G%Ls 0ith ,++ m of standard single<mode fi%re 7)F8 transmission$

The application of this system to interference<sensiti"e in<aircraft scenarios 0ith a high

n!m%er of !sers is proposed and analysed %y sim!lation$ 4 techno<economic

comparison 0ith a potential competitor sol!tion %ased on %ase%and data o"er fi%re

and remote UKB generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is also performed$

c8 )illimetre<0a"e UKB generation %ased on fre:!ency shifting in the fi%re of optical

access net0or1s is proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ The techni:!e

employs optical carrier s!ppression in a )ach<ehnder mod!lator com%ined 0ith

matched fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth limitation of

optical !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily reconfig!ra%le generating

sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ 4 comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis is performed

0ith special foc!s on capa%ilities for d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation paired 0ith

experimental demonstration at ,$*/ G%Ls$ !ch an approach is s!ita%le for integrating

=+ GE( FTTE and *. GE( UKB "ehic!lar applications ser"ed from the same central!nit$ Practical implementation is addressed and competiti"e approaches are disc!ssed$

d8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is proposed and experimentally demonstrated to

extend UKB capa%ilities in FTTE net0or1s$ =+ GE( UKB generation 0ith com%ined

.+ 1m of )F and / m of 0ireless transmission is experimentally demonstrated at

,$.. G%Ls$ Transmission performance is e"al!ated for t0o ma>or UKB

implementations Md!al<carrier mod!lation orthogonal fre:!ency<di"ision m!ltiplexing

72FD)8 re!sing mar1et<a"aila%le de"ices9 and %inary phase<shift 1eying 7BPH8 imp!lse

radio< 0hich directly mod!late a cost<effecti"e "ertical<ca"ity s!rface<emitting laser

756;&8$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB

implementation depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$e8 =+ GE( UKB generation9 com%ined transmission o"er =$/ 1m )F or , 1m of indoor

%end<insensiti"e single<mode fi%re and * m of 0ireless transmission9 and RF po0er

detection of on<off 1eying 722H8 imp!lse<radio UKB is proposed and experimentally

demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls$ 56;& is proposed for fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %ased on

optical heterodyning and compared 0ith con"entional lo0<line0idth external<ca"ity

laser 7;6&8$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en

laser technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$

f8 Finally9 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces %ased on the spectral Tal%ot effect is

proposed9 n!merically analysed9 and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$

T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and 0a"elength

shifting of a p!lsed laser are demonstrated employing an electrooptic phase

mod!lator$ Potential applications of the reconfig!ration techni:!e are disc!ssed$



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Resumen

&a presente Tesis Doctoral enc!entra s! 'm%ito de aplicación en redes de acceso ópticas de

fi%ra hasta el hogar o FTTE 7del inglés fibre-to-the-home8$ &as redes FTTE han sido

ampliamente desplegadas en todo el m!ndo y se pre"é :!e e"ol!cionen hacia ar:!itect!ras

de m!ltiplexación por di"isión en longit!d de onda o KD) 7del inglés wavelength-division

multiplexing8$

6onforme los re:!erimientos de capacidad y ancho de %anda por !s!ario para ser"icios de

com!nicación de %anda ancha se incrementan contin!amente9 tecnologas tales como

tecnologas h%ridas radio<fi%ra óptica9 radio de %anda !ltraancha o UKB 7del inglés ultra-

wideband 89 y radio de onda milimétrica se est'n in"estigando como sol!ciones "ia%les para

proporcionar tasas de datos excediendo Giga%its por seg!ndo por !s!ario$ &as redes h%ridas

radio<fi%ra óptica p!eden proporcionar backhaul m's simple y se pre"é :!e desempeQen !n

papel importante en redes de acceso de próxima generación :!e re:!erir'n desplieg!e

flexi%le9 alta capacidad9 ha%ilidad de ampliación9 escala%le en nmero de !s!arios y demanda9

y facti%le económicamente$ &as técnicas radio so%re fi%ra com%inadas con sistemas

inal'm%ricos m!ltigiga%it :!e proporcionen capacidades compara%les a sistemas de

com!nicaciones de fi%ra óptica se "e como !na sol!ción r'pidamente desplega%le y efecti"a

en coste para proporcionar acceso transparente ca%leadoLinal'm%rico integrado a ser"icios de

%anda ancha para el !s!ario final$

&os sistemas inal'm%ricos UKB y de onda milimétrica son capaces de proporcionar

com!nicaciones m!ltigiga%it$ UKB permite !n !so eficiente del espectro -$,M,+$= GE( de%ido

a s!s caractersticas nicas de coexistencia y tiene mad!re( de mercado$ in em%argo9 la

tecnologa UKB est' restringida por reg!lación en todo el m!ndo$ ;sta restricción de

reg!lación hace de gran interés a la radio de onda milimétrica en =+ GE( de%ido a los @ GE( de

ancho de %anda reg!lado consistentemente en todo el m!ndo9 sin restricciones de

coexistencia$

;sta Tesis Doctoral tiene dos principales o%>eti"os técnicos# Primero9 la prop!esta9 an'lisis y

demostración experimental de técnicas para sistemas UKB radio so%re fi%ra flexi%les y

efecti"os en coste$ ;l tra%a>o reali(ado persig!e extender el f!ncionamiento de sistemas

con"encionales UKB radio so%re fi%ra en la %anda -$,M,+$= GE( a la %anda de =+ GE( de

próxima generación$ ;l f!ncionamiento en =+ GE( re!tili(ara y extendera tecnologa UKB en

términos de rango y flexi%ilidad9 y es el foco de este tra%a>o$ eg!ndo9 la implementación de

f!entes m!ltilongit!d de onda reconfig!ra%les para agregación flexi%le de ancho de %anda en

redes KD) f!t!ras como !na sol!ción interesante para redes h%ridas radio<fi%ra óptica como

se desarrolla en este tra%a>o$ ;stos dos o%>eti"os son a%ordados mediante técnicas de

procesamiento de seQal en el dominio óptico$

;sta Tesis Doctoral propone y dem!estra experimentalmente "arias técnicas fotónicas

no"edosas para generación UKB radio so%re fi%ra para proporcionar remotamente

com!nicaciones inal'm%ricas m!ltigiga%it en diferentes %andas de frec!encia9 :!e "an desde

%anda %ase hasta onda milimétrica9 para !na amplia "ariedad de aplicaciones$ 4simismo se



,+

anali(an en sim!lación 75PItransmission)a1erO8 los lmites de f!ncionamiento de los sistemas

UKB so%re fi%ra prop!estos$

&os principales logros del tra%a>o reali(ado se p!eden res!mir como sig!e#

a8 Prop!esta y demostración experimental pr!e%a de concepto de dos técnicas paraconformación remota de p!lsos UKB# 7,8 %asada en retardo óptico y fotodetección

%alanceada9 y 7*8 %asada en fotoreceptor diferencial y retardo eléctrico$ ;stas técnicas

permiten adaptar el espectro UKB a transmisión de acceso óptico con dispersión de

fi%ra "ariante mediante a>!ste de retardo$

%8 Demostración experimental pr!e%a de concepto de !n sistema UKB radio so%re fi%ra

en =+ GE( a ,$*/ G%Ls con transmisión en ,++ m de fi%ra monomodo est'ndar$ e

propone y anali(a mediante sim!lación la aplicación de este sistema a escenarios de

interior sensi%les a interferencias tales como a"iones con !n nmero alto de !s!arios$

4simismo se reali(a !na comparación tecno<económica con !na sol!ción

potencialmente competidora %asada en distri%!ción de datos en %anda %ase so%refi%ra y generación UKB y s!%ida en frec!encia remotas$

c8 &a generación UKB en frec!encias de onda milimétrica %asada en despla(amiento en

frec!encia en la fi%ra de redes de acceso ópticas se propone y dem!estra

experimentalmente$ &a técnica emplea mod!lación de s!presión de portadora óptica

en !n mod!lador )ach<ehnder com%inada con dispersión adaptada crom'tica de

fi%ra a fin de s!perar la limitación de ancho de %anda de la s!%ida óptica en

frec!encia9 con la "enta>a de ser f'cilmente reconfig!ra%le generando

sim!lt'neamente diferentes %andas de radiofrec!encia$ e reali(a !n an'lisis de

sim!lación exha!sti"o con especial foco en capacidades para f!ncionamiento d!al

*. GE(L=+ GE( pareado con demostración experimental a ,$*/ G%Ls$ Tal técnica es

adec!ada para integrar aplicaciones UKB =+ GE( FTTE y *. GE( "ehic!lar ser"idas por

la misma !nidad central$ e trata la implementación pr'ctica y se disc!ten técnicas

competiti"as$

d8 ;l f!ncionamiento de UKB en la %anda de =+ GE( se propone y dem!estra

experimentalmente para extender capacidades UKB en redes FTTE$ &a generación

UKB en =+ GE( con transmisión com%inada so%re .+ 1m de fi%ra monomodo est'ndar

y / m de distancia inal'm%rica se dem!estra experimentalmente a ,$.. G%Ls$ e

e"alan las prestaciones de transmisión para dos implementaciones UKB importantes

Mdual-carrier modulation 2FD) 7del inglés orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing8re!tili(ando dispositi"os disponi%les en el mercado y BPH impulse radio 7del inglés

binary phase-shift keying8< :!e mod!lan directamente a !n diodo l'ser de ca"idad

"ertical y emisión por s!perficie o 56;& 7del inglés vertical-cavity surface-emitting

laser 8$ &os res!ltados permiten9 desde el p!nto de "ista de aplicación9 seleccionar !na

implementación UKB dada dependiendo del alcance de red y comple>idad del sistema

deseados$

e8 &a generación UKB en =+ GE(9 transmisión com%inada so%re =$/ 1m de fi%ra

monomodo est'ndar o , 1m de fi%ra monomodo insensi%le a c!r"at!ras para

instalaciones de interiores y * m de distancia inal'm%rica9 y detección de en"ol"ente

de 22H impulse radio 7del inglés on-off keying8 UKB se propone y dem!estraexperimentalmente a -$,*/ G%Ls$ e propone el !so de !n 56;& para s!%ida en



,,

frec!encia %asada en %atido óptico y se compara con el !so de !n l'ser con"encional

de ca"idad externa o ;6& 7del inglés external-cavity laser 8 con ancho de lnea %a>o$ &os

res!ltados permiten9 desde el p!nto de "ista de la aplicación9 seleccionar !na

tecnologa l'ser dada dependiendo del alcance de red y comple>idad del sistema

deseados$

f8 F!entes m!ltilongit!d de onda reconfig!ra%les %asadas en el efecto Tal%ot espectral

se propone9 anali(a n!méricamente y dem!estra experimentalmente en esta Tesis

Doctoral$ e dem!estra d!plicación y c!adr!plicación del nmero de longit!des de

onda y despla(amiento de longit!d de onda de !n l'ser p!lsado !tili(ando !n

mod!lador de fase electro<óptico$ e ha%la de potenciales aplicaciones de la técnica

de reconfig!ración$



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Resum

&a present Tesi Doctoral tro%a el se! Sm%it daplicació en xarxes daccés pti:!es de fi%ra fins

a la llar o FTTE 7de langlVs fibre-to-the-home8$ &es xarxes FTTE han sig!t Smpliament

desplegades a tot el món i es pre"e! :!e e"ol!cionen cap a ar:!itect!res de m!ltiplexació per

di"isió en longit!d dona o KD) 7de langlVs wavelength-division multiplexing8$

6onforme els re:!eriments de capacitat i ample de %anda per !s!ari per a ser"eis de

com!nicació de %anda ampla sincrementen contn!ament9 tecnologies tals com tecnologies

h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica9 rSdio de %anda !ltraampla o UKB 7de langlVs ultra-wideband 89 i

rSdio dona milWlimVtrica sestan in"estigant com a sol!cions "ia%les per a proporcionar taxes

de dades excedint giga%its per segon per !s!ari$ &es xarxes h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica poden

proporcionar backhaul més simple i es pre"e! :!e exercis:!en !n paper important en xarxes

daccés de prxima generació :!e re:!eriran desplegament flexi%le9 alta capacitat9 ha%ilitat

dampliació9 escala%ilitat en nom%re d!s!aris i demanda9 i facti%le econmicament$ &es

tVcni:!es rSdio so%re fi%ra com%inades am% sistemes sense fils m!ltigiga%it :!e proporcionen

capacitats compara%les a sistemes de com!nicacions de fi%ra ptica es "e! com !na sol!ció

rSpidament desplega%le i efecti"a en cost per a proporcionar accés transparent ca%le>atLsense

fil integrat a ser"eis de %anda ampla per a l!s!ari final$

;ls sistemes sense fils UKB i dona milWlimVtrica són capaXos de proporcionar com!nicacions

m!ltigiga%it$ UKB permet !n s eficient de lespectre -$,M,+$= GE( a ca!sa de les se!es

caractersti:!es ni:!es de coexistVncia i té mad!resa de mercat$ 3o o%stant aX9 la

tecnologia UKB estS restringida per reg!lació a tot el món$ 4:!esta restricció de reg!lació fa

de gran interVs a la rSdio dona milWlimVtrica en =+ GE( a ca!sa de @ GE( dample de %anda

reg!lat consistentment a tot el món9 sense restriccions de coexistVncia$

4:!esta Tesi Doctoral té dos principals o%>ecti!s tVcnics# Primer9 la proposta9 anSlisi i

demostració experimental de tVcni:!es per a sistemes UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra flexi%les i

efecti!s en cost$ ;l tre%all realit(at perseg!eix estendre el f!ncionament de sistemes

con"encionals UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra en la %anda -$,M,+$= GE( a la %anda de =+ GE( de

prxima generació$ ;l f!ncionament en =+ GE( re!tilit(aria i estendria tecnologia UKB en

termes de rang i flexi%ilitat9 i és el foc!s da:!est tre%all$ egon9 la implementació de fonts

m!ltilongit!d dona reconfig!ra%les per a agregació flexi%le dample de %anda en xarxes KD)

f!t!res com !na sol!ció interessant per a xarxes h%rides rSdio<fi%ra ptica com es

desen"ol!pa en a:!est tre%all$ 4:!ests dos o%>ecti!s són a%ordats mit>anXant tVcni:!es de

processament de senyal en el domini ptic$

4:!esta Tesi Doctoral proposa i demostra experimentalment di"erses tVcni:!es fotni:!es

no"es per a generació UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra per a proporcionar remotament com!nicacions

sense fils m!ltigiga%it en diferents %andes de fre:YVncia9 :!e "an des de %anda %ase fins a ona

milWlimVtrica9 per a !na Smplia "arietat daplicacions$ 4ix mateix sanalit(en en sim!lació

75PItransmission)a1erO8 els lmits de f!ncionament dels sistemes UKB so%re fi%ra proposats$



,.

;ls principals assoliments del tre%all realit(at es poden res!mir com seg!eix#

a8 Proposta i demostració experimental pro"a de concepte de d!es tVcni:!es per a

conformació remota de polsos UKB# 7,8 %asada en retard ptic i fotodetecció

%alance>ada9 i 7*8 %asada en fotoreceptor diferencial i retard elVctric$ 4:!estes

tVcni:!es permeten adaptar lespectre UKB a transmissió daccés ptic am% dispersióde fi%ra "ariant mit>anXant a>!st de retard$

%8 Demostració experimental pro"a de concepte d!n sistema UKB rSdio so%re fi%ra en

=+ GE( a ,$*/ G%Ls am% transmissió en ,++ m de fi%ra monomode estSndard$ ;s

proposa i analit(a mit>anXant sim!lació laplicació da:!est sistema a escenaris

dinterior sensi%les a interferVncies com a a"ions am% !n alt nom%re d!s!aris$ 4ix

mateix es realit(a !na comparació tecno<econmica am% !na sol!ció potencialment

competidora %asada en distri%!ció de dades en %anda %ase so%re fi%ra i generació

UKB i p!>ada en fre:YVncia remotes$

c8 &a generació UKB en fre:YVncies dona milWlimVtrica %asada en desplaXament en

fre:YVncia en la fi%ra de xarxes daccés pti:!es es proposa i demostra

experimentalment$ &a tVcnica empra mod!lació de s!pressió de portadora ptica en

!n mod!lador )ach<ehnder com%inada am% dispersió adaptada cromStica de fi%ra a

fi de s!perar la limitació dample de %anda de la p!>ada ptica en fre:YVncia9 am%

la"antatge de ser fScilment reconfig!ra%le generant sim!ltSniament diferents %andes

de radiofre:YVncia$ ;s realit(a !na anSlisi de sim!lació exha!sti! am% especial foc!s

en capacitats per a f!ncionament d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( apariat am% demostració

experimental a ,$*/ G%Ls$ Tal tVcnica és ade:!ada per a integrar aplicacions UKB

=+ GE( FTTE i *. GE( "ehic!lar ser"ides per la mateixa !nitat central$ ;s tracta la

implementació prSctica i es disc!teixen tVcni:!es competiti"es$d8 ;l f!ncionament dUKB en la %anda de =+ GE( es proposa i demostra

experimentalment per a estendre capacitats UKB en xarxes FTTE$ &a generació UKB

en =+ GE( am% transmissió com%inada so%re .+ 1m de fi%ra monomode estSndard i

/ m de distSncia sense fil es demostra experimentalment a ,$.. G%Ls$ a"al!en les

prestacions de transmissió per a d!es implementacions UKB importants Mdual-carrier

modulation 2FD) 7de lZanglVs orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing8 re!tilit(ant

dispositi!s disponi%les en el mercat i BPH impulse radio 7de lZanglVs binary phase-shift

keying8< :!e mod!len directament a !n dode lSser de ca"itat "ertical i emissió per

s!perfcie o 56;& 7de langlVs vertical-cavity surface-emitting laser 8$ ;ls res!ltats

permeten9 des del p!nt de "ista daplicació9 seleccionar !na implementació UKBdonada depenent de la%ast de xarxa i complexitat del sistema desit>ats$

e8 &a generació UKB en =+ GE(9 transmissió com%inada so%re =$/ 1m de fi%ra

monomode estSndard o , 1m de fi%ra monomode insensi%le a c!r"at!res per a

instalWlacions dinteriors i * m de distSncia sense fil9 i detecció den"ol!pant d22H

impulse radio 7de lZ anglVs on-off keying8 UKB es proposa i demostra

experimentalment a -$,*/ G%Ls$ ;s proposa ls d!n 56;& per a p!>ada en fre:YVncia

%asada en %at!t ptic i es compara am% ls d!n lSser con"encional de ca"itat externa

o ;6& 7de langlVs external-cavity laser 8 am% ample de lnia %aix$ ;ls res!ltats

permeten9 des del p!nt de "ista de laplicació9 seleccionar !na tecnologia lSser donada

depenent de la%ast de xarxa i complexitat del sistema desit>ats$



,@

Contents

4c1no0ledgement $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /

4%stract $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @Res!men $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?

Res!m $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-

&ist of 4cronyms $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *,

, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ */

,$, )oti"ation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ */

,$* tate<of<the<art $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *A

,$*$, Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ *A

,$*$* )illimetre<0a"e imp!lse<radio UKB generation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -+

,$*$- Detection and transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB signals $$$$$$$$$$ -*

,$*$. )!lti%and 2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -.

,$*$/ UKB optical and 0ireless coexistence $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -/

,$- Impro"ement o"er the state<of<the<art $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -/

,$. 2!tline of this 0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -@

* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -?

*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ -?

*$,$, 6oexistence and interference 0ith reg!lated narro0%and ser"ices $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .+

*$,$* )illimetre<0a"e radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .-

*$* 2FD) technology$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .-

*$- UKB radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .=

*$-$, Feat!res and c!rrent standardi(ation stat!s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .=

*$-$* Korld0ide reg!latory stat!s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ .@

*$-$- )a>or implementations$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /+

*$. =+ GE( radio technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /-

*$.$, 6haracteristics of the =+ GE( %and $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /-

*$.$* Korld0ide reg!latory stat!s$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /.

*$.$- tandardi(ation stat!s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /.

*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /=

*$/$, )illimetre<0a"e systems $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ /A

*$/$* 2ptical fi%re transmission $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =+*$/$- 2ptical access net0or1s $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =*



,A

*$/$. UKB application scenarios$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =-

- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =?

-$, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ =?

-$* Base%and 0ith Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+

-$*$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+

-$*$* 2ptical delay and %alanced photodetection techni:!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @+

-$*$- Differential photoreception and electrical delay techni:!e $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @,

-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @*

-$-$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @-

-$-$* In<aircraft distri%!ted antenna system $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @.

-$-$- im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ @/

-$-$. ;xperimental demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A*

-$-$/ Techno<economic analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ A/

-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?+

-$.$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?+

-$.$* Integrating m!lti%and operation in the optical access net0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?,

-$.$- Principle of operation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?*

-$.$. im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?.

-$.$/ ;xperimental demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ?@

-$.$= Practical considerations $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+*

-$/ 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+*

. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and $$$$$$$$$ ,+/

.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+/

.$,$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+=

.$,$* ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+=

.$,$- D6)<2FD) UKB performance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,+A

.$,$. BPH imp!lse<radio UKB performance $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,*

.$,$/ im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,/

.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,=

.$*$, Introd!ction$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,@

.$*$* ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,@

.$*$- Performance analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,,?

.$*$. im!lation analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*,

.$- 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,**



,?

/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on electrooptic phase mod!lation of a

p!lsed laser $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*-

/$, Introd!ction $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*-

/$* Principle of operation $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*.

/$- ;xperimental set!p $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/

/$. F!nctional demonstration $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/

/$.$, Red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing %y a factor of * $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*/

/$.$* Red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing %y a factor of . $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*=

/$.$- Ka"elength shift %y half fre:!ency spacing $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*=

/$/ 6hirp and noise impact analysis $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*@

/$= 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,*?

= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-,

=$, 6oncl!sion $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-,

=$* 2ngoing and f!rther 0or1 $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,--

4 2riginal contri%!tions $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,-/

Bi%liography $$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$$ ,.,



*+



*,

List of Acronyms

4mp 4mplification4D6 4nalog!e<to<Digital 6on"erter

423 4cti"e 2ptical 3et0or14; 4mplified pontaneo!s ;mission4H 4mplit!de hift Heying4KG 4r%itrary Ka"eform GeneratorB;R7T8 Bit ;rror Rate 7Tester8BPG Bit Pattern GeneratorBPH Binary Phase<hift HeyingBI<))F Bend<Insensiti"e )!ltimode Fi%reBI<)F Bend<Insensiti"e ingle<)ode Fi%reBPF Band<Pass FilterBT Bias Tee

B*B Bac1<to<Bac16)2 6omplementary )etal<2xide emicond!ctor6K 6ontin!o!s Ka"eD44 Detect<and<4"oidD46 Digital<to<4nalog!e 6on"erterD4 Distri%!ted 4ntenna ystemD64 Digital 6omm!nications 4nalyserD6F Dispersion 6ompensating Fi%reD6) D!al<6arrier )od!lationDe)!x Dem!ltiplexerD;T Po0er Detector

DFB Distri%!ted Feed%ac1D)T Discrete )!ltitoneDB Do!%le ide%andD2 Digital ampling 2scilloscopeDP Digital ignal Processing;4) ;lectro<4%sorption )od!lator;66 ;lectronic 6omm!nications 6ommittee;6& ;xternal<6a"ity &aser;DF4 ;r%i!m<Doped Fi%re 4mplifier;IRP ;:!i"alent Isotropic Radiated Po0er;TI ;!ropean Telecomm!nications tandards Instit!te

;5) ;rror 5ector )agnit!deFBG Fi%re Bragg GratingF;6 For0ard ;rror 6orrectionFFT Fast Fo!rier TransformF2 Free pace 2pticsFTTE Fi%re<to<the<EomeFKE) F!ll Kidth at Ealf )axim!mG%; Giga%it ;thernetED Eigh<DefinitionED)I Eigh<Definition )!ltimedia InterfaceE;U Eead<;nd Unit

E3&F Eighly 3onlinear Fi%reEP4 Eigh<Po0er 4mplifier



**

IDF In"erse Dispersion Fi%reIF Intermediate Fre:!encyIFFT In"erse Fast Fo!rier TransformIP Intellect!al Property&43 &ocal 4rea 3et0or1

&;D &ight<;mitting Diode&2 &ocal 2scillator&2 &ine<of<ight&PF &o0<Pass Filter&34 &o0<3oise 4mplifier)43 )etropolitan 4rea 3et0or1)I)2 )!ltiple<Inp!t )!ltiple<2!tp!t)&& )ode<&oc1ed &aser))F )!ltimode Fi%re))I6 )onolithic )icro0a"e Integrated 6irc!it)) )ach<ehnder )od!lator

)!x )!ltiplexer3&2 3on<&ine<of<ight3R 3on<Ret!rn<to<ero3<DF 3on<ero Dispersion<hifted Fi%re2BPF 2ptical Band<Pass Filter2D& 2ptical Delay &ine2FD) 2rthogonal Fre:!ency<Di"ision )!ltiplexing2F) 2ptical Fre:!ency )!ltiplication2&T 2ptical &ine Terminal23T 2ptical 3et0or1 Terminal22H 2n<2ff Heying24 2ptical pectr!m 4nalyserP4) P!lse 4mplit!de )od!lationP4PR Pea1<to<4"erage Po0er RatioP6 Polari(ation 6ontrollerPD PhotodetectorPD) Polari(ation Di"ision )!ltiplexingP) Phase )od!latorP)D Polari(ation )ode DispersionP2F Plastic 7or Polymer8 2ptical Fi%reP23 Passi"e 2ptical 3et0or1PPG P!lse Pattern GeneratorPP) P!lse<Position )od!lationP Phase hifterPH Phase hift HeyingP) P!lse hape )od!lationP*P Point<to<PointP*)P Point<to<)!ltipoint[4) [!adrat!re 4mplit!de )od!lation[PH [!adrat!re Phase<hift HeyingR4U Remote 4ntenna UnitRF Radio Fre:!encyRG Residential Gate0ayRI3 Relati"e Intensity 3oiseR) Root )ean :!areR Ret!rn<to<ero



*-

Rx Recei"er3R ignal<to<3oise Ratio6) !%<6arrier )!ltiplexing24 emicond!ctor 2ptical 4mplifierB ingle ide%and

)F tandard ingle<)ode Fi%reTI4 Transimpedance 4mplifierTF6 Time<Fre:!ency 6odeTx TransmitterUB Uni"ersal erial B!sUKB Ultra<Kide%and56;& 5ertical<6a"ity !rface<;mitting &aser54 5aria%le 4tten!ator524 5aria%le 2ptical 4tten!atorKD) Ka"elength Di"ision )!ltiplexingK&43 Kireless &ocal 4rea 3et0or1

K)43 Kireless )etropolitan 4rea 3et0or1KP43 Kireless Personal 4rea 3et0or1KK43 Kireless Kide 4rea 3et0or1



*.



*/

1 Introduction

1.1 Motivation

4s the capacity per !ser re:!irements for %road%and comm!nication ser"ices contin!o!sly

increase9 technologies s!ch as !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio9 millimetre<0a"e radio aro!nd

=+ GE( and %eyond9 free space optics 7F289 and indoor optical 0ireless technologies s!ch as

infrared light and "isi%le light comm!nications are %eing in"estigated as "ia%le sol!tions to

pro"ide data rates exceeding Giga%it per second per !ser9 as re"ie0ed in ection *$,$

UKB is a radio technology s!pporting high %and0idth %roadcast of %idirectional ser"ices to

m!ltiple tele"isions and comp!ters distri%!ted thro!gho!t a d0ellingLoffice th!s replacing

per"asi"e9 high<definition 7ED8 a!dioL"ideo and high<speed Internet ca%ling$ UKB !ses

reg!lated spectr!m from -$, to ,+$= GE( 0ith a minim!m signal %and0idth of /++ )E( or *+\

fractional %and0idth ],^$ The *. GE( %and has also %een reg!lated for UKB "ehic!lar radar

applications ],^9 ]*^ and can %e sim!ltaneo!sly !sed for comm!nications ]-^9 ].^$ UKB presents

the !ni:!e characteristic of %eing designed for coexistence in the same fre:!ency range 0ith

other licensed or !nlicensed ser"ices complementary in terms of %it rate and range s!ch as

Ki)4 and Ki<Fi$ This is achie"ed %y limiting the mean e:!i"alent isotropic radiated po0er

7;IRP8, spectral density to N.,$- dBmL)E( and introd!cing detect<and<a"oid 7D448

mechanisms ]/^$ The maxim!m ;IRP spectral density limits the effecti"e transmission range to

a fe0 meters$ This limit range constrains UKB to 0ireless personal area net0or1s 7KP438$

, ;IRP is gi"en as

( ) ( )T T EIRP P f G f = + 9

0here EIRP andT

P 7transmitter po0er spectral density8 are in dBm9 andT

G is the gain response of

the transmitting antenna in dBi$ 3ote that ( )out T P P f df ∞

−∞

= ∫ is the total a"erage transmitter po0er

applied to the antenna$



, Introd!ction

*=

The radio<o"er<fi%re transport of UKB signals 7UKB<o"er<fi%re8 is a rapid and cost<effecti"e

sol!tion to extend the UKB radio range to in<home9 in<%!ilding or e"en 0ide area applications$

UKB<o"er<fi%re ta1es ad"antage of the high %and0idth of the optical media to centrali(e

mod!lation and other f!nctionalities th!s simplifying the remote antenna !nits and ena%ling

net0or1 infrastr!ct!res transparent to the specific UKB implementation employed$ Thisflexi%ility is of special interest for operators as UKB reg!lation is still e"ol"ing$ UKB<o"er<fi%re

systems ha"e %een considered for t0o main applications 0hich are descri%ed and ill!strated in

ection *$/$.$ First9 indoor distri%!ted antenna systems 7D48 in 0hich UKB signals are

distri%!ted o"er optical fi%re lin1s from a central !nit to remote antenna !nits$ The fi%re length

in the indoor D4 application is in the range of a fe0 h!ndred meters ]=^$ In the second

application9 UKB signals are distri%!ted from a central office thro!gh fi%re<to<the<home

7FTTE8 net0or1s 0ith f!rther UKB 0ireless transmission in home ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ 6ost<

effecti"e standard single<mode fi%re 7)F8 is 0idely !sed for UKB o"er FTTE 0ith distances

!p to *+ 1m or more$ FTTE net0or1s are %eing deployed at "ery fast pace 0ith significant

deployments in 4sia9 ;!rope and 3orth 4merica ]@^$

There are t0o ma>or UKB implementations# 7,8 %ased on imp!lse radio9 and 7*8 %ased on

m!lti%and orthogonal fre:!ency<di"ision m!ltiplexing 72FD)89 as specified %y the Ki)edia

4lliance ]A^ and adopted in the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^$ 2FD) UKB pro"ides high spectral

efficiency 7!p to .A+ )%Ls per /*A )E( %and8 and single<chip sol!tions are a"aila%le in

cons!mer electronics de"ices targeting "ideo streaming and 0ireless !ni"ersal serial %!s

70ireless<UB8 applications ],+^9 ],,^$ F!rthermore9 2FD)<%ased de"ices employ efficient

soft0are to facilitate coexistence 0ith a simplified system design ],*^$ 2n the other hand9

imp!lse<radio UKB is capa%le of pro"iding high<resol!tion radar ranging and locali(ation

applications ],-^ pro"iding sim!ltaneo!sly high<speed comm!nications 0ith m!ch simpler

implementation ]-^$

UKB technology is capa%le of pro"iding m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless comm!nications$ )axim!m

capacity in act!al UKB de"ices is .A+ )%Ls per %and 7Ki)edia specification ",$* ]A^9 ]?^8$ This

gi"es an o"erall capacity of =$@* G%Ls per !ser 0hen the fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined$

This capacity is s!pported in single<chip UKB implementations ],+^$ The maxim!m theoretical

UKB capacity 0o!ld %e achie"ed 0hen the fo!rteen UKB %ands are !sed %earing ,+*. )%Ls

each 7Ki)edia specification ",$/ ]A^8 gi"ing ,.$--= G%Ls aggregated data rate per !ser$

3e"ertheless9 no commercial e:!ipment to date s!pports this config!ration$ Eo0e"er9 UKB

capacity is f!rther limited o!tside the U$$ The spectr!m !sea%le for !nlicensed UKB

operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and is differently reg!lated 0orld0ide d!e to coexistence

iss!es$ UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is an open opport!nity to pro"ide potential data

rates of _- G%Ls 0orld0ide ],.^$

=+ GE( radio is a%o!t to %ecome easily a"aila%le for cons!mer applications and permits sec!re

m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless comm!nications potentially for short<distance !se$ e"eral technologies in

the =+ GE( %and ha"e %een proposed in the recent years$ ome of them are KirelessED9

;6)4<-A@9 I;;; A+*$,/$-c9 and KiGig$ KirelessED<%ased single<chip sol!tions ha"e %een

integrated into cons!mer electronics prod!cts targeting !ncompressed ED "ideo applications

!p to @ G%Ls ],/^$ 4n interesting characteristic of ;6)4<-A@ is that single<chip sol!tions are



,$, )oti"ation

*@

a"aila%le targeting file transfer and ED streaming ],=^9 gi"ing the ad"antage of red!ced %oard

space re:!irements and lo0er man!fact!ring cost$

The introd!ction of UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is interesting for se"eral reasons#

,8 The !nlicensed fre:!ency range reg!lated for generic =+ GE( radio 0orld0ide7/@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@M=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?M== GE( in

apan8 can allocate "ery 0ell the UKB %and0idth in c!rrent reg!lation 7!p to @$/ GE(8$

*8 UKB is a mat!re technology 0ith efficient soft0are and single<chip sol!tions are also

a"aila%le$ This permits UKB to %e introd!ced in de"ices 0ith specific space and po0er

re:!irements9 li1e mo%ile phones$

-8 UKB is9 in origin9 a coexistence technology$ Translating UKB technology from the

-$,N,+$= GE( %and to the =+ GE( %and opens the opport!nity of coexistence 0ith

other 0ireless transmissions in the %and$

.8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to increase the mean ;IRP from

N.,$- dBmL)E( as in c!rrent UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide to ,- dBmL)E( as permitted

in reg!lation in force in the %and ],@^$ This permits extending transmission reach

pro"ided the approximately *+ dB higher free<space path loss is compensated$

3e"ertheless9 the atmospheric atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and of !p to approximately

-+ dBL1m f!rther limits o!tdoor reach ],A^$

This thesis proposes and experimentally demonstrates a n!m%er of techni:!es ena%ling UKB<

o"er<fi%re systems to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 comm!nications in different fre:!ency %ands

ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e 7_// GE(8$ The proposed systems also ha"e

potential ranging capa%ilities ta1ing ad"antage of the excellent acc!racy of imp!lse<radio UKB

0hen extremely short imp!lses are employed$ The operational limits of the proposed UKB<

o"er<fi%re systems are also in"estigated %y sim!lation$

The first technical o%>ecti"e of this thesis is to propose9 in"estigate9 and experimentally

demonstrate UKB operation in the next<generation =+ GE( %and$ The =+ GE( UKB systems

proposed co!ld operate in a d!al -$,N,+$= GE(L=+ GE( config!ration if desired9 %!t d!al

operation is o!t of the scope of this thesis$ =+ GE( operation 0o!ld re!se and extend UKB

technology in terms of range and flexi%ility9 and is the foc!s of this 0or1$ The herein presented

=+ GE( UKB techni:!es ha"e potential application for FTTE access net0or1s as 0ell as indoor

scenarios 0here interference is a critical iss!e s!ch as aircrafts9 telecomm!nication operators9and go"ernment premises$

4dditionally9 7second target8 a techni:!e to %ring spectral reconfig!ration capa%ilities to

p!lsed lasers is proposed9 analysed9 and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$ The

techni:!e has potential application for 0a"elength di"ision m!ltiplexing 7KD)8 net0or1s$

6!rrent FTTE net0or1s are expected to e"ol"e to0ard KD) passi"e optical net0or1s 7KD)<

P238 to 1eep !p 0ith the re:!irements of f!t!re %road%and optical access net0or1s ],?^9 ]*+^$

The technical ad"ances in"estigated incl!de#

• Generation techni:!es for %and0idth< and %and<flexi%le imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems



, Introd!ction

*A

• Generation and integrated optical and 0ireless transmission performance of =+ GE(

UKB signals$ The !se of "ertical<ca"ity s!rface<emitting lasers 756;&8 is in"estigated

to perform electrooptic con"ersion and optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ In recent

years9 56;& ha"e gained a lot of interest d!e to the relati"e lo0 cost$

• Reconfig!ration of m!lti0a"elength so!rces in terms of 0a"elength spacing and0a"elength allocation

The techni:!es de"eloped are implemented in the optical domain and fall in the field !s!ally

1no0n as optical signal processingC$ 2ptical techni:!es are critical for f!t!re<proof9 "ersatile

and high<capacity ser"ice pro"isioning in optical net0or1s$ 2ptical techni:!es can also %enefit

from the 0ell<1no0n ad"antages offered %y micro0a"e photonics de"ices9 s!ch as light

0eight9 small si(e9 and imm!nity to electromagnetic interference ]*,^$

1.2 Stateoft!eart

UKB<o"er<fi%re technology has %een acti"ely in"estigated d!ring the time of reali(ation of this

thesis$ In this ection9 the state<of<the<art of the generation9 optical and 0ireless transmission9

and detection of UKB signals for UKB<o"er<fi%re systems is re"ie0ed$

1.2.1 Im"ulseradio #$% generation in t!e &.1'1(.) *+, band

In imp!lse<radio UKB systems9 the selection of the p!lse shape %y ta1ing into acco!nt the

fre:!ency response of the transmitting antenna is critical for system performance ]**^$ The

Ga!ssian monocycle and do!%let p!lses are typically employed d!e to %etter performance

compared 0ith other p!lse shapes ]*-^$ 4 Ga!ssian monocycle can %e generated %y

performing the first<order deri"ati"e of a Ga!ssian p!lse9 and a Ga!ssian do!%let can %e

generated %y performing the second<order deri"ati"e of a Ga!ssian p!lse$ Eo0e"er9 these

p!lse shapes are not compliant 0ith the UKB ;IRP spectral mas1 in c!rrent reg!lation ],^

0itho!t red!cing po0er$ Ga!ssian monocycle and do!%let p!lses can also meet reg!lation

after ade:!ate filtering e$g$ %y the fre:!ency response of a commercially<a"aila%le UKB

antenna ]*.^ or c!stom antenna ]*/^9 or %y a high<pass filter ]*=^$ 2ther higher<fre:!ency

p!lse shapes s!ch as higher<order deri"ati"e Ga!ssian p!lses ]*@^ and linear com%ination of

lo0<order deri"ati"es ]*A^9 ]*?^9 ha"e %een proposed to comply 0ith the UKB mas1 0ith high

po0er efficiency9 ho0e"er they are generally more complicated to implement$

Electrical impulse-radio UWB generation

There are different approaches to implement UKB<o"er<fi%re systems$ Typically9 a UKB RF

signal mod!lates the intensity of a laser diode directly or externally follo0ed %y optical fi%re

transmission ]-+^$ ;lectrical imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es can %e di"ided into fo!r

categories ]-,^9 ]-*^#

,8 4 %ase%and p!lse is !p<con"erted to the target fre:!ency %and %y mixing 0ith a local

oscillator 7&28$



,$* tate<of<the<art

*?

*8 haping a "ery short %ase%and p!lse to the desired UKB p!lses employing %and<pass

filtering$ Filtering a Ga!ssian p!lse is e:!i"alent to the implementation of different

orders of differentiation of a Ga!ssian p!lse$

-8 UKB p!lse design %ased on com%ining p!lses$ For instance9 com%ining %ase%and

Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith different delays and amplit!des$.8 Eigh<speed ar%itrary 0a"eform generation 74KG8 0ith sampling rate o"er *+ GLs

%ased on digital<to<analog!e con"erters 7D468$

4 Ga!ssian monocycle generator consisting of an imp!lse generator follo0ed %y an imp!lse

forming net0or1 is a commercially a"aila%le sol!tion ]--^$ This imp!lse generator re:!ires a

cloc1 inp!t to generate imp!lses9 0hich can %e gated %y external data !p to *$/ G%Ls$ ingle<

chip prototypes 0ith mod!lation capa%ilities ha"e also %een demonstrated in the literat!re

0ith potential cost ad"antage ]-,^9 ]-.^$ tate<of<the<art single<chip sol!tions ena%le

generation of UKB p!lses 0ith not only lo0 po0er cons!mption9 %!t also reconfig!ra%le

shape9 signal %and0idth of = GE(9 and data rate !p to *$/ G%Ls ]-,^$

Optical impulse-radio UWB generation

Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the optical domain can o"ercome the diffic!lty of electrical

techni:!es in generating high<:!ality high<%and0idth ;IRP<efficient p!lses reconfig!ra%le in

terms of %and0idth9 shape9 and p!lse encoding$ F!rthermore9 optical techni:!es remo"e the

impact of nonlinearity !sing electrooptic con"ersion d!e to high pea1<to<a"erage po0er ratio

7P4PR8 of imp!lse<radio UKB signals$ Data are typically encoded on imp!lse<radio UKB signals

employing on<off 1eying 722H8 mod!lation9 p!lse polarity mod!lation 7or %i<phase mod!lation

or %inary phase<shift 1eying 7BPH89 p!lse position mod!lation 7PP)89 and p!lse shapemod!lation 7P)8$

Photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals has %een 0idely in"estigated in recent years

]**^9 ]*.^M]*=^9 ]-/^M]/@^$ )ost techni:!es can %e classified into fo!r categories according to

the operation principle#

,8 Ga!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lse generation %ased on first< or second<order

differentiation of a Ga!ssian p!lse$ This can %e accomplished %y direct mod!lation of a

laser and chirp<to<intensity con"ersion employing an optical linear filter ]-=^$ 4nother

simple techni:!e is to perform phase<mod!lation<to<intensity<mod!lation 7P)<I)8

con"ersion employing an optical fre:!ency discriminator$ 4 method to a"oid !sing a

fixed<long<length dispersi"e fi%re is to !se a fre:!ency discriminator %ased on an

optical filter9 s!ch as a fi%re Bragg grating 7FBG8 ]-@^9 ]-A^$ The optical phase

mod!lation can %e implemented employing electrooptic phase mod!lation ]-@^ or

cross<phase mod!lation 7P)8 in nonlinear fi%re for all<optical generation ]-A^$ 4

simple UKB p!lse generator 0hich is capa%le of performing BPH or P) at high

speed 7!p to .+ G%Ls8 has also %een demonstrated %y ad>!sting the "oltages applied to

t0o ar%itrary 0a"e plates ]-?^$

*8 6om%ined delayed optical Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith opposite polarities$ 4 simple techni:!e

employs an integrated d!al<parallel )ach<ehnder mod!lator 7))8 to generateGa!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lses ].+^$ 4nother possi%le implementation is to



, Introd!ction

-+

employ a micro0a"e photonic filter$ Ga!ssian monocycle or do!%let p!lses can %e

generated employing t0o<coefficient or three<coefficient filters9 respecti"ely$ The

polarity in"ersion can %e performed %ased on cross<polari(ation mod!lation ].,^9 ].*^9

and employing t0o )) %iased at opposite slopes ].-^$ Polari(ation<dependent delay

is introd!ced %y %irefringent fi%re ].,^9 ].*^9 or 0a"elength<dependent delay %y adispersi"e de"ice s!ch as a dispersi"e fi%re distri%!ting the UKB p!lse to a remote site

].-^$ The micro0a"e photonic filter proposed in ].-^ can o"ercome the diffic!lty of

other approaches to add and control more than t0o coefficients$ Eigh<fre:!ency

p!lses can %e generated from fo!r coefficients ho0e"er each additional coefficient

re:!ires an extra laser$ The techni:!e in ].-^ also permits reconfig!ration in terms of

p!lse shape and encoding !p to ,++ )%Ls$ In addition9 a monocycle generation

techni:!e employing an electrooptic phase mod!lator9 a delay interferometer9 and an

optical delay line has %een demonstrated ]..^$ This techni:!e employs a lo0<speed

electrical non<ret!rn<to<(ero 73R8 signal and BPH mod!lation can %e reali(ed %y

ad>!sting the delay or %y electrically s0itching the %ias "oltage of the delay

interferometer$

-8 Dynamic %eha"io!r of a semicond!ctor optical amplifier 7248 ]./^ and of a directly<

mod!lated ].=^9 ].@^ or optically<in>ected distri%!ted feed%ac1 laser 7DFB8 ].@^M].?^$

These methods are simple9 re:!iring one laser$ 4 specific reg!lation<compliant high<

fre:!ency p!lse has %een generated %ased on the relaxation oscillations of DFB ].@^M

].?^$ BPH mod!lation has %een demonstrated employing an ade:!ate electrical data

pattern ].?^9 ho0e"er m!lti<G%Ls data rates 0o!ld re:!ire a high<speed p!lse pattern

generator 7_*+ G%Ls8$

.8 2ptical spectr!m shaping and fre:!ency<to<time con"ersion$ Us!ally9 the spectr!m ofan !ltra<short p!lse is shaped %y a spatial light mod!lator 7&)8 ]/+^ or optical filtering

]**^9 ]/,^9 ]/*^$ The shaped spectr!m is con"erted to the time domain employing a

dispersi"e element 0ith a minim!m re:!ired total dispersion9 s!ch as a dispersi"e

fi%re9 0hich at the same time distri%!tes the UKB p!lse to a remote site ]/*^9 or a

linearly<chirped FBG to simplify the system ]/,^$ These techni:!es ha"e more flexi%ility

in generating UKB p!lses 0ith ar%itrary shapes ho0e"er they are %ased on

complicated implementations re:!iring costly mode<loc1ed laser so!rces ]**^9 ]/,^9

and either %!l1y free<space optics ]/+^ or c!stom en"ironment<sensiti"e FBG<%ased

de"ices ]**^9 ]/,^9 ]/*^$

In addition to the techni:!es disc!ssed a%o"e9 other techni:!es ha"e %een proposed for high<

fre:!ency UKB generation s!ch as those %ased on nonlinear propagation in optical fi%res ]/-^

and com%ination of delayed monocycles 0ith opposite polarity ]/.^$ In addition9 UKB

generation 0ith PP) encoding ]//^9 ]/=^9 and simple UKB generation reconfig!ra%le for

m!ltiple mod!lation formats ha"e %een demonstrated ]/@^$

1.2.2 Millimetrewave im"ulseradio #$% generation

There are different approaches for implementing millimetre<0a"e UKB<o"er<fi%re systems$

2ptical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is an attracti"e sol!tion to red!ce o"erall complexity and cost%y centralised %road%and !p<con"ersion and net0or1 management$ Eo0e"er9 this approach



,$* tate<of<the<art

-,

may re:!ire high<speed electrooptic de"ices and s!ffer from RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re

chromatic dispersion9 0hich may limit performance ]/A^$ 2n the other hand9 the centralised

approach may find a competitor in a distri%!ted single<chip sol!tion %ased on UKB o"er fi%re

and millimetre<0a"e !p<con"ersion !sing complementary metal<oxide semicond!ctor 76)28

at RF front<end$ 4 fe0 research gro!ps ha"e already demonstrated 6)2 radios at =+ GE($Eo0e"er9 there are limitations s!ch as de"ice design and integration9 ma1ing high<

performance comm!nication extremely diffic!lt$

4 n!m%er of techni:!es ha"e %een demonstrated for millimetre<0a"e imp!lse<radio UKB<

o"er<fi%re generation %ased on centralised optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion ]-^9 ].+^9 ]/?^M]=*^$

The !se of RF p!lse shapes9 s!ch as Ga!ssian monocycles and higher<fre:!ency p!lses9 offers

t0o ad"antages as compared to p!lse shapes ha"ing D6 component in the spectr!m9 s!ch as

Ga!ssian and rectang!lar p!lses# 7,8 easy filtering of the !p<con"erted UKB spectr!m to

remo"e resid!al RF carrier 0hich can limit maxim!m ;IRP density to meet reg!lation in force9

th!s limiting UKB range ]=+^ 7*8 the %ase%and signal 0hich is also a"aila%le afterphotodetection co!ld %e radiated in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and pro"ided an ade:!ate spectr!m

and UKB antenna are com%ined$ e"eral millimetre<0a"e techni:!es ha"e %een

demonstrated in the *. GE( %and in proof<of<concept experiments ]-^9 ].+^9 ]=+^M]=*^ and are

s!mmari(ed as follo0s#

• H!ri et al. 72ct$ *++=8 ]-^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is %ased on optical carrier

s!ppression in a ))9 an arrayed 0a"eg!ide grating9 and a special )) 0ith high

extinction ratio to s!ppress the resid!al RF carrier 0hen rectang!lar p!lses are

employed$ This complex techni:!e has %een proposed to o"ercome dispersion<

ind!ced RF po0er fading$ The techni:!e 0o!ld re:!ire -+ GE( electrooptic de"ices to%e !pgraded to the =+ GE( %and$ - m of 0ireless transmission of the *. GE( UKB

signal is demonstrated at */+ )%Ls$

• &e G!ennec et al. 7!l$ *++@8 ]=+^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of electrical monocycles at

*++ )%Ls is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a ))$ This techni:!e

is simple and the same architect!re can %e re!sed for coherent do0n<con"ersion$

Eo0e"er9 the techni:!e re:!ires high<cost high<fre:!ency electrooptic de"ices9 0hich

ma1e it diffic!lt to %e !pgraded to millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency %ands9 e$g$ =+ GE(

de"ices for the =+ GE( %and$

• F! et al $ 7!n$ *++A8 ]=,^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of optical monocycles at @/+ )%Ls

is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a )) and nonlinear polari(ation

rotation in a 24$ The techni:!e operates in the 0hole C <%and ho0e"er it employs a

complex architect!re and the slo0 carrier reco"ery speed of the 24 limits high<

fre:!ency operation in the millimetre<0a"e %ands$

• 6hang et al $ 72ct$ *++A8 ].+^# 2ptical monocycle or do!%let p!lses at =*/ )%Ls are !p<

con"erted %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a ))$ The techni:!e 0o!ld re:!ire

-+ GE( electrooptic de"ices to %e !pgraded to the =+ GE( %and$

• &i et al $ 7ept$ *++?8 ]=*^# Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of optical monocycle or do!%let

p!lses at .@+ )%Ls is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in a )) and a

fi%re optical parametric amplifier 72P48 employing , 1m of highly nonlinear fi%re7E3&F8$ This techni:!e employs a complex architect!re ho0e"er it co!ld %e !pgraded



, Introd!ction

-*

to the =+ GE( %and %y filtering the second<order optical side%ands 0ith a relaxed

fre:!ency re:!irement for electrooptic de"ices as lo0 as @$/ GE($ In addition9 the

techni:!e exhi%its large mixing %and0idth capa%ility d!e to the !ltrafast response of

the E3&F$

The techni:!es ]=,^9 ]=*^ can %e deployed in the remote local oscillator deli"ery scheme to

mitigate dispersion<ind!ced RF po0er fading in the long<reach access net0or1s 0here the 24

and E3&F ser"e as %oth fre:!ency !p<con"erter and signal amplifier in a local exchange ]=-^$

F!rthermore9 hang et al $ ha"e demonstrated sim!ltaneo!s generation of t0o 0a"elength

channels of UKB monocycles in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and and t0o 0a"elength channels in the

*. GE( %and %ased on a similar scheme employing =+ m of a highly nonlinear photonic crystal

fi%re ]=.^$

4dditionally9 se"eral photonic schemes ha"e %een demonstrated for shaping of high<fre:!ency

imp!lse<radio UKB signals ]/-^9 ]=/^$

Giga%it imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters ha"e also %een de"eloped in the =+ GE( %and in

6)2 technology targeting lo0 cost and lo0 po0er cons!mption ]==^$ In hy%rid 0ireless<

optical systems9 s!ch transmitters co!ld %e !sed at remote antenna !nits after photodetection

of digital %ase%and<o"er<fi%re signals$

Finally9 a photonic imp!lse<radio UKB transmitter in the W <%and 7@/M,,+ GE(8 employing a

near<%allistic !ni<tra"eling<carrier photodiode and a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser has %een

demonstrated for high density !ser UKB<o"er<fi%re in<%!ilding applications ]/?^$

1.2.& -etection and transmission "erformance of im"ulseradio #$%signals

)any reports foc!sed on the optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in recent years$

Eo0e"er9 a fe0 reports detected the UKB signals and f!rther e"al!ated the performance of

the 0hole UKB<o"er<fi%re system incl!ding fi%re and 0ireless transmission$ Radio<o"er<fi%re

distri%!tion of imp!lse<radio and 2FD) UKB signals in FTTE net0or1s 0as proposed and

compared in ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ 2ptical transmission !p to /+ 1m of )F 0as experimentally

demonstrated for %oth UKB implementations at ,$*/ G%Ls$ 2ther optimi(ed imp!lse<radio

UKB generation and detection schemes ha"e %een demonstrated employing optical signal

processing$ Ta%le I s!mmari(es the state<of<the<art of the integrated optical fi%re and 0ireless

transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re comm!nication systems in

different fre:!ency %ands$

The performance of imp!lse<radio UKB signals is !s!ally e"al!ated in terms of %it error rate

7B;R8 0hich is the ratio %et0een the n!m%er of %its 0ith errors and the total n!m%er of %its$



,$* tate<of<the<art

--

Ta%le I$ tate<of<the<art of transmission performance of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems

Reference ;ncoding Data rate Fi%re transmission Kirelessdistance

6onsiderations

-$,M,+$= GE( %and

4%tahiet al $ ]**^

22H /++ )%Ls B*B =/ cm • Photonic en"elopedetection`Q<factor

Eana0aet al $ ]*/^

22H ,$+*/ G%Ls / 1m D6F`,+ 1m )F *+ cm • Pre<amplified recei"er

• 6!stom antennas

• Detection directly %yB;RT 7_,+N/8

J! et al $].?^

BPH @A,$*/ )%Ls -+ 1m )F`/ 1m D6F B*B • D2`DP detection7B;R _,+N.8

hamset al $ ]//^

PP) ,$=*/ G%Ls *++ m )F *+ cm • UKB shaping %yelectrical BPF

• Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8

Pan bJao ]*.^

22H ,$=A@/ G%Ls *. 1m )F / cm • 6hirp<free UKB signal• Detection %y electrical

mixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8

Gi%%onet al $ ].A^

22H -$,*/ G%Ls */ 1m )F`*/ 1m IDF *$? m • ;IRP N-,$- dBmL)E(

• D2`DP detection7B;R _,+N/8

hamset al $ ]/=^

PP) ,$=*/ G%Ls -@ 1m )F 7or ,+ 1m0ith a simpler scheme8

B*B • Pre<amplified recei"er

• UKB shaping %yelectrical BPF

• Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+

N?8

Pan bJao ]/@^

22H9BPH9P)9P4)

=*/ )%Ls *+ 1m )F ,+ cm • Detection %y electricalmixing`B;RT 7_,+N?8

6hanget al. ]=@^

22H ,$*/ G%Ls */ 1m )F -+ cm • Pre<amplified recei"er

• 6!stom antennas

• Detection directly %yB;RT 7_,+N/8

ho!et al $ ]/.^

22H -$,*/ G%Ls **$/ 1m )F`.$. 1m D6F B*B • Photonic en"elopedetection`B;RT 7_,+N?8

=+ GE( %and

This work

'(ection

)*+,

Bel+.c/0

Bel++a/

BPH ,$.. G%Ls .+ 1m )F*/ 1m )F`/++ m BI<)F

/ m • D2`DP detection

7B;R _,+

N/

8

This work

'(ection

)*1,

Bel++/

22H -$,*/ G%Ls *+ 1m 3<DF7 =$/ 1m )F8, 1m BI<)F

* m • RF po0erdetection`B;RT 7_,+N?8

@/M,,+ GE( %and

6ho0et al $ ]/?^

22H *$/ G%Ls */+ m )F`/+ m D6F ,$= m • 2ptical po0er%!dget -+ dB

• RF po0er

detection`B;RT 7_,+

N=

8



, Introd!ction

-.

Imp!lse<radio UKB signals ha"e %een detected %y se"eral techni:!es#

,8 The UKB signal in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and has %een do0n<con"erted %y electrical

mixing 0ith a &2 signal$ Eo0e"er9 this techni:!e introd!ces a po0er penalty d!e to a

%road UKB spectr!m and is constrained to data rates of less than -M. G%Ls ]/=^$ The

res!lting %ase%and signal is meas!red %y an oscilloscope pro"iding performance in

terms of Q<factor ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ B;R is calc!lated from Q<factor meas!rements

ho0e"er !nder the ass!mption of Ga!ssian noise$ 4lternati"ely9 the do0n<con"erted

%ase%and signal can %e meas!red %y a B;R tester 7B;RT8 ]*.^9 ]//^$

*8 B;R has %een e"al!ated offline %y digital signal processing 7DP8 %ased on %it<per<%it

comparison ]=A^$ This techni:!e gi"es high sensiti"ity and permits to implement in the

digital domain f!nctions s!ch as matched filtering to increase signal<to<noise ratio

73R8 th!s impro"ing performance$ Eo0e"er9 a %road%and high<speed digital sampling

oscilloscope 7D28 is re:!ired$ The minim!m B;R e"al!ated 7or maxim!m n!m%er of

%its e"al!ated8 is also limited %y the D2 performance to ,+N=

typically$ This B;R limitis a%o"e the limit of ,+N? typical for error<free comm!nication systems 0itho!t

employing for0ard error correction 7F;68 ]=?^$

-8 ;n"elope detection 7or po0er detection8 can %e employed for 22H<mod!lated UKB

signals a"oiding the need for a phase<loc1ed &2 signal and %road%and RF mixer$

Photonic en"elope detection of RF UKB p!lses has %een demonstrated %ased on a

)) %iased at the :!adrat!re point9 high<speed photodetection9 and lo0<pass

filtering ]-^$ Eigh<speed photodetection permits to regenerate the RF UKB signal$

4nother possi%ility is to employ an electro<a%sorption mod!lator 7;4)8 or a ))

%iased at the minim!m transmission point ]**^9 ]/.^$ )) leads to f!ll rectification of

the RF UKB signal res!lting in higher detected po0er$ Eo0e"er9 )) are sensiti"e to

polari(ation$ 2n the other hand9 ;4) leads to half 0a"e rectification9 can operate on

lo0er dri"ing "oltage9 and are compati%le 0ith photonic integration ]**^$ RF po0er

detection has also %een employed to detect imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the

@/N,,+ GE( %and ]/?^$ 4n ad"antage of the photonic en"elope detection is the

%road%and operation pro"iding transparency to the RF fre:!ency and capa%ility of

detecting %road intermediate fre:!ency 7IF8 %and0idths$

1.2. Multiband /0-M #$% radiooverfibre

2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re systems ha"e %een considered as a sol!tion for high<capacity

0ireless access net0or1s$ 2FD) UKB signals are !s!ally generated employing commercially<

a"aila%le UKB de"ices or 4KG signal generation9 0hich then mod!late a laser diode directly

or externally follo0ed %y optical fi%re transmission$ 2FD) detection is performed employing a

D29 and c!stom DP or commercially<a"aila%le soft0are$ The maxim!m n!m%er of 2FD)

sym%ols to %e e"al!ated is limited %y the D2 performance and soft0are employed$ The

:!ality of 2FD) UKB comm!nication is !s!ally assessed in terms of error "ector magnit!de

7;5)8 0hich is a meas!re of errors %et0een the meas!red sym%ols and the expected sym%ols$

3R and B;R performance metrics can %e estimated from ;5) ass!ming a Ga!ssian noise

distri%!tion 0hen 2FD) UKB employs :!adrat!re phase<shift 1eying 7[PH8 mod!lation ]@+^$



,$* tate<of<the<art

-/

6om%ined radio<o"er<fi%re and 0ireless transmission of 2FD) UKB signals has %een

experimentally analysed employing external mod!lation ])or+Ac^9 ]@,^$ 6ommercially<

a"aila%le UKB de"ices are employed to generate a d!al<%and 2FD) signal at .++ )%Ls$ The

2FD) signal is s!ccessf!lly distri%!ted !p to ,+ 1m of )F and ,$/ m of 0ireless range or !p

to /+ 1m of )F 0ith optical amplification in the field and , m 0ireless distance$ 2pticaltransmission performance of 2FD) UKB !p to *++ )%Ls has also %een experimentally

in"estigated and theoretically analysed in ]@*^$ In addition9 %idirectional 2FD) UKB

transmission o"er , 1m of )F has %een demonstrated at .A+ )%Ls employing 56;&s ]@-^$

Finally9 the potential of glass m!ltimode fi%res 7))F8 and m!ltimode plastic optical fi%res

7P2F8 to extend the in<%!ilding co"erage of 2FD) UKB has %een demonstrated at *++ )%Ls

and .A+ )%Ls ]@.^$

)illimetre<0a"e 2FD) UKB systems ha"e also %een in"estigated$ Performance of -+ GE(

three<%and 2FD) UKB at =++ )%Ls 0hen transmitted o"er *+ 1m of )F has %een

experimentally demonstrated employing an optically pre<amplified recei"er ]@/^$ 2pticalfre:!ency :!adr!pling !p<con"ersion %ased on t0o cascaded d!al<dri"e )) is proposed in

this techni:!e$ =+ GE( 2FD) UKB generation ha"e also %een in"estigated at *++ )%Ls

0itho!t transmission %ased on external mod!lation of 2FD) UKB com%ined 0ith !p<

con"ersion %y optical carrier s!ppression in a )) ]@=^$

1.2. #$% o"tical and wireless coeistence

UKB<o"er<fi%re systems s!pporting sim!ltaneo!s m!ltiser"ice deli"ery are attracting great

interest for con"erged access net0or1ing$ im!ltaneo!s transmission o"er !p to */ 1m )F

of 2FD) UKB and Ki)4 signals has %een demonstrated employing polari(ation m!ltiplexing]@@^$ 2ptical coexistence of imp!lse<radio UKB and Ki)4 o"er a /+ 1m dispersion<managed

optical lin1 has %een demonstrated employing a directly<mod!lated 56;& ]*=^$ Bidirectional

radio<o"er<fi%re transmission of sim!ltaneo!s 0ireless standards UKB9 Ki)49 and &T; has

%een experimentally demonstrated to deli"er triple<play ser"ices 7ED a!dioL"ideo9 data9 and

cell!lar phone9 respecti"ely8 in next<generation optical access net0or1s ]&lo,,%^$ 2ptical

transmission o"er /+$= 1m of )F ]@A^ and com%ined transmission o"er *+$* 1m of )F and

- m of 0ireless distance ]@?^ ha"e %een demonstrated$ In<%!ilding optical extension after

*+$* 1m of )F has also %een demonstrated !p to *++ m of %end<insensiti"e single<mode

fi%re 7BI<)F8 and !p to /+ m of P2F ]A+^$ In addition9 optical<0ireless transmission of

con"erged 0ired and UKB radio ser"ices o"er ))F ]en,+^ and o"er P2F ]A,^ has %een

demonstrated for in<%!ilding net0or1s$ )!lti<standard 2FD)<%ased transmission of UKB and

A+*$,, has also %een demonstrated o"er P2F ]A*^$ Finally9 0ireless coexistence of UKB and

Ki)4 !p to ,+ m has %een e"al!ated %y on<field experiments ]Per+?a^9 ]Per+?%^9 ]Per+?c^$

1.& Im"rovement over t!e stateoft!eart

This thesis proposes se"eral inno"ati"e approaches Min the optical domain< to ena%le flexi%le

and cost<effecti"e m!lti<G%Ls UKB<o"er<fi%re systems for next<generation hy%rid 0ireless<

optical net0or1s$ UKB operation in the next<generation =+ GE( %and is proposed to extend



, Introd!ction

-=

UKB capa%ilities to a 0ider "ariety of scenarios incl!ding FTTE net0or1s o"ercoming

coexistence iss!es and in<aircraft en"ironments 0ith interference limitations$

The main impro"ements o"er the state<of<the<art in this thesis can %e s!mmari(ed in#

,8 T0o simple techni:!es are proposed and experimentally demonstrated for Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping9 0hich are %ased on# 7,8 optical delay and %alanced photodetection

]Bel+Ac^9 and 7*8 differential photorecei"er and electrical delay ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^$ The

effects of the chromatic dispersion of optical access fi%re o"er the generated UKB

p!lse can %e compensated %y ad>!sting delay$ The techni:!es exhi%it the ad"antage of

%eing implemented at the remote antenna !nits permitting to flexi%ly adapt UKB

spectr!m to different fi%re dispersion$ The implementation trade<offs for UKB<o"er<

fi%re generation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and are also addressed$

*8 The com%ination of %oth radio technologies imp!lse<radio UKB and =+ GE( is

proposed in this thesis to 0irelessly pro"ide in<flight entertainment ser"ices

minimi(ing interference ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^$ The !se of an imp!lse<radio UKB

implementation is of special interest for in<flight en"ironments to sim!ltaneo!sly

pro"ide for instance locali(ation of interfering !sers$ 4 =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system

0ith ,++ m of )F in<ca%in transmission is demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls in a la%oratory

proof<of<concept experiment$ 4 techno<economic analysis is also performed

s!ggesting that the system 0hich is %ased on UKB<o"er<fi%re 0ith optical fre:!ency

!p<con"ersion co!ld compete 0ith an approach %ased on %ase%and data o"er fi%re

and remote UKB generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion in the electrical domain$

-8 UKB imp!lse radio optical generation %y fre:!ency shifting in dispersi"e optical fi%re

pro"iding remote connecti"ity is proposed and experimentally demonstrated in thisthesis ]Bel,+%^9 ]Bel,,d^$ The techni:!e com%ines optical carrier s!ppression in a

)) 0ith matched fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth

limitation of optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily

reconfig!ra%le generating sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ The technical aspects

and possi%le config!rations of m!lti%and generation tailored for UKB<o"er<fi%re

transmission in optical access net0or1s is in"estigated 0ith special foc!s on d!al

*. GE(L=+ GE( operation$ The imp!lse<radio UKB implementation can sim!ltaneo!sly

ser"e different applications incl!ding *. GE( "ehic!lar radar and infrastr!ct!re<to<car

comm!nications and =+ GE( FTTE thro!gh simple optical access infrastr!ct!re$ =+ GE(

signal generation %y ,*$/ 1m of )F and , m of 0ireless transmission9 and d!al

*. GE(L=+ GE( operation ha"e %een experimentally demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls$

;na%ling technologies for relia%le9 simple9 and cost<effecti"e real implementation are

also disc!ssed$

.8 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is proposed in this thesis to deli"er high<%and0idth

ser"ices in FTTE net0or1s ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^$ UKB generation 0ith com%ined optical

and 0ireless transmission performance is experimentally e"al!ated 0hen operating in

the =+ GE( %and$ 56;& direct mod!lation com%ined 0ith optical carrier s!ppression

in a )) is in"estigated for generation of t0o ma>or UKB implementations Mthree<

%and d!al<carrier mod!lation 7D6)8 2FD) re!sing commercially<a"aila%le chips9 andBPH imp!lse radio$ =+ GE( UKB generation 0ith com%ined .+ 1m of )F and / m of



,$- Impro"ement o"er the state<of<the<art

-@

0ireless transmission is experimentally demonstrated at ,$.. G%Ls9 as sho0n in Ta%le

I$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB

implementation depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$

/8 The !se of a 56;& for flexi%le UKB fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is in"estigated and

compared 0ith con"entional lo0<line0idth external<ca"ity laser 7;6&8 ]Bel,,%^$;xtension to the =+ GE( %and9 com%ined transmission o"er =$/ 1m )F or , 1m of in<

%!ilding BI<)F and * m of 0ireless transmission9 and RF po0er detection of 22H

imp!lse<radio UKB ].A^9 is experimentally demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls9 as sho0n in

Ta%le I$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en laser

technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$

=8 3o"el m!lti0a"elength so!rces 0ith great reconfig!ration capa%ilities %ased on the

spectral self<imaging effect 7or Tal%ot effect8 %y time<domain m!ltiphase mod!lation

of a periodic p!lse train ]6ar,,^ are proposed in this thesis ]Bel,,c^$ The

reconfig!ration techni:!e offers the ad"antage of %eing a%le to m!ltiply the n!m%er

of optical carriers 0itho!t infl!encing %and0idth and time<domain p!lses$

Reconfig!ration of a p!lsed laser in terms of 0a"elength spacing and 0a"elength

allocation is experimentally demonstrated employing external electrooptic %i<phase

mod!lation$ The techni:!e is of special interest to pro"ide sta%le and flexi%le channel

spacing in KD) and 2FD) optical transmission systems ]A-^$

1. /utline of t!is work

The contents of this thesis are organi(ed in six chapters#

In 6hapter *9 the f!ndamentals of hy%rid 0ireless<optical systems9 and the associated

transmission impairments are dra0n$ ;mphasis is made in ena%ling technologies re:!ired to

pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications incl!ding UKB and =+ GE( radios$ Radio<o"er<

fi%re technology is re"ie0ed foc!sing on state<of<the<art transmission systems and the

ena%ling techni:!es !sed in generation and demod!lation of 0ireless signals$ 4s a ma>or

application of this 0or19 the integration of UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in FTTE optical access

net0or1s is also disc!ssed$

In 6hapter -9 the 0or1 performed in this thesis related to generation of imp!lse<radio UKB

signals in the optical domain is descri%ed$ First9 t0o techni:!es for simple and flexi%le UKBp!lse shaping are proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ econd9 p!lses generated %y

one of these techni:!es are employed in a proof<of<concept experiment of a UKB<o"er<fi%re

system in the =+ GE( %and$ The com%ination of UKB and =+ GE( radio technologies for

interference<sensiti"e in<aircraft scenarios is disc!ssed$ 4 techno<economic comparison of the

system 0ith a potential competitor sol!tion is also presented$ The 1ey parameters and

expected performance of the scheme is f!rther identified %y sim!lation analysis

75PItransmission)a1erO8$ Finally9 flexi%le photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB !p to

millimetre<0a"e %ands %ased on fre:!ency shifting in optical access fi%re is proposed$

Feasi%ility of the techni:!e in FTTE net0or1s operating in the =+ GE( %and is experimentally

demonstrated$ Practical m!lti%and capa%ilities and limitations of this system are also

addressed %y comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis 75PItransmission)a1erO8$ D!al



, Introd!ction

-A

*. GE(L=+ GE( operation is also experimentally demonstrated$ Practical implementation is

addressed and competiti"e approaches are disc!ssed$

In 6hapter .9 performance of UKB signals 0hen operating in the =+ GE( %and is e"al!ated

com%ining optical and 0ireless transmission$ T0o experimental demonstrations are performed

in"estigating the !se of 56;& for direct mod!lation and !p<con"ersion9 respecti"ely$ In the

first experiment9 t0o ma>or UKB implementations MD6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio< are

compared$ 4 sim!lation analysis 75PItransmission)a1erO8 is performed to in"estigate the

operational limits$ 56;& is compared 0ith con"entional ;6& in the second experiment$

&imitations of this system are also analysed %y sim!lation 75PItransmission)a1erO8$

In 6hapter /9 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces are proposed and experimentally

demonstrated$ T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and

0a"elength shifting of a p!lsed laser are demonstrated$ The impact of laser chirp and noise is

n!merically analysed 7)4T&4B8$ Potential applications of the techni:!e are also disc!ssed$

Finally9 the concl!sion of this Ph$D$ thesis and the ongoing and f!t!re 0or1 are addressed in

6hapter =$



-?

2 +ybrid wirelesso"tical systems based on

ultrawideband 3#$%4 radio

3ext<generation access net0or1s 0ill re:!ire flexi%le deployment9 high capacity9

!pgradea%ility9 scala%le to !ser n!m%er and demand9 and %e economically feasi%le$ Ey%rid

0ireless<optical systems that com%ine high<capacity optical fi%re transmission and the

flexi%ility of 0ireless technologies are foreseen to play an important role in next<generation

access net0or1s$ The 0ireless part pro"ides a m!ltiple access sol!tion to eliminate the need

for optical fi%re to e"ery end<!ser th!s sa"ing on net0or1 deployment cost ]A.^$ Integrated

0iredL0ireless access can also extend the reach of existing optical access infrastr!ct!re to

those !sers that cannot %e connected directly to the fi%re for economic9 en"ironmental or

other reasons ]A/^$ )!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems that pro"ide capacities compara%le to optical

fi%re comm!nication systems 0ill pa"e the 0ay for pro"iding seamless integrated

0iredL0ireless access to %road%and ser"ices for the end<!ser$ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology

com%ined 0ith m!ltigiga%it 0ireless systems is seen as a fast deploya%le and cost<effecti"e

sol!tion for pro"iding seamless integrated 0iredL0ireless access ]&lo+Aa^9 ]A/^$

2.1 Multigigabit wireless communications

Pop!lar 0ireless standards9 0hich operate at fre:!encies %elo0 ,+ GE( 7e$g$ cell!lar9 Ki<Fi9

Ki)49 etc$89 can s!pport data rates !p to se"eral tens of mega%it per second$ In addition9

fixed 0ireless radios operating in the micro0a"e fre:!ency %ands from = to .+ GE( are 0idely

!sed for connecting %!ildings and other point<to<point 7P*P8 data connecti"ity$ P*P micro0a"e

is limited in pro"iding speeds higher than fe0 h!ndreds of mega%it per second ]A=^$ Kith the

ad"ent of pop!lar %and0idth ser"ices s!ch as ED "ideo or on<line gaming9 0ireless systems are

re:!ired to offer data rates higher than these pro"ided %y con"entional 0ireless standards and

P*P micro0a"e lin1s$

UKB is a radio technology capa%le of pro"iding a 0ide "ariety of applications incl!ding

m!ltigiga%it comm!nications$ UKB feat!res lo0 ;IRP density 0hich limits 0ireless range to a

fe0 meters$ This technology offers significant %enefits9 ma1ing it a s!ita%le candidate to

complement other 0ireless technologies to achie"e !%i:!ito!s comm!nications$ UKB has



* Ey%rid 0ireless<optical systems %ased on !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 radio

.+

%een designed to %e a%le to coexist 0ith other 0ireless technologies operating in the same

fre:!ency range th!s ena%ling efficient !se of the RF spectr!m$ Eo0e"er9 in order to ens!re a

ro%!st comm!nication lin19 the iss!e of coexistence and interference of UKB systems 0ith

c!rrent and f!t!re 0ireless systems m!st %e considered9 as disc!ssed in ection *$,$,$

F!rthermore9 one of the main constraints to 0iden the deployment of this technology is thelac1 of harmoni(ation of 0orld0ide reg!lations d!e to coexistence iss!es$

)illimetre<0a"e radio systems are also considered as a promising sol!tion to pro"ide

m!ltigiga%it comm!nications ]A=^$ These systems are re"ie0ed in ection *$,$*$ )illimetre<

0a"e %ands at aro!nd =+ GE( and higher can pro"ide %and0idth eno!gh to easily s!pport

m!lti<G%Ls capacities$ 2f great interest9 the =+ GE( %and is a%o!t to %ecome easily a"aila%le

for cons!mer electronics applications led %y the %and0idth a"aila%ility of @ GE( 0orld0ide

0ith high ;IRP allo0ed$

4dditionally9 F2 technologies are a%le to s!pport m!lti<G%Ls data rates$ F2 technologies

operate in optical fre:!ency regions9 0here "ery large %and0idths are a"aila%le that ena%les

"ery high data rate transmission$ Eo0e"er9 range is significantly shortened %y fog and complex

systems are re:!ired to compensate for other physical effects ]A=^$ F2 lin1s are commercially

a"aila%le9 offering ,9 ,+9 and e"en .+ G%Ls for o!tdoor comm!nications o"er distances of

se"eral 1ilometres ]A@^$

Finally9 optical 0ireless transmission systems ha"e %een demonstrated for %road%and indoor

applications %ased on infrared radiation 7mostly aro!nd A/+ nm or ,//+ nm8 as 0ell as "isi%le

light 7.++M@A+ nm8 ]AA^9 ]A?^$ These systems are of interest as a h!ge !nreg!lated %and0idth

is a"aila%le and these signals do not penetrate 0alls9 th!s ena%ling high<capacity 0ireless

net0or1s 0ith potential application for interference<sensiti"e scenarios$ Infrared m!lti<G%Ls

comm!nications ha"e %een demonstrated !p to ,*$/ G%Ls 7error<free8 ]?+^$ Eo0e"er9 a lot of

technological ad"ances are re:!ired to achie"e lo0<cost systems 0ith 0ide co"erage area$ In

addition9 "isi%le light systems ha"e %een demonstrated to s!pport high data rates exceeding

/++ )%Ls or A++ )%Ls 0ith KD)9 employing discrete m!ltitone 7D)T8 mod!lation ]?,^$

4dapti"e mod!lation techni:!es co!ld theoretically prod!ce _, G%Ls$ Relati"ely lo0 cost light

emitting diode 7&;D8 so!rces are employed ho0e"er their lo0 %and0idth mostly limit system

performance$ Fe0<meter distances co!ld %e achie"ed employing se"eral &;Ds in parallel$

2.1.1 Coeistence and interference wit! regulated narrowband services

Fig$ , compares high data rate 0ireless technologies in terms of data rate and distance$

Kireless fidelity 7Ki<Fi# A+*$,,8 is a short<distance technology9 pop!lar for local area net0or1

7&438 or hotspot connecti"ity$ The most recent "ariation of the standard9 A+*$,,n9 offers

theoretical data rates !p to =++ )%Ls$ Eo0e"er9 practical data rates are typically ,N* )%Ls$

Korld0ide interopera%ility for micro0a"e access 7Ki)4# A+*$,=8 targets short< to medi!m<

range 0ireless comm!nications pro"iding theoretical data rates of tens of mega%it per second9

altho!gh real implementations pro"ide data rates of approximately *N. )%Ls$ F!t!re

extension A+*$,=m is expected to offer !p to , G%Ls fixed access speeds or ,++ )%Ls in

mo%ility$



*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications

.,

&ong<term e"ol!tion 7&T;# -GPP8 is expected to %ecome an important part of next<generation

cell!lar net0or1s$ &T;<4d"anced !pdate offers data rates !p to , G%Ls fixed speeds and

,++ )%Ls to mo%ile !sers$ The most common fre:!ency %and is *$= GE(9 %!t &T; also operates

at A++ )E(9 ,$/ GE(9 ,$A GE( and -$/ GE($

UKB is a radio technology capa%le of pro"iding short<range m!ltigiga%it comm!nications !singreg!lated spectr!m from -$, to ,+$= GE($ UKB signals are defined as any radio signals 0ith a

minim!m ,+ dB %and0idth of /++ )E( or *+\ fractional %and0idth ],^9 as s!mmari(ed in

Ta%le II in ection *$-$*$ The maxim!m mean ;IRP spectral density is N.,$- dBmL)E(9 0hich

limits the comm!nication range to a fe0 meters 7KP438$ The range of UKB radio has %een

reported to exceed ,+ m at ,++ )%Ls data rate ]*@^9 or !p to ,$, m at ,+=@ )%Ls ]?*^$

)axim!m capacity in act!al UKB de"ices is .A+ )%Ls per %and follo0ing Ki)edia

specification ",$* ]A^9 ]?^$ This gi"es =$@* G%Ls aggregated data rate per !ser 0hen the

fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined co"ering the 0hole -$,M,+$= GE( %and$ This capacity is

s!pported in single<chip UKB implementations ],+^$ The maxim!m theoretical aggregateddata rate per !ser is ,.$--= G%Ls %y com%ining the fo!rteen 2FD) %ands %earing ,+*. )%Ls

each 7Ki)edia specification ",$/ ]A^8$ 3e"ertheless9 no commercial e:!ipment to date

s!pports this config!ration$

UKB operates at a m!ch 0ider %and0idth and m!ch lo0er ;IRP density than con"entional

narro0%and 0ireless data technologies in order to ena%le operation along the same time

inter"al 0itho!t ca!sing any harmf!l interference9 e"en if narro0%and 0ireless signals operate

0ithin the UKB fre:!ency %and$ Fig$ * sho0s se"eral existing narro0%and 0ireless data

standards that co!ld %e potentially interfered %y UKB operation$ UKB m!st g!arantee the

interopera%ility 0ith other radio comm!nication systems deployed in the same KP43en"ironment$

Fig$ ,$ 6omparison of the ma>or high data rate 0ireless standards operating !p to ,+$= GE( in terms ofco"erage area and data rate9 sho0ing the complementarity of UKB$

Data rate

D i s t a n c e

WPAN

WLAN

WMAN

WWAN

UWB

10 m

1 km

WiMAX,

LTE

10 Mb/s1 Mb/s 10 Gb/s1 Gb/s100 Mb/s

5 km

Wi-i




.*

F!rthermore9 UKB protection from interference ca!sed %y other 0ireless systems m!st not %e

re:!ested$ For instance9 there are deployed KP43 systems s!ch as Bl!etooth A+*$,/$, and

igBee A+*$,/$. and also there are other systems present in KP43 en"ironments9 s!ch as Ki<Fi A+*$,,9 Ki)4 A+*$,=9 and &T;$ 6omplementary to narro0%and 0ireless standards s!ch as

Ki<Fi9 Ki)49 and &T;9 UKB is capa%le of pro"iding data speeds higher than , G%Ls at a fe0

meters range9 as sho0n in Fig$ ,$ Eence9 coexistence of UKB 0ith other narro0%and

comm!nication systems ena%les an efficient !se of the RF spectr!m and sim!ltaneo!s

m!ltiser"ice pro"ision of desired information on any de"ices any0here and at any time$

4ltho!gh ;IRP spectral density mas1s ha"e %een defined in c!rrent UKB reg!lation in se"eral

co!ntries9 as disc!ssed in ection *$-$*9 the potential UKB interference has to %e f!rther

e"al!ated for the s!ccessf!l interoperation 0ith the existing and coming systems$ There are

many parameters that can infl!ence the 0ay a UKB system 0o!ld interfere to a narro0%andsystem9 or "ice "ersa9 s!ch as the n!m%er and distri%!tion of the interferers9 the relati"e

po0er of the interferers9 UKB mod!lation9 data rate9 the centre fre:!ency of the narro0%and

system9 and the type and str!ct!re of the recei"ers$ 4s an example9 coexistence %et0een

standard UKB in the -$,=AN.$@/* GE( %and !p to *++ )%Ls and Ki)4 A+*$,=e at -$/ GE(

!p to ,*$=A )%Ls 7*+ )E( %and0idth8 has %een e"al!ated %y field trials in a real meeting

room scenario at different KP43 distances !p to ,+ m ]Per+?a^9 ]Per+?%^9 ]Per+?c^$ In this

scenario9 UKB is intended to pro"ide short<range ser"ices s!ch as file sharing and printing

7UKB<ena%led laptops and porta%le printers8 and ED "ideo streaming 7UKB<ena%led

pro>ectors89 0hereas Ki)4 is intended for 0ireless &43 7K&438 connecti"ity and Internet

access$

Fig$ *$ Fre:!ency allocation of licensed 7&8L!nlicensed 7U8 0ireless comm!nication standards !p to,+$= GE(9 sho0ing narro0%and technologies 0hich co!ld %e potentially interfered %y UKB$ I)#Ind!strial9 cientifical and )edical$ P6# P!%lic afety 6omm!nications$ 73ote# po0er and %and0idthsnot to scale8

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*$, )!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications

.-

Interference mitigation techni:!es ha"e %een proposed so as to f!rther facilitate radio

coexistence9 s!ch as D44 techni:!es as re:!ired in c!rrent UKB reg!lation in the ;U9 apan

and Horea9 as disc!ssed in ection *$-$*$ UKB de"ices implementing D44 techni:!es are

capa%le of dynamically detecting the presence of radio ser"ices operating in the "icinity 0hich

co!ld %e potentially interfered and controlling the emitted po0er in order to not interfere$

2.1.2 Millimetrewave radio tec!nology

)illimetre<0a"e %ands at aro!nd =+ GE( and higher can pro"ide %and0idth eno!gh to easily

s!pport m!lti<G%Ls capacities e"en 0hen high spectral efficiency mod!lation formats s!ch as

2FD) are not !sed$ The =+ GE( %and has %een 0idely st!died as @ GE( %and0idth has %een

allocated %y reg!lation 0orld0ide9 0hich can %e !sed for !nlicensed comm!nications9 as

disc!ssed in ection *$.$*$ 4 n!m%er of technologies in the =+ GE( %and pro"iding data rates

!p to @ G%Ls ha"e recently %een proposed for short<distance KP43 !se9 partic!larly in a home

en"ironment9 as disc!ssed in ection *$.$-$ In addition9 the @,N@=LA,NA= GE( paired %and has%een allocated for commercial !se in the United tates9 ;!rope9 and other co!ntries9 and

permits o!tdoor comm!nications o"er distances of se"eral 1ilometres ]A=^$ 6ommercial

e:!ipment is easily a"aila%le in the =+ and @,N@=LA,NA= GE( %ands s!pporting ,$*/ G%Ls

Giga%it ;thernet 7G%;8 P*P comm!nications$ Dyady!1 et al $ ha"e also reported a = G%Ls

0ireless lin1 in the A,NA= GE( %and o"er a distance of */+ m ]?-^$ F!rthermore9 %ands aro!nd

,++ GE( and higher sho0 larger %and0idths 0hich ha"e not %een allocated to specific

applications yet and possi%ly can %e !sed to s!pport en"isioned capacities ranging from

,+ G%Ls to ,++ G%Ls for optical access net0or1 applications and close proximity %!l1 data

transfer ]?.^$ ,+ G%Ls data rate is an !rgent need for the 0ireless transmission of ,+<G%;

signals9 for !ltrafast &43 connecti"ity similar to the 0ired G%; standards9 and m!ltiplexed

!ncompressed ED tele"ision 7EDT58 signals$ In the f!t!re9 higher data rates 0ill %e re:!ired

for the 0ireless technologies to transmit !per Ei<5ision 7E58LUltra Eigh Definition 7UED8 T5

data9 ha"ing ,= times the resol!tion of EDT5 7at least *. G%Ls89 26<@=ALT)<*/= data

7.- G%Ls89 and ,++<G%; 7,++ G%Ls8$ 4 ,+ G%Ls 0ireless lin1 at ,*+ GE( for fixed 0ireless access

o"er A++ m 0ireless distance has %een demonstrated ]?/^$

)illimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems are not only a potential sol!tion for mo%ile %ac1ha!ling %!t

also for f!t!re seamless integrated opticalL0ireless access ]A/^$ 4s for the technology9 radio<

o"er<fi%re techni:!es ha"e %een 0idely exploited for millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems 0hich

co!ld potentially offer capacities of ,+ G%Ls or e"en higher in the =+ GE( %and and for

fre:!encies !p to -++ GE(9 as re"ie0ed in ection *$/$,$

2.2 /0-M tec!nology

2FD) is a mod!lation techni:!e 0hich employs m!ltiple orthogonal s!%carriers to m!ltiplex

lo0<rate data signals into a single channel for transmission$ 2FD) is c!rrently !sed in most

ne0 %road%and optical 0ireless comm!nication systems and is also a promising technology for

optical comm!nications ]?=^$ 2FD) is the %asis of many c!rrent telecomm!nication standards

s!ch as digital "ideo %roadcasting 7D5B89 Ki)49 Ki<Fi9 UKB9 and &T;$ In this ection the

f!ndamentals of 2FD) are %riefly descri%ed$




..

In 2FD)9 mod!lation process ta1es place in the fre:!ency domain$ 4 channel of %and0idth B

is di"ided into N s!%carriers and each s!%carrier is mod!lated 0ith a data se:!ence$ The data

se:!ence comprises data mod!lated 0ith a mod!lation format9 M <le"el :!adrat!re

amplit!de mod!lation 7)<[4)8 typically$ 6arrier spacing is then gi"en %y /∆ = f B N $ The %loc1

diagram of a generic m!lticarrier transmitter is sho0n in Fig$ -$ The inp!t serial data se:!ence

is con"erted into N se:!ences in parallel 0hich are mod!lated %y the N s!%carriers after

filtering$ The difference %et0een 2FD) and con"entional fre:!ency di"ision m!ltiplexing

7FD)8 is that 2FD) employs a s!%carrier spacing f ∆ gi"en %y 1/S

f T ∆ = 9 0hereS

T is the

2FD) sym%ol d!ration$ 4s a res!lt9 the spectra of neigh%o!ring s!%carriers o"erlap

significantly th!s maximi(ing spectral efficiency$ 2FD) employs filtering 0ith rectang!lar

response in the time domain so that the spectr!m of an indi"id!al 2FD) s!%carrier has asincC form$ This is ill!strated as an inset in Fig$ - 0here the orthogonality of the s!%carriers is

o%ser"ed 0here at the central fre:!ency of a gi"en s!%carrier the rest of s!%carriers ha"e a

"al!e of (ero$ In this 0ay9 the infl!ence of neigh%o!ring s!%carriers can %e eliminated 0itho!t

the need for analog!e filtering to separate the s!%carriers at the recei"er$ Eo0e"er9 the

challenge is to compensate channel impairments$ 2n the other hand9 the sinc<li1e spectr!m of

each 2FD) s!%carrier has significant sidelo%es o"er a fre:!ency range 0hich incl!des many

other s!%carriers$ This is the ca!se of one of the ma>or disad"antages of 2FD)# high sensiti"ity

to fre:!ency offset and phase noise ]?=^$ Differences in the fre:!ency and phase of the

recei"er &2 and the carrier of the recei"ed signal can degrade system performance$ This 0illset stringent re:!irements on the line0idth of lasers$ Eo0e"er9 it is possi%le to compensate

for these effects to a certain extent %y DP$ 4nother ma>or disad"antage of 2FD) is its

sensiti"ity to non<linearity d!e to a high pea1<to<a"erage po0er ratio 7P4PR8 ]?=^$ Pre<

distortion of the 2FD) signal %efore transmission may red!ce the effect of non<linearity$

For 0ireless transmission9 the %ase%and 2FD) signal is !p<con"erted in fre:!ency %y a carrier

signal at the desired RF fre:!ency$ Fig$ - sho0s the %loc1 diagram of a typical 2FD)

transmitter9 0here the in"erse fast Fo!rier transform 7IFFT8 translates the signal to the time

domain ma1ing possi%le that 2FD) technology can %e implemented in a chip$ Digital<to<

analog!e con"ersion 7D468 is re:!ired pre"io!s to signal !p<con"ersion 0hen the IFFTapproach is employed9 as also sho0n in Fig$ -$

Fig$ -$ Bloc1 diagram of a typical 2FD) transmitter$ 2FD) spectr!m and time p!lse are sho0n as inset$



*$* 2FD) technology

./

The 2FD) signal is transmitted o"er the optical andLor 0ireless comm!nications channel$ 4t

recei"er9 the signal is do0n<con"erted in fre:!ency and the transmitted data sym%ols are

demod!lated after analog!e<to<digital con"ersion 74D68 %y DP$ Recei"er DP comprises FFT9

time synchroni(ation9 fre:!ency estimation9 channel estimation to compensate channel

impairments s!ch as chromatic dispersion and polari(ation mode dispersion 7P)D8 of optical

fi%re transmission9 data reco"ery9 signal :!ality assessment e$g$ B;R analysis$

The addition of a form of g!ard inter"al called a cyclic prefix ma1es 2FD) resilient to

intersym%ol interference ind!ced %y a linear dispersi"e channel ]?=^$ )!ltipath fading in

0ireless channels and fi%re chromatic dispersion can %e compensated %y simple DP$ The

cyclic prefix is a portion of the data 0hich is appended at the %eginning of each 2FD) sym%ol

%efore the data th!s red!cing sym%ol rate slightly %elo0 the s!%carrier spacing$ In addition9

training sym%ols may %e added at the %eginning of a gro!p of 2FD) sym%ols to facilitate

synchroni(ation and channel estimation$ Pilot s!%carriers may also %e added for phase noise

estimation$ Eo0e"er9 the !se of cyclic prefix9 training sym%ols9 and pilot s!%carriers red!ces

spectral efficiency$

There are different approaches for optical transmission of 2FD) signals$ 2ne approach is

depicted in Fig$ - 0here the in<phase 7I8 and :!adrat!re 7[8 components of the complex

%ase%and 2FD) signal are con"erted to the optical domain employing an I[ electrooptic

mod!lator$ I and [ signals re:!ire half of the signal %and0idth th!s relaxing the %and0idth

re:!irement of D46 and electrooptic mod!lation9 altho!gh as the I[ mod!lator is %iased at

the minim!m transmission point9 it introd!ces high transmission loss$ This approach can %e

com%ined 0ith KD) architect!res to increase the aggregated %and0idthLdata rate9 0hich is

herein referred to as KD)<electrical 2FD)$ 4 %asic system set!p of a KD)<electrical 2FD)

approach is sho0n in Fig$ .$ In the transmitter9 a n!m%er of optical lines are prod!ced %y a

fre:!ency com% generator 7or m!lti0a"elength so!rce8 for sta%le channel spacing or %y a

contin!o!s<0a"e 76K8 laser array9 and then the lines are separated9 indi"id!ally mod!lated9

and recom%ined$ The difference 0ith an alternati"e all<optical 2FD) approach is that the

optical lines are here mod!lated 0ith electrical %ase%and 2FD) signals$ 2n the other hand9

all<optical 2FD) implementations mod!late a n!m%er of orthogonal optical lines 0ith a

%ase%and single<carrier signal s!ch as [4)$ ome %ase%and single<carrier signals can %e

optically generated mod!lating electrooptic mod!lators 0ith %it patterns 0ith ade:!ateamplit!de ]?@^9 ]?A^$ 4t the recei"er9 all<optical 2FD) signals are detected employing all<

Fig$ .$ Basic set!p of a KD) system com%ined 0ith PD) %ased on electrical 2FD)$ 4dapted from ]A-^$




.=

optical FFT implementations and an optical mod!lation analyser 0hereas KD)<electrical

2FD) channels are separated %y an optical filter and indi"id!ally detected %y coherent

detection9 as sho0n in Fig$ . ]A-^$

Eigher order mod!lation formats9 s!ch as ,=<[4)9 in com%ination 0ith polari(ation di"ision

m!ltiplexing 7PD)8 and coherent detection can achie"e higher spectral efficiencies9 %!t d!e to

the cost of higher re:!ired optical 3R to reach certain system performance$

2.& #$% radio tec!nology

2.&.1 0eatures and current standardi,ation status

UKB has attracted a great deal of interest from academia9 ind!stry9 and glo%al standardi(ation

%odies$ e"eral UKB implementations ha"e %een proposed for 0ireless comm!nications$ 4n

UKB implementation %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) 0ith high spectral efficiency 7!p to .A+ )%Ls

per /*A )E( %and8 has %een proposed in the ;6)4<-=A international standard ]?^$ This 2FD)

UKB implementation s!pports fo!rteen %ands in the fre:!ency range from -$, to ,+$= GE($

The ;6)4<-=A standard has led to commercial de"ices 0hich are acti"ely !sed in comp!ter

peripheral interconnection9 namely 0ireless<UB9 and ED a!dioL"ideo streaming e$g$ from the

comp!ter to the T5 set$ 2n the other hand9 the I;;; A+*$,/$.a standard has specified an UKB

implementation %ased on imp!lse<radio technology for lo0 data rate 7 *=$?/ )%Ls8

applications s!ch as sensor net0or1s$ This imp!lse<radio UKB implementation is designated

fre:!encies in three ranges# %elo0 , GE(9 -N/ GE(9 and =N,+ GE($ UKB single<chip sol!tions

compliant 0ith I;;; A+*$,/$.a ha"e %een de"eloped %y the Belgi!m I);6 Research 6entre]??^ and DecaKa"e 7cenor8$ Finally9 "endor<specific implementations ha"e %een de"eloped9

s!ch as P!lse&I3H 6Ka"e %ased on imp!lse<radio UKB technology operating in -$-M.$@ GE(

!p to =@/ )%Ls 0ith commercially<a"aila%le chipset sol!tions targeting 0ireless high<definition

m!ltimedia interface 7Kireless<ED)I8 applications ],++^$

UKB technology has %een aro!nd since ,?=+9 0hen it 0as mainly !sed for radar and military

applications$ ince the ,??+Zs9 interest has increased d!e to se"eral ad"antages UKB systems

offer that ma1e them attracti"e for 0ireless comm!nications and many other applications$

UKB ad"antages incl!de#

,8 Ultrahigh data rate comm!nications# 6!rrent UKB systems are capa%le of pro"iding

!p to =$@* G%Ls per !ser 0hen fo!rteen 2FD) %ands are com%ined 7%earing .A+ )%Ls

each8 employing mar1et<a"aila%le standard de"ices ],+^$ The m!lti<G%Ls capa%ility

allo0s UKB to address !ltrahigh<speed comp!ter peripheral interconnection and ED

a!dioL"ideo streaming f!nctionalities that con"entional technologies cannot pro"ide$

*8 &o0 ;IRP spectral density 7 N.,$- dBmL)E( in c!rrent reg!lation8# UKB systems ha"e

lo0 ;IRP density that allo0s them to coexist 0ith other ser"ices s!ch as cell!lar

systems9 GP9 etc$ ],+,^ and to %e inherently co"ert and extremely diffic!lt to %e

intercepted since they may %e near or %elo0 the noise floor of hostile detection

de"ices ],+*^$ 4t the same time9 lo0 ;IRP density limits the UKB transmission range toKP43 distances !p to ,+ m typically$



*$- UKB radio technology

.@

-8 UKB is a mat!re technology and a large n!m%er of standard 2FD)<%ased single<chip

de"ices 0ith small<si(e9 lo0<cost9 and lo0 po0er cons!mption are a"aila%le in the

mar1et 74lereon 4&/,++9 Kisair KR=+,9 Realte1 RTU@+,*9 taccato 6omm!nications

Ripcord*9 etc$8 !ch implementations permit UKB to %e a"aila%le in handheld

de"ices 0ith specific space and po0er re:!irements li1e mo%ile phones9 etc$F!rthermore9 s!ch de"ices can !se efficient soft0are to control de spectr!m th!s

facilitating coexistence$

.8 Eigh acc!racy ranging# Imp!lse<radio UKB signals ha"e fine time resol!tion d!e to the

narro0ness of the p!lses9 %eing capa%le of pro"iding s!%<centimetre resol!tion for

locali(ation and trac1ing applications ],-^$

/8 Fading ro%!stness# UKB systems are highly tolerant to m!ltipath fading d!e to 2FD)

format9 and imp!lse<radio short p!lses at expense of spectral efficiency$ Imp!lse<radio

UKB systems are capa%le of resol"ing m!ltipath components e"en in dense m!ltipath

en"ironments$ Resol"a%le paths can %e com%ined to red!ce the fading margin and

enhance system performance ],-^9 ],+-^$

=8 &o0 loss penetration# UKB systems can penetrate o%stacles and th!s operate !nder

%oth line<of<sight 7&28 and non<&2 73&28 conditions ],+.^$

@8 &o0 latency# UKB offers lo0 protocol o"erhead9 0hich is important for reaching a

short transmission latency time ],+/^$

2.&.2 $orldwide regulatory status

UKB has %een appro"ed for commercial !se in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and for a 0ide "ariety of

applications incl!ding comm!nications and in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar$

The !sa%le UKB fre:!ency range has %een differently reg!lated in se"eral co!ntries d!e to

coexistence iss!es$ In addition9 according to c!rrent reg!lation9 UKB systems m!st comply

0ith stringent ;IRP limits in the fre:!ency %and of operation to red!ce interference$ It sho!ld

%e noted that ;IRP le"els m!st %e meas!red follo0ing specified meas!rement methods$

3.1–10.6 GHz and

The fre:!ency range reg!lated for !nlicensed UKB operation 0orld0ide in the -$,N,+$= GE(

%and is sho0n di"ided into the %ands defined %y the Ki)edia 4lliance ]A^ in Fig$ /$ 2nly the

Band Gro!p = is common 0orld0ide and 0itho!t D44 re:!irements$ UKB maxim!m ;IRPre:!irements in the U$$9 the ;U9 apan9 and Horea are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le II$ UKB reg!lation

has also %een proposed in other co!ntries s!ch as 6hina and 6anada ],+=^$ Fig$ = depicts the

UKB ;IRP mas1 for indoor comm!nications9 0hich is the application foc!s of this 0or1$

In )arch *++=9 the ;lectronic 6omm!nications 6ommittee 7;668 opened the door for the !se

of UKB de"ices in the ;U 0ith the recommendations ;66LD;6L7+=8+.9 amended in !ly *++@$

The recommendations ;66LD;6L7+=8,* of Decem%er *++= amended 2cto%er *++A pro"ide

s!pplementary reg!lation regarding D44 mitigation techni:!es ]/^$ The ;!ropean

Telecomm!nications tandards Instit!te 7;TI8 Earmonised tandard incl!des specific ne0

definitions9 methods of meas!rements9 limits and mitigation D44 techni:!es re:!ired forUKB technology in close cooperation 0ith ;66 ],+@^$




.A

Fig$ =$ UKB emission mas1s in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and for comm!nications systems in# 7a8 the U$$ 7%8the ;U 7c8 apan 7indoor only8 and 7d8 Horea$

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!" GHz and regulation

UKB 0orld0ide reg!lation regarding fre:!ency range in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<

range radar applications is sho0n in Fig$ @ and maxim!m ;IRP re:!irements are s!mmari(ed in

Ta%le III ]*^$ The UKB ;IRP emission mas1 in the U$$9 the ;U9 and apan is depicted in Fig$ A$

*. GE( UKB radars ha"e also %een appro"ed in many other co!ntries 0ith more constrained

fre:!ency range 0hich is li1ely to %e extended in the f!t!re$ 3ote that additional limitationsha"e %een defined 0orld0ide in the *-$=N*. GE( %and shared for radio astronomy9 earth

Fig$ A$ UKB emission mas1 in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar systems in the U$$ and in

the ;U$

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U$$ **N*? GE( N.,$- dBmL)E( a"erage+ dBmL/+ )E( pea1

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Fig$ @$ UKB fre:!ency range 0orld0ide reg!latory stat!s in the *. GE( %and 7as of 2cto%er *+,+8$




/+

exploration satellite9 and space research passi"e ser"ices$ In the U$$9 a first Report and 2rder

F66 +*<.A 7Fe%r!ary *++*8 allo0ed UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar systems to operate in the

fre:!ency range from ** GE( to *? GE( ],^$ This r!lema1ing mainly addresses imp!lse signals

0ith a minim!m %and0idth of /++ )E($ The centre fre:!ency of the emission and the

fre:!ency at 0hich the highest radiated emission occ!rs are greater than *.$+@/ GE($ Inaddition9 UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar operation has %een a!thori(ed in *-$,*N*? GE(

employing a fre:!ency carrier hopping or other mod!lation techni:!es 0ith a minim!m

%and0idth of ,+ )E( as defined in the second Report and 2rder F66 +.<*A/ 7Decem%er *++.8$

In ;!rope9 the ;66 adopted Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8,+ 73o"em%er *++. amended eptem%er

*++@8 that reg!lates the temporary introd!ction of UKB "ehic!lar short<range radar in the

range from *,$=/ GE( to *=$=/ GE($ Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8,+ applies to the .= 6;PT co!ntries in

;!rope !ntil !ly ,9 *+,- 0ith a maxim!m of @\ mar1et penetration$ 4fter !ly *+,-9 the @? GE(

%and 7not feasi%le today8 designated in Decision ;66LD;6L7+.8+- 7)arch *++.8 or alternati"e

permitted technical sol!tions m!st %e !sed9 %!t "ehicles e:!ipped 0ith *. GE( UKB short<range

radar 0ill remain in ser"ice$ The ;66 decision is accompanied %y the ;TI harmoni(ed standard

;3 -+* *AA 72cto%er *++.8 defining the UKB ;IRP emission mas1$ 2n an!ary ,@9 *++/9 the

Decision *++/L/+L;6 0as iss!ed %y the ;!ropean 6ommission for the */ ;U co!ntries incl!ding

content parallel to the ;66 Decision ],+?^$ Decision *++/L/+L;6 has %een recently amended 7!ly

*+,,8 to extend the a!thorisation to !se the *. GE( %and for UKB short<range radar !ntil

an!ary ,9 *+,A ],,+^$ Finally9 in 4pril *+,+9 apan released reg!lation for UKB "ehic!lar short<

range radar in t0o fre:!ency ranges from ** GE( to *.$*/ GE(9 !ntil Decem%er -,9 *+,= not

applying to de"ices already in !se9 and from *.$*/ GE( to *? GE( ],,,^$

2.&.& Ma5or im"lementations

UKB reg!lation does not specify the type of signal and mod!lation scheme$ There are t0o

ma>or UKB implementations# %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) technology as defined %y the

Ki)edia 4lliance ]A^ and adopted %y the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^ and %ased on imp!lse radio

technology$

#ultiand O$%# UWB

The Ki)edia 4lliance has defined a UKB physical layer 7PEJ8 di"iding the !nlicensed

-$,N,+$= GE( %and into ,. %ands of /*A )E( %and0idth each and = Band Gro!ps as sho0n in

Fig$ /9 0here each %and pro"ides a carrier fre:!ency for an 2FD) %ase%and signal$

;ach %and is di"ided into ,*A orthogonal s!%carriers spaced .$,*/ )E( apart$ There are = n!ll

s!%carriers and of the remaining ,** !sef!l s!%carriers9 ,++ are data carriers9 ,+ are g!ard

carriers9 and ,* pilot s!%carriers$ The d!ration of an 2FD) ym%ol incl!ding a n!ll cyclic s!ffix

is -,*$/ ns$ The 3!ll 6yclic !ffix mitigates the effects of m!lti<path at the recei"ing end9 pl!s

pro"ides a time 0indo0 to allo0 s!fficient time for the transmitter and recei"er to s0itch

%et0een the different Band centre fre:!encies d!ring hopping se:!ences$ The 2FD) sym%ols

are gro!ped into pac1ets and a n!m%er of 2FD) sym%ols are inserted at the %eginning of

each pac1et to facilitate synchroni(ation and channel estimation$




/,

Fre:!ency<domain spreading9 time<domain spreading9 mod!lation and F;6 coding are !sed to

"ary the data rates$ Ki)edia specifications "ersion ,$* adopted %y the ;6)4<-=A standard

s!pport data rates of /-$-9 A+9 ,+=$@9 ,=+ and *++ )%Ls employing [PH mod!lation and -*+9

.++ and .A+ )%Ls employing D6)$ )ore recent Ki)edia specifications "ersion ,$/ s!pport

data rates of =.+9 A++9 ?=+ and ,+*. )%Ls employing )odified D6)$

)!lti<!ser s!pport is pro"ided %y definition of hopping se:!ences o"er the %ands 0ithin a

Band Gro!p9 so called Time Fre:!ency 6odes 7TF6s8$ Three types of TF6s ha"e %een defined#

one 0here the information is interlea"ed o"er three %ands of a Band Gro!p9 referred to as

Time<Fre:!ency Interlea"ing 7TFI8 one 0here the information is interlea"ed o"er t0o %ands9

referred to as t0o<%and TFI or TFI* and one 0here the information is transmitted all the time

on a single %and9 referred to as Fixed Fre:!ency Interlea"ing 7FFI8 or non<hopping$ Band

Gro!ps ,M. and Band Gro!p = each s!pports fo!r TFI codes 7TF6 ,M.89 three FFI codes 7TF6 /M

@89 and three TFI* codes 7TF6 AN,+8$ Band Gro!p / s!pports t0o FFI codes 7TF6 /M=8 and one

TFI* code 7TF6 A8$ TFI and TFI* minimi(e interference 0hile FFI maximi(es spectral efficiency$

4 maxim!m permissi%le relati"e constellation root<mean<s:!are 7R)8 error is also specified$

The relati"e constellation ;5) limits are more restricti"e at higher data rates and higher

po0er le"els 7%elo0 N.,$- dBmL)E( in c!rrent reg!lation8$ The ;5) tested as specified in the

standard shall %e lo0er than N,?$/ dB at .A+ )%Ls for de"ices transmitting at N.,$- dBmL)E($

)!lti%and 2FD) UKB pro"ides high spectral efficiency and single<chip<%ased de"ices are

readily a"aila%le in the mar1et9 0hich ta1e ad"antage of 2FD) TxLRx IP<cores9 pro"iding m!lti<

G%Ls comm!nications 0hen se"eral %ands from different de"ices are com%ined$ ome of these

de"ices s!pport D44 f!nctionalities$ The m!lti%and 2FD) implementation is soft0are

config!ra%le to meet specific spectral re:!irements th!s allo0ing UKB operation in a range of

reg!latory and radio coexistence scenarios$ )!lti%and 2FD) permit to disa%le occ!pied

s!%carriers 7tone n!lling capa%ility89 select %ands and TF6s9 and control %and po0ers in a

flexi%le 0ay 0ith a simplified system design to react to narro0%and interferers ],*^$

&mpulse-radio UWB

Imp!lse<radio UKB employs p!lses of short time d!ration 7typically h!ndreds of picoseconds8$

Data are !s!ally encoded on UKB p!lses %y mod!lating amplit!de 722H mod!lation89 phase

7BPH mod!lation89 time position 7PP)89 andLor shape of the p!lse 7P)8$ The type of

mod!lation determines the trade<off %et0een implementation complexity and system

performance$ Imp!lse<radio UKB systems also present a trade<off %et0een range and data

rate since the energy in each p!lse depends on the data rate to meet the %and0idth and the

pea1 po0er specification$

The po0er spectral density of an imp!lse<radio UKB signal is critical for the design and

practical deployment of an UKB system %eca!se it infl!ences UKB performance and

interference 0ith other 0ireless systems$ The po0er spectral density of an imp!lse<radio UKB

signal is not only affected %y p!lse shape9 p!lse 0idth9 and p!lse repetition fre:!ency %!t also

%y the mod!lation scheme employed$ F!rthermore9 UKB po0er spectral density is affected %y

optical fi%re transmission in UKB<o"er<fi%re systems ],,*^$




/*

22H is the simplest form of p!lse amplit!de mod!lation 7or amplit!de shift 1eying 74H8mod!lation89 0here the information %its +Z and ,Z are represented %y the a%sence or

presence of a p!lse9 respecti"ely9 as ill!strated in Fig$ ?$ 22H mod!lation is relati"ely simple to

implement ho0e"er it has significant spectral pea1s 0hich limit ;IRP efficiency to meet UKB

mas1 th!s limiting performance$

BPH is the simplest form of p!lse phase mod!lation 7or phase shift 1eying 7PH8 mod!lation8

0here the information %its +Z and ,Z are represented %y a phase of + and ,A+9 respecti"ely9

as sho0n in Fig$ ?$ BPH eliminates spectral pea1s ca!sed %y non<antipodal mod!lation

schemes ],,*^$ BPH re:!ires coherent demod!lation 0hich generally pro"ides %etter

performance ho0e"er increases recei"er complexity$

In PP)9 the information %its ,Z and +Z are represented %y t0o different time positions of UKB

p!lses 0ithin a %it period9 as ill!strated in Fig$ ?$ PP) presents n!lls in the spectr!m so that it

can %e !sed in com%ination 0ith techni:!es eliminating spectral pea1s to facilitate coexistence

],,-^$ PP) is sensiti"e to m!ltipath interference ho0e"er distortion and noise are less

important$

P) employs t0o different UKB p!lse shapes to represent the information %its ,Z and +Z9 as

ill!strated in Fig$ ?$

The same imp!lse<radio UKB signal can pro"ide "ario!s stand<alone applications incl!ding

high<resol!tion radar and high<speed comm!nications$ F!rthermore9 imp!lse<radio UKB

Fig$ ?$ Imp!lse<radio UKB 0a"eforms associated 0ith typical mod!lation formats$ 4 %it se:!ence,+,++Z is ill!strated$




/=

2. Radiooverfibre tec!nology

Radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es ha"e %een s!%>ect of research d!ring the last decades and find

application in optical signal processing 7photonic analog!e<to<digital con"ersion9 photonic

micro0a"e filters9 ar%itrary 0a"eform generation89 antenna array %eamforming9 millimetre<

0a"e and TE( generation systems9 or photonic !p< and do0n<con"erting lin1s for applications

s!ch as %road%and 0ireless access net0or1s9 electronic 0arfare and radar processing9 imaging

and spectroscopy or radio astronomy ]*,^9 ],*,^$ The !se of optical fi%re lin1s to distri%!te

telecomm!nication standards is the most s!ccessf!l application of radio<o"er<fi%re technology9

!s!ally 1no0n as hy%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s ],**^$ Ey%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s ha"e %een

deployed in the last decade d!e to the increasing demand of high data rate comm!nication

ser"ices in optical access net0or1s$ This demand is %ased on the steady mar1et introd!ction of

ser"ices re:!iring the transmission of massi"e data :!antities9 s!ch as ED mo"ie distri%!tion9on<line gaming and rich Internet experience ],*-^$ Ey%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s enhance

comm!nity antenna tele"ision 764T58 net0or1s %ased on hy%rid fi%re<coaxial technology9 in

0hich a com%ination of digital and analog!e channels is distri%!ted from a central location to

many !sers distri%!ted geographically ],*.^9 ],*/^$ In hy%rid fi%re<coaxial net0or1s the last

mileC connection is pro"ided thro!gh coaxial ca%le 0hereas in hy%rid fi%re<radio net0or1s the

last mile connection is a 0ireless lin1$ This is not a minor difference9 as the 0ireless

en"ironment is m!ch more hostile than ca%le imposing restricti"e radio<o"er<fi%re lin1

performance re:!irements in terms of linearity9 noise and po0er handling capa%ilities9 to cope

0ith geographical dispersion of !sers and complex mod!lation formats !sed %y c!rrent

0ireless standards$

The ad"antages of !sing radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es are manifold# it pro"ides a scala%le

technology that allo0s seamless integration of the optical access net0or1 and the transmitting

antenna$ Radio<o"er<fi%re allo0s centralising radio transmitter and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion in

one shared location 76entral office or Eead<end !nit8 and then to !se optical fi%re to distri%!te

the RF signals to the remote antenna !nits$ In this 0ay the remote antenna !nits can %e

simplified significantly as they only need to perform optoelectronic con"ersion and filtering

and amplification f!nctions$ This allo0s important installation and operating expenses 72P;8

sa"ings9 especially in %road%and 0ireless comm!nication systems 0here a high density of

remote antenna !nits is necessary$

4 simplified schematic of a radio<o"er<fi%re system is sho0n in Fig$ ,,$ The central office and

the remote antenna !nits perform electrooptic 7;L28 and optoelectronic 72L;8 con"ersion of

RF signals$ ;L2 con"ersion is achie"ed employing either directly mod!lated laser so!rces or

laser so!rces mod!lated externally %y electrooptic mod!lators$ 2L; con"ersion is done

employing photodetectors or photorecei"ers ],*,^$ This method of transporting RF signals

o"er fi%re is called Intensity )od!lation 0ith Direct Detection 7I)<DD8 and is the simplest form

of a radio<o"er<fi%re system$ 4part from I)<DD9 other methods9 0hich in"ol"e signal fre:!ency

!p<con"ersion9 are also employed$ These methods are disc!ssed in ection *$/$,$



*$/ Radio<o"er<fi%re technology

/@

4s mentioned a%o"e9 the most s!ccessf!l application of radio<o"er<fi%re technologies has %een

the transmission of 0ireless standards o"er optical fi%re lin1s in centrali(ed architect!res9 also

1no0n as D4 for %oth indoor and o!tdoor applications$ The %road %and0idth of the optical

fi%re facilitates standard independent m!ltiser"ice operation for cell!lar systems9 s!ch as G)

],*=^9 U)T ],*@^9 K&43 7Ki<Fi A+*$,, aL%LgLn8 ],*A^M],-+^9 and also for emerging

technologies Ki)4 ],-,^ and UKB ]&lo+Aa^9 ]@-^$ Eo0e"er9 commercially a"aila%le systems

are typically limited to fre:!ency ranges %et0een A++N*/++ )E($ Demonstrations of s!ch D4

incl!de their deployment to pro"ide !niform 0ireless co"erage in important sporti"e e"entss!ch as the *+++ 2lympic games and *++= 0orld c!p ],-*^9 ],--^$

T0o 1ey factors limiting the o"erall transmission performance in radio<o"er<fi%re systems are

the optical so!rce and the electrooptic mod!lation techni:!e employed$ Regarding the laser

so!rce9 at fre:!encies !sed for ma>or 0ireless standards 7G)9 Ki<Fi A+*$,, aL%Lg9 U)T8 and

also Ki)4 !p to /N= GE(9 directly mod!lated semicond!ctor lasers are preferred d!e to

lo0er cost ],-.^$ For higher fre:!encies9 the re:!ired performances can %e satisfied only %y

externally mod!lated transmitters$ De"ices 0ith %and0idth handling capa%ilities in excess of

,+ GE(9 in partic!lar DFB lasers offering the re:!ired %and0idth and performances9 exist

commercially9 %!t normally at a high cost ta1ing into acco!nt the n!m%er of de"ices re:!iredfor typical applications$ In addition9 as external mod!lators ha"e a high extinction ratio

compared to direct mod!lated lasers9 the external mod!lation scheme generates signal 0ith

high 3R compared to direct mod!lation schemes ]&lo,+a^$

There are three main types of directly mod!lated lasers# 7,8 DFB lasers at /+N_/++

depending on the specifications 7*8 Fa%ry<Perot lasers9 0hich cost typically /+N,++ and 7-8

56;& at lo0 cost 7*+8 as they are prod!ced in high "ol!me$ Recently9 a lot of research efforts

ha"e %een de"oted to the de"elopment of lo0<costLhigh<performance 56;& ]@-^9 ],*@^9 ],*A^$

tate<of<the<art high<speed single<mode 56;&s exhi%it mod!lation %and0idths in excess of

*- GE( at A/+ nm for short optical distances9 or ,@ GE( at ,//+ nm for access net0or1s ],-/^$6!rrently9 single<modeLm!lti<mode A/+ nmL,-,+ nmL,//+ nm ,+ G%Ls 56;& are

Fig$ ,,$ chematic diagram of a radio<o"er<fi%re system$




/?

mod!lators 7!p to .+ GE( for typical mod!lators8$ F!rthermore9 the !se of external

mod!lation res!lts in a do!%le<side%and<0ith<carrier 7DB8 mod!lation 0here the side%ands

are located at the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency on either side of the optical carrier$ DB

mod!lation scheme is extremely sensiti"e to RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic

dispersion9 0hich limits fre:!ency range of operation and optical transmission distance ]/A^$ 4n!m%er of schemes ha"e %een proposed to o"ercome s!ch fi%re dispersion effect 0itho!t

employing dispersion compensation9 s!ch as schemes %ased on single<side%and<0ith<carrier

7B8 mod!lation %y employing a d!al<electrode )) ],.,^9 or schemes employing optical

fre:!ency !p<con"ersion 0hich can %e classified into schemes %ased on optical heterodyning

and %ased on optical fre:!ency m!ltiplication 72F)8$

In optical heterodyning schemes9 the heterodyne mixing of t0o phase<correlated optical

carriers 0ith a fre:!ency offset e:!al to the desired millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency at a high<

speed photodetector generates a single %eat component at the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency$

T0o phase<correlated optical carriers can %e generated %ased on optical carrier s!ppressionmod!lation %y %iasing a )) at the minim!m transmission point ]/A^9 ],.*^M],./^$ 2ptical

carrier s!ppression implementation re:!ires only half the millimetre<0a"e fre:!ency to dri"e

the ))$ Despite this simple approach9 this techni:!e re:!ires a large RF dri"e po0er to

o%tain a desira%le mod!lation depth since the mod!lator is %iased in the nonlinear region$ The

attaina%le optical transmission distance is limited %y %it<0al1off 0hen optical carrier

s!ppression mod!lation is employed ],.-^9 and %y the lin1 po0er %!dget and also %y the

phase decorrelation %et0een the optical carrier and the single side%and 0hen B is employed

],..^$ T0o phase<correlated optical carriers can also %e generated %y !sing a d!al<mode laser

or m!lti0a"elength laser 0ith f!rther optical filtering ],.=^9 ],.@^9 or %y !sing t0o lasers

com%ined 0ith DP<%ased detection ],.A^ or in>ection loc1ing and optical phase<loc1 loop

],.?^$ Eo0e"er9 these techni:!es re:!ire "ery narro0 line0idth optical so!rces and DP<

%ased detection or optical phase loc1ing to red!ce the phase noise in the generated

millimetre<0a"e signal9 0hich increases the cost and complexity of the system$

)illimetre<0a"e generation %ased on 2F) consists in generating harmonics of the local

oscillator fre:!ency$ This techni:!e is highly tolerant to dispersion<ind!ced RF po0er fading

and allo0s employing relati"ely<lo0 fre:!ency components$ The main disad"antage of 2F) is

its po0er inefficiency9 and therefore this techni:!e s!ffers from lo0 3R$ Eence9 a chain of RF

amplifiers may %e re:!ired after photodetection at the remote antenna !nits9 ma1ing 2F) not

cost<effecti"e$ 2F) can %e implemented %y electrooptic phase mod!lation and f!rther

fre:!ency<mod!lation<to<intensity<mod!lation 7F)<I)8 con"ersion in dispersi"e optical fi%re

lin1s or %y periodic filtering ],/+^$ In this implementation9 se"eral harmonics are generated

after photodetection9 the desired harmonic %eing selected %y filtering$ This implementation

has also %een sho0n to %e ro%!st against the modal dispersion in m!ltimode fi%re$ In addition9

schemes %ased on external intensity or phase mod!lation 0ith or 0itho!t optical filter ha"e

also %een 0idely !sed for fre:!ency do!%ling9 :!adr!pling9 or higher generation ],/,^M],/.^$

D!e to the ad"antages of radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es9 m!ch effort has %een de"oted to

de"elop millimetre<0a"e<o"er<fi%re systems$ ystems operating 0ithin @ GE( %and0idth in the

=+ GE( %and ha"e %een reported to pro"ide capacities higher than ,+ G%Ls 0hen spectral

efficient mod!lation formats are employed9 s!ch as *@ G%Ls for *$/ m 0ireless distance




=+

employing electrical ,=[4)<2FD) ],./^9 *, G%Ls for /++ m )F and ,+ m 7or *$/ m in

%idirectional system8 0ireless transmission employing electrical A[4)<2FD) ],.+^9 and

*=$/ G%Ls for ,++ 1m )F and - m 0ireless distance employing electrical adapti"e<le"el

[4)<2FD) in amplified long<reach net0or1s ],/-^$ )illimetre<0a"e<o"er<fi%re systems in the

@/N,,+ GE( %and ha"e also %een demonstrated9 s!ch as *+ G%Ls error<free *+ cm 0ireless22H data transmission ],//^9 and .+ G%Ls - cm 0ireless ,=[4) ],/.^$ 4s for millimetre<0a"e<

o"er<fi%re lin1s operating at higher than ,,+ GE(9 22H systems ha"e %een demonstrated !p to

,*$/ G%Ls at -++ GE( 7error<free /+ cm 0ireless8 ],/=^$

22H schemes occ!py a larger %and0idth to pro"ide the same data rate ho0e"er they employ

simple RF po0er detection$ 2n the other hand9 spectral efficient [4)L2FD) schemes !s!ally

employ electrical heterodyne detection 0ith an electrical mixer and &2$ The !se of coherent

detection after o%taining the optical %ase%and signal %y optical single side%and filtering has

also %een proposed and demonstrated demod!lating ,= G%Ls [PH in the @/N,,+ GE(

%and ],.A^$

In addition9 photonic millimetre<0a"e lin1s employing 22H or PH ha"e %een demonstrated !p

to ,+ G%Ls at ?* GE( and ,*+ GE( for fixed 0ireless access systems o"er the 1ilometre

distance ],/@^$

2..2 /"tical fibre transmission

The cost<effecti"e )F9 compliant 0ith ITU<T Recommendation G$=/*9 is 0idely !sed in FTTE

net0or1s 0ith distances !p to a%o!t .+ 1m in most cases ],/A^$

For short<distance comm!nications net0or1s !sed in<"ehicle9 the last mileC9 and in<%!ildinghomeLofficeLfactory net0or1s9 different optical media can %e employed9 s!ch as silica

m!ltimode fi%re 7))F89 m!ltimode plastic optical fi%re 7P2F8 7or polymer optical fi%re89 and

%end<insensiti"e fi%re single<mode 7BI<)F8 or m!lti<mode 7BI<))F8$

The larger core diameter of ))F fi%res 7typically /+ jm or =*$/ jm8 offers easier installation

and simpler splicing and connectori(ation compared 0ith )F$ ))F is also easier and more

efficient to co!ple to transcei"ers9 leading to red!ced cost$ ))F is 0idely !sed for in<%!ilding

fi%re installations for %ase%and data transmission systems at higher than ,+ G%Ls$

6ommercially<a"aila%le =*$/ jm ))F fi%res compliant 0ith the 2), recommendation

s!pport !p to , G%Ls employing %oth A/+ nm 56;&s and ,-++ nm Fa%ry Perot lasers$ /+ jm))F fi%res compliant 0ith 2)*L2)-L2). s!pport !p to ,+ G%Ls at A/+ nm$ Performance of

))F fi%res in terms of maxim!m distance and minim!m effecti"e modal %and0idth is

s!mmari(ed in Ta%le 5I$ Performance is limited %y modal dispersion of m!ltimode fi%re$ In

addition9 dispersion<tolerant radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es are needed for the distri%!tion of RF

signals in ))F lin1s$ Radio<o"er<fi%re in com%ination 0ith short ))F distances can %e

deployed for %ase%and digital data transmission typically s!pporting 0ireless signals !p to

*$/ GE( or %eyond o"er pass%and transmission regions of the ))F lin1 ],/+^$

The high elasticity and d!ctility of polymers allo0s for larger P2F fi%re si(es compared 0ith

silica )F and ))F fi%res$ 4ltho!gh this together 0ith the significantly higher loss res!lts in




=,

shorter reach 7typically !p to *++ m89 cost is significantly red!ced$ F!rther ad"antages of P2F

fi%res o"er silica fi%res are light 0eight9 ro%!stness9 tight %end radi!s and %etter tolerance to

tensile load and stress$ Khile presenting large core diameter 7?@+ jm8 minimi(ing cost9

con"entional poly methyl methacrylate 7P))48 P2F fi%res exhi%it lo0 performance and are

restricted to "isi%le 0a"elengths 7/*+ nmL/@+ nmL=/+ nm8 ],=,^$ Perfl!orinated graded<index

P2F 7PF<GI<P2F8 fi%res ha"e %een de"eloped offering lo0er loss a higher %and0idth for m!lti<

G%Ls performance !p to ,++ m distance at A/+ nm and ,-++ nm ],=*^9 ],=-^$ These P2F fi%res

present a %and0idth exceeding -++ )E($1m at A/+ nm and a core diameter of /+ jm9 =*$/ jm

or ,*+ jm$ ,*+ jm core red!ces cost 0hile /+L=*$/ jm core pro"ides compati%ility 0ith silica

))F transcei"ers$ Transmission of ,+<G%; tho!gh ,++ m of PF<GI<P2F 0as demonstrated in

],=.^ employing a lo0<cost set<!p at A/+ nm and electronic dispersion compensation s!ita%le

for small officeLhome office 72E28 en"ironment$ In addition9 data transmission of .+ G%Ls

signals at ,//+ nm thro!gh ,++ m of P2F 0as demonstrated in ],=/^$

Recently<de"eloped %end<insensiti"e single<mode fi%res 7BI<)F8 can maintain the

transmission and interconnection properties of )F 0ith m!ch lo0er %ending loss at lo0er

%end radi!s and tighter dimensional specifications posing an interesting opport!nity for a 0ide

"ariety of applications incl!ding indoor 0iring in FTTE ],==^N],=A^$ BI<)F facilitates fi%re

installation 0here corners9 t0ists and staples are re:!ired9 th!s permitting easy installation at

red!ced cost$ BI<)F is also expected to red!ce the si(e of the fi%re installation and optical

ca%inets$ imilarly9 BI<))F fi%res can 0ithstand tight %ends and challenging ca%ling ro!tes

0ith significantly less signal loss than traditional ))F9 red!cing do0ntime9 cost and space$

e"eral man!fact!rers offer BI<)F fi%res compliant 0ith the ITU<T Recommendation G$=/*$D90hich are %ac10ards compati%le 0ith all G$=/* )F !sed in c!rrent optical net0or1s 0hile

meeting or exceeding the most stringent and ne0est ITU<T G$=/@ recommendations$ /+ jm BI<

))F fi%res ha"e also %een de"eloped compliant 0ith 2)*L2)-L2). m!ltimode

recommendations and compati%le 0ith c!rrent ))F fi%res 0hile maintaining performance$

6ommercially<a"aila%le %end<insensiti"e fi%res are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le 5II$

3on<(ero dispersion<shifted fi%res 73<DF8 ha"e a (ero<dispersion 0a"elength slightly shifted

from (ero<dispersion dispersion<shifted fi%re 7DF8 to red!ce the impact of the fo!r<0a"e

mixing 7FK)8 nonlinear effect 0hile coping 0ith chromatic dispersion limitations of )F in

the ,//+ nm 0a"elength 0indo0$ Eo0e"er9 3<DF has some limitations to the reali(ation of

Ta%le 5I$ Performance of commercially<a"aila%le m!ltimode fi%re technology ],/?^9 ],=+^

Fi%re 6lass Giga%it ;thernet ,+ Giga%it ;thernet

A/+ nm ,-++ nm A/+ nm

2),

=*$/ jm

-++ m

**+ )E($1m

//+ m

-A/ )E($1m

-- m

**+ )E($1m2)*/+ jm

@/+ m?/+ )E($1m

//+ m/++ )E($1m

,/+ m?/+ )E($1m

2)-/+ jm

,+++ m*+++ )E($1m

//+ m/++ )E($1m

-++ m*+++ )E($1m

2)./+ jm

,,++ m.@++ )E($1m

//+ m/++ )E($1m

//+ m.@++ )E($1m




=*

long<ha!l transmission9 s!ch as trade<off of lo0 dispersion slope and large effecti"e area$ 4n

interesting sol!tion can %e employing dispersion management fi%res comprised of )F pl!s

in"erse dispersion fi%re 7IDF8 7%oth 0ith approximately same length8 at expense of fi%re length

flexi%ility 0hich can %e re:!ired in terrestrial systems ],=?^$ IDF ha"e in"erse dispersion and

dispersion slope and one<order larger nonlinearity compared 0ith )F$ 6ompared 0ith

dispersion compensating fi%re 7D6F8 traditionally !sed as a mod!le for dispersion

compensation of )F9 IDF has lo0er atten!ation loss9 P)D and nonlinear properties so that

it is more s!ita%le for %eing !sed as a transmission media$

2..& /"tical access networks

2ptical fi%re has %een 0idely deployed s!%stit!ting con"entional copper ca%le in access

net0or1s 7referred to as Fi%re<to<the< 7FTTx88 to meet the increasing demand of high<

%and0idth applications %y residential and %!siness c!stomers$ In partic!lar9 FTTE is the fastest

gro0ing glo%al %road%and technology 0ith significant deployments occ!rring in 4sia9 ;!rope

and 3orth 4merica ],@+^$ FTTE deploys fi%re all the 0ay to indi"id!al residential d0ellings$

There are t0o ma>or architect!res in optical access net0or1s9 namely point<to<point 7P*P8 and

point<to<m!ltipoint 7P*)P8$ P*P architect!res employ dedicated transcei"ers and a dedicated

fi%re from an optical line terminal 72&T8 located at the central office 7local exchange8 to the

c!stomer premises9 0hich can reach !p to A+ 1m ],@,^$ P*P net0or1s are simple to design9

pro"ide the !ltimate %and0idth and they are "ery flexi%le to !pgrade ser"ices for c!stomers

indi"id!ally ],@*^$ Eo0e"er9 they are cost prohi%iti"e in most cases as they re:!ire significant

Ta%le 5II$ tate<of<the<art of commercially<a"aila%le %end<insensiti"e fi%re technology

)an!fact!rer Type )odel tandard )ax$ Bend loss k %end

radi!s9 0a"elength

!mitomo

;lectric

BI<)F P!re4ccess<R/ G$=/@$B- +$,/ dB L +$+A dB k

/ mm L @$/ mm9 ,//+ nm

6orning

Incorporated

BI<)F 6lear6!r"e B G$=/@$4, +$/ dB k ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm

6lear6!r"e &B& G$=/@$4*LB* +$. dB k @$/ mm9 ,//+ nm

6lear6!r"e B& G$=/@$B- +$, dB k / mm9 ,//+ nm

BI<))F 6lear6!r"e

m!ltimode

2)*L2)-L2). +$* dB L +$, dB k

@$/ mm L ,/ mm9 A/+ nm

Dra1a

6omm!nications

BI<)F BendBright< G$=/@$4*LB* +$/ dB L +$, dB k

@$/ mm L ,+ mm9 ,//+ nmBendBright<

*++ jm

G$=/@$4,L4*LB*

BendBright<;lite G$=/@$B- +$,/ dB L +$+A dB k

/ mm L @$/ mm9 ,//+ nmBI<))F )ax6ap<BB<2)x 2)*L2)-L2). +$* dB L +$, dB k

@$/ mm L ,/ mm9 A/+nm

2F BI<)F 4llKa"e F&; G$=/@$4, +$* dB k ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm

4llKa"e F&;`KP G$=/@$4* +$/ dB L +$, dB k

@$/ mm L ,+ mm9 ,//+ nm

;<Bend G$=/@$B- +$, dB k / mm9 ,//+ nm




=-

fi%re deployment9 space and po0ering in the 2&T9 and acti"e de"ices at the c!stomer

premises$ 4lternati"ely9 P*)P architect!res incl!de acti"e optical net0or1s 74238 and passi"e

optical net0or1s 7P238 follo0ing a star 7standard8 topology$ In 423 star net0or1s9 a single

fi%re 7distri%!tion fi%re89 !p to @+ 1m9 carries all traffic to an acti"e node close to the end !sers9

from 0here indi"id!al fi%res 7drop fi%res89 !p to *+ 1m9 r!n to each homeL%!ilding$ Khile thefi%re cost is red!ced9 the acti"e nodes re:!ire po0ering and maintenance ],@*^$ In P23 star

net0or1s9 the acti"e node is replaced %y a passi"e optical po0er splitterLcom%iner ],@*^$ The

distri%!tion fi%re in a P23 net0or1 can %e shared %y !p to ,*A !sers$ 6ommercially<a"aila%le

passi"e optical splitters ha"e typical insertion loss of ,-$/9 ,=$/9 *+9 and *-$/ dB for splitting

factors of ,=9 -*9 =.9 and ,*A9 respecti"ely ],@-^$ The splitting factor employed is limited %y

po0er %!dget in the net0or1$ Typically a P23 is capa%le of reaching c!stomers *+ 1m from the

original transmitter ],@.^$ 4 P23 is characteri(ed %y the !se of no acti"e components

7amplifiers9 regenerators8 in the field$ P23 are s!pported %y a set of mat!re standards

7Broad%and B<P239 ;thernet ;<P239 Giga%it G<P238 ],@*^9 ],@.^9 ],@/^ and !nder0ay next<

generation standards 7,+ G%Ls ,+G<;P239 3ext<generation 3G<P2389 and is the most 0idely

deployed FTTE architect!re$ 6!rrent standard P23 %ased on time<di"ision m!ltiple access

7TD)48 are expected to e"ol"e to0ard P23 %ased on KD) 7KD)<P238 to 1eep !p 0ith the

re:!irements of f!t!re access net0or1s ],?^$ In FTTE9 the optical net0or1 terminal 723T8

recei"es the signal from the 2&T and con"erts it into !sa%le electronic signals for "oice9 "ideo9

and data at the c!stomer premises$

2.. #$% a""lication scenarios

UKB<o"er<fi%re extends the UKB radio range to in<homeLoffice9 in<%!ilding or e"en 0ide area

applications$ 2ptical fi%re is the transmission media of choice ena%ling a large n!m%er of UKB

!sers share a single fi%re$

UKB<o"er<fi%re systems are applied in t0o main scenarios# indoor 7in<homeLoffice or in<

%!ilding8 D4 and FTTE access net0or1s$ The fi%re distance in D4 is relati"ely short 7fe0

h!ndred meters8 and the "ariations among distances are relati"ely small$ 2n the other hand9

FTTE distances can %e long 7*+ 1m or more8 0ith relati"ely long "ariations 7on the order of

1ilometres8$

&n-'ome(o))ice or in-uilding distriuted antenna s*stems

In the D4 application9 the UKB signal is generated at the residential gate0ay 7RG89 sho0n in

Fig$ ,*7a89 0hich can %e mod!lated 0ith the data coming from the FTTE net0or1$ The

generated UKB signal is distri%!ted o"er the indoor optical fi%re to the remote antenna !nits

0here the UKB signal is only photodetected9 amplified9 and filtered$ F!rthermore9 the same

indoor radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re can integrate a UKB cell!lar net0or19 as sho0n in Fig$

,*7%8$ The concept of UKB cell!lar cl!sters has %een proposed in the ;!ropean pro>ect FP@<

I6T<,<*,=@A/ U6;&& to pro"ide per"asi"e G%Ls comm!nications in 0ider areas employing

standard lo0<cost UKB transcei"ers$




=.

UKB cell cl!ster operation re:!ires spectral management of the UKB terminals in operation$

UKB management implies the sensing of UKB transmissions %y a set of UKB sensors and the

proper config!ration of UKB terminals to a"oid interference %et0een the different UKB

terminals and to g!arantee coexistence 0ith other 0ireless comm!nications systems in

operation in the same area$ Real<time sensing of 0ide<%and0idth lo0<po0er UKB signals has

%een proposed to %e ena%led %y a photonic 4D6 employing the in<home radio<o"er<fi%re

infrastr!ct!re ]&lo+A%^9 ]Bel+Aa^9 ]Bel+A%^9 ]&lo+?%^$ The photonic 4D6 is %ased on optical time<

stretched processing pre"io!s to electronic 4D6 ],A=^$ The optical time<stretched process

relaxes the re:!irements of the 4D6 employed in the processing$

Fig$ ,- depicts the concept of UKB cell cl!ster together 0ith the photonic 4D6 infrastr!ct!re$

Fig$ ,- sho0s a set of UKB transcei"ers arranged in different UKB cells 0hich can connect to

an UKB sensor$ Fig$ ,- also sho0s a simplified example of the management strategy# The

UKB spectr!m allocation and maxim!m po0er transmitted %y each UKB terminal is centrally

controlled in order to control m!t!al interference$

Fig$ ,-$ Interference and spectral management in UKB cell cl!ster architect!res$ The in<home radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re interconnects UKB sensors$

Fig$ ,*$ 7a8 UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in<homeLoffice or in<%!ilding distri%!ted antenna system$ 7%8 UKBcell!lar net0or1 integrated in the radio<o"er<fi%re infrastr!ct!re sho0n in 7a8$




=/

In this Ph$D$ thesis9 an optical time<stretched processor for sensing of UKB signals has %een

demonstrated in a proof<of<concept experiment ]&lo+A%^9 ]Bel+Aa^9 ]Bel+A%^$ Fig$ ,.7a8 sho0s

the experimental set!p targeting to demonstrate photonic time<stretched 4D6 operation on

UKB signals$ The photonic 4D6 comprises t0o spans of fi%re from the radio<o"er<fi%re lin1s

sho0n in Fig$ ,-$ Photonic 4D6 operation is as follo0s# The optical p!lses from a

s!percontin!!m 768 so!rce are chirped and stretched to -.+ ps %y propagation thro!gh / 1m

)F$ Fig$ ,.7%8 sho0s the s!percontin!!m spectr!m at point 7,8 in Fig$ ,.7a8 exhi%iting . nm

%and0idth$ The s!percontin!!m so!rce is %ased on a p!lsed laser at ,/=,$/ nm 7* ps f!ll<

0idth at half<maxim!m 7FKE)89 ,$* nm of - dB %and0idth9 ,+ GE( repetition rate89 a ))

dri"en %y a %it pattern at ,+ G%Ls 7one ,Z e"ery ,*A %its89 an ;r%i!m<doped fi%re amplifier

7;DF489 a span of E3&F 7?++ m length9 ,/=* nm (ero<dispersion 0a"elength9 +$+,A psLnm*L1m

dispersion slope9 ,+$A KN, W 1mN, nonlinear coefficient89 and an optical %andpass filter$ The

)) is %iased at the minim!m transmission point and is employed to red!ce the p!lserepetition fre:!ency from ,+ GE( to @A$,*/ )E($ The UKB signal recei"ed from the antenna

is mod!lated 0ith the chirped optical p!lses in a ))$ In the experiment9 the UKB signal is a

RF p!lse comprising = cycles of ,++ ps period9 compati%le 0ith UKB reg!lation$ Fig$ ,.7c8

sho0s the ideal inp!t UKB p!lse !nder analysis$ The UKB mod!lated signal is time stretched

in */$,-/ 1m )F %efore photodetection$ Fig$ ,.7d8 sho0s the time<stretched UKB signal at

point 7-8 in Fig$ ,.7a8 s!perimposed to the ideal time<stretched UKB signal$ 4 stretch factor of

= 7 ,`*/$,-/ 1mL/ 1m8 is implemented in the experiment9 0hich implies that the 0hole UKB

%and can %e digiti(ed for Fo!rier transform and analysis employing an electronic 4D6 0ith

,$A GE( %and0idth$

Fig$ ,.$ 7a8 ;xperimental set!p of a photonic time<stretched 4D6 for sensing of UKB signals accordingto Fig$ ,*7%8 and Fig$ ,-$ 7%8 !percontin!!m 768 spectr!m at point 7,8 7c8 Ideal UKB signal at point7*8 7d8 Time<stretched UKB signal at point 7-8$




==

UWB-o+er-$,,H netors

UKB<o"er<fi%re has %een indicated as an interesting sol!tion to distri%!te ED m!ltimedia

content in FTTE net0or1s ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ This approach com%ines UKB ad"antages and

%and0idth capacity of FTTE net0or1s$ This is a rapid and cost<effecti"e sol!tion o"er otherdistri%!tion net0or1s9 li1e hy%rid fi%re<coaxial9 for se"eral reasons#

,8 3o transmod!lation or fre:!ency !p<con"ersion stages are re:!ired at the !ser

premises9 leading to lo0er deployment cost$ )od!lation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion

can %e performed at an optical central !nit th!s simplifying the remote antenna !nits$

Data is deli"ered to the remote antenna !nits already in their UKB 0ireless format$

*8 Transparency to the specific mod!lation employed$ This flexi%ility is of special interest

for net0or1 operators as UKB reg!lation is still e"ol"ing$

-8 )!ltistandard 0ireless ser"ices are s!pported on the same infrastr!ct!re ]&lo,,%^$

.8 UKB signals can %e recei"ed %y commercially<a"aila%le lo0<cost recei"ers$

Fig$ ,/ depicts an example of the UKB<o"er<fi%re approach integrating the )F<%ased FTTE

access net0or1 and BI<)F<%ased indoor optical !ser net0or1$ In the example9 UKB radio

pro"ides ra0 data connecti"ity9 ED a!dioL"ideo and also connecti"ity to an UKB<ena%led cell

phone$ In the UKB<o"er<FTTE application9 the head<end !nit sho0n in the fig!re is responsi%le

of the central generation of the UKB signal$ 4t the !ser premises9 the optical access

distri%!tion can %e extended %y indoor optical distri%!tion e$g$ BI<)F to the remote antenna

!nits 0here UKB signals are photodetected9 filtered9 amplified9 and radiated to a UKB<

ena%led tele"ision set ],@=^ or comp!ter ],@@^$ The residential gate0ay 7RG8 pro"ides inter<

room comm!nications and other net0or1 f!nctionality$

BI<)F opens !p an interesting opport!nity for UKB<o"er<fi%re to %e deployed at in<home

en"ironments$ 6ompared 0ith )F9 BI<)F facilitates installation !nder practical %ending

conditions s!ch as corners and m!ltiple staples9 th!s red!cing cost9 and also red!ces the si(e

of the associated infrastr!ct!re$ 6ompared 0ith con"entional copper ca%le9 BI<)F pro"ides

high %and0idth necessary to distri%!te UKB signals$ F!rthermore9 BI<)F is %ac10ards

compati%le 0ith )F and can maintain the optical transmission properties of )F9 0hich is

partic!larly important at high fre:!encies s!ch as aro!nd =+ GE(9 compared 0ith other types

of fi%res !sed for indoor distri%!tion s!ch as m!ltimode fi%res$

4 ma>or impairment of the FTTE net0or1 on the UKB signal is d!e to the chromatic dispersion

of )F ]*.^9 ]/*^9 ]/=^$ In the case of imp!lse<radio UKB signals9 chromatic dispersion

stretches p!lses in time th!s infl!encing the centre fre:!ency and %and0idth of the UKB

signal$ This effect is dependent on the optical %and0idth and the chirp of the optical signal in

propagation$ The 0ider the optical %and0idth9 the lo0er the tolerance to the chromatic

dispersion$ Dispersion managing techni:!es co!ld %e !sed to compensate for chromatic

dispersion effects$ This sol!tion is not flexi%le and cost<effecti"e9 ho0e"er it co!ld ena%le UKB

transmission o"er long distances 7_.+ 1m8 ].A^$




=@

6hromatic dispersion in the fi%re may ca!se additional effects on the UKB signal$ Fi%re

chromatic dispersion may ha"e a higher impact in UKB generation techni:!es employing

more than one 0a"elength d!e to the 0al1<off effect ]/.^9 ],.-^$ 4nother impact of chromatic

dispersion is d!e to mode partition noise$ Fi%re dispersion ca!ses the fl!ct!ations of the

energy %et0een the longit!dinal modes of the laser to %e translated into intensity fl!ct!ations

on the transmitted optical signal9 th!s red!cing 3R ]/=^$

Fig$ ,/$ Radio<o"er<fi%re system integrating FTTE optical access distri%!tion and indoor optical<radiotransmission of m!ltistandard m!lti<G%Ls UKB signals for ED contents pro"ision$




=A



- 2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals

@+

&.2 %aseband wit! *aussianmonocycle "ulse s!a"ing

&.2.1 Introduction

In this Ph$D$ thesis9 t0o photonic imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es are proposed and

demonstrated in t0o proof<of<concept experiments 0hich are descri%ed in ections -$*$* and

-$*$-$ The techni:!es are %ased on com%ining t0o Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith opposite polarity and

relati"e time delay to shape Ga!ssian<monocycles$ The first techni:!e employs optical delay

and %alanced photodetection 0hereas the second techni:!e employs a differential

photorecei"er and electrical delay$ The proposed techni:!es are simple and permit to adapt

UKB spectr!m to FTTE net0or1s 0ith different fi%re dispersion %y simply ad>!sting delay$

!ch reconfig!ration ena%les great flexi%ility since the techni:!es are implemented at the

remote antenna !nits$ This f!nctionality is not a"aila%le in other pre"io!sly reported photonicimp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!es to o!r 1no0ledge$ Pre"io!s techni:!es pro"ide

little or no reconfig!ration$ 3e"ertheless9 a techni:!e %ased on spectral shaping and

fre:!ency<to<time con"ersion has %een recently proposed9 0hich is also capa%le of post<

compensating for "aria%le fi%re dispersion employing FBG de"ices and f!rther %alanced

photodetection to remo"e the rectang!lar p!lse s!perimposed to the desired 0a"eform ]/*^$

The corresponding application scenario is that disc!ssed in ection *$/$.$

The generation of %ase%and Ga!ssian<monocycles is experimentally demonstrated in this

thesis$ Ga!ssian monocycles are shaped after optical access fi%re transmission of optical

p!lses$ 2ptical p!lses are generated %y a mode<loc1ed laser and are f!rther mod!lated 0ithdata in a ))$ The installed fi%re is exploited to red!ce p!lse shaping complexity$ Base%and

Ga!ssian monocycles co!ld meet F66<specified UKB spectr!m mas1 in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and

pro"ided an ade:!ate %and0idth is generated and f!rther ade:!ate filtering is performed e$g$

%y a commercially<a"aila%le UKB antenna 0hich acts as a %and pass filter ]*.^$ This a"oids the

need for !pLdo0n<con"ersion re:!ired 0hen Ga!ssian p!lses are employed ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^9

])or+Aa^$ Band0idth is dependent on the original Ga!ssian p!lse0idth9 p!lse time<stretching

ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic dispersion9 0hich depends on the optical %and0idth9 and the

opticalLelectrical time delay$ The 0ider the p!lse after fi%re transmission and the longer the

time delay9 the narro0er %and0idth and the lo0er the pea1 fre:!ency$

&.2.2 /"tical delay and balanced "!otodetection tec!ni6ue

Fig$ ,= sho0s the experimental set!p of the photonic techni:!e for imp!lse<radio UKB

generation %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection to perform Ga!ssian<

monocycle shaping ]Bel+Ac^9 ]&lo+?a^9 ]&lo,+a^$ 4 ,/=+ nm acti"ely mode<loc1ed fi%re laser

generates optical p!lses 0ith approximately * ps FKE)9 ,$* nm of - dB %and0idth9 and

,+ GE( repetition rate$ 2ptical p!lses are intensity mod!lated 0ith a fix pattern ,+++ ++++

++++ ++++C 7one ,Z e"ery ,= %its8 at a data rate of ,+ G%Ls9 0hich is e:!i"alent to ret!rn<to<

(ero 7R8 data at ,$*/ G%Ls 0ith a d!ty cycle of approximately ,L,=9 in a ))$ The )) is

%iased at the minim!m transmission point to re>ect the !ndesired laser p!lses9 res!lting in22H<mod!lated p!lse train at ,$*/ GE( repetition rate$



-$- =+ GE( radio<o"er<fi%re for in<flight comm!nications

@-

signalling$ Base%and Ga!ssian monocycles are generated %ased on differential photoreception

and "aria%le electrical time delay9 as descri%ed in ection -$*$-$ 4fter external mod!lation in a

))9 optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is performed %ased on optical carrier s!ppression in

another )) ]@=^9 ],./^$ In the experiment9 Ga!ssian monocycles at a ,$*/ G%Ls data rate

0ith -$A GE( %and0idth are generated and !p<con"erted to /@ GE($ The performance of the/@ GE( UKB signal after the transmission o"er a )F at in<ca%in distances !p to ,++ m is

st!died$ The experimental res!lts sho0 that good :!ality UKB p!lses can %e o%tained 0ith the

proposed system$ The impact of the system parameters on performance incl!ding 0ireless

transmission and associated cost is analysed9 indicating that a high n!m%er of remote antenna

!nits can %e cost<effecti"ely s!pported %y the proposed =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system$

&.&.1 Introduction

The -$,M,+$= GE( UKB %and is not e:!ally reg!lated 0orld0ide d!e to spectral coexistence

concerns$ 2!tside the U$$9 a"aila%le effecti"e %and0idth is ,$/ GE(9 0hich only s!pports datarates of h!ndreds of mega%its per second$ The =+ GE( %and offers a large fre:!ency range

0orld0ide# /@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@N=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?N== GE(

in apan$ The match %et0een the allocated fre:!ency %and for UKB and the %and0idth

a"aila%le in the =+ GE( %and ma1es =+ GE( UKB a "ery interesting approach for m!lti<G%Ls

0ireless comm!nications$ )oreo"er9 radio atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and %enefits

coexistence 0hen a large n!m%er of !sers are present and red!ces the potential interference

0ith in<flight electronics$

UKB<o"er<fi%re D4 systems is a cost<effecti"e sol!tion to extend the UKB co"erage ta1ing

ad"antage of the large %and0idth and transparency to signal formats of the optical fi%re ]=^$

This Ph$D$ thesis proposes9 for the first time to o!r 1no0ledge9 the !se of imp!lse<radio UKB

signals in the =+ GE( radio %and for in<flight comm!nications 0ith potential ranging and

locali(ation f!nctionalities$ The imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is optically

generated and distri%!ted thro!gh )F to a high n!m%er of distri%!ted remote antenna !nits

as in an in<ca%in radio<o"er<fi%re installation$

Photonic generation of the imp!lse<radio UKB signal is an interesting approach %eca!se it

ena%les signal generation in the =+ GE( %and and seamless optical distri%!tion in the plane$

Imp!lse<radio UKB exhi%its se"eral ad"antages9 0hich can %e s!mmari(ed as follo0s$

,8 UKB technology is capa%le of high data rate at relati"e lo0 ;IRP density minimi(ing

interference on other 0ireless signals$ This is a 1ey aspect re"ealing UKB as a "ery

interesting radio technology in a"ionics$ Pro"ision of high data rate comm!nications is

re:!ired in ED a!dioL"ideo entertainment ser"ices offered in<flight$

*8 The specific signalling employed in imp!lse<radio UKB permits sim!ltaneo!sly

comm!nications9 locali(ation and ranging to a s!%<centimetre resol!tion$ This is of

special interest for in<flight en"ironments9 li1e a plane passengerZs ca%in9 0here %eside

comm!nications9 locali(ation of !sers or gro!p of !sers exhi%iting potentially large

radio interference is necessary$ This approach is also interesting for radio tagging and

passenger identification applications$




@.

The experimental 0or1 herein reported demonstrates the photonic generation of imp!lse<

radio UKB Ga!ssian monocycles at /@ GE( %earing data at ,$*/ G%Ls and its f!rther

transmission o"er ,++ m fi%re targeting in<flight comm!nications$ The !se of Ga!ssianmonocycles permits to remo"e resid!al RF carrier easily %y filtering to a"oid recei"er

sat!ration$ F!rthermore9 de"ices %ased on Ga!ssian monocycles a"aila%le for UKB generation

in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and co!ld %e re!sed$

The remainder of ection -$- is organi(ed as follo0s# ection -$-$* descri%es the proposed

application scenario for the =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system$ 6omparison %et0een experiment

and sim!lation and a comprehensi"e analysis of the system %y sim!lation is presented in

ection -$-$-$ The experimental demonstration is presented in ection -$-$.$ Finally9 a techno<

economic analysis comparing the radio<o"er<fi%re approach 0ith a con"entional %ase%and<

o"er<fi%re approach is performed in ection -$-$/$

&.&.2 Inaircraft distributed antenna system

Fig$ *+ depicts the proposed imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e targeting to

distri%!te ED m!ltimedia contents in aircrafts$ This fig!re sho0s a ca%in 0here a ,++ m )F

is transporting UKB radio<o"er<fi%re to pro"ide passenger connecti"ity$ The %loc1 mar1ed 4C

in Fig$ *+ is a central !nit9 0hich generates in the optical domain the imp!lse<radio UKB data

signal to %e f!rther distri%!ted thro!gh )F to the on<seat remote antenna !nits9 0hich are

mar1ed as BC in Fig$ *+$ In the remote antenna !nit9 the UKB data signal is photodetected

res!lting in an imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and9 0hich is f!rther amplified9filtered9 and radiated to %e a"aila%le to passengers in a gi"en short<range co"erage area

7KP438$ In this 0ay9 m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless connecti"ity can %e pro"ided along the ca%in

minimi(ing the interference d!e to the intrinsic lo0 radiation le"el of UKB and the radiation<

imm!ne optical fi%re distri%!tion$

The system demonstrated in this st!dy in the =+ GE( %and is the central transmission system

in the plane$ This radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e gi"es the ad"antage that the remote antenna

!nits 0o!ld %e "ery simple 7no !pLdo0n<con"ersion or mod!lation is re:!ired8$ This is

important if there are a large n!m%er of passengers in the plane$

Fig$ *+$ Imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in the =+ GE( %and for in<flight comm!nications$ Bloc1 4C#central !nit for optical UKB generation$ Bloc1 BC# on<seat remote antenna !nits$




@/

&.&.& Simulation analysis

The proposed system9 sho0n in Fig$ -- in ection -$-$.9 has %een analysed employing the

commercial sim!lation tool 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion @$/8 !sing the characteristics of

the de"ices in Ta%le 5III in ection -$-$.$ im!lation res!lts ha"e %een compared tomeas!rements presented in ection -$-$. to "erify the sim!lation model and then the impact

of the system parameters on the performance in terms of the B;R has %een e"al!ated$

In sim!lation9 data mod!lated optical p!lses at the o!tp!t of the mod!lator9 )) in Fig$ --9

are generated from a hyper%olic<secant p!lse transmitter at ,$*/ G%Ls$ From these p!lses9

monocycles are generated as in ection -$*$- and are sho0n in Fig$ *,$ The noise in the

monocycles has %een modelled as additi"e Ga!ssian 0hite noise at *+ n4LE(,L* 7noise fig!re#

=-$? dB8$ This noise fig!re "al!e9 altho!gh impractical9 permits to set in sim!lation a maxim!m

noise po0er spectral density according to the experimental 0or1$ light discrepancies %et0een

monocycles meas!red and sim!lated are mainly d!e to the de"iation of the meas!red p!lseshape from the ideal hyper%olic<secant shape$ The filters of the digital comm!nications

analyser ha"e %een modelled as Ga!ssian filters$

Fig$ ** sho0s the sim!lated monocycles at point 7,8 in Fig$ --$ The fre:!ency response of

4mp , and the &PF in Fig$ -- has %een considered$

The relati"e intensity noise 7RI3 N,./ dBLE(8 of the 6K laser in Fig$ -- and the insertion loss

of the )) , 7,- dB8 set the po0er le"el at point 7*8 in Fig$ -- ass!ming a maxim!m possi%le

extinction ratio of the )) of */ dB$ )) , is %iased at the :!adrat!re point$ Fig$ *- sho0s

the sim!lated monocycles at point 7*8 in Fig$ --$

The gain of the ;r%i!m<doped fi%re amplifier 7;DF48 in Fig$ -- 7*/ dB89 and the insertion loss of

the ))* 7A dB8 set the maxim!m po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ --9 ass!ming a

maxim!m possi%le extinction ratio of the )) of */ dB$ )) * is %iased at the minim!m

transmission point$ The 2BPF is modelled as a Ga!ssian filter$ 4 do!%le of the &2 fre:!ency of

*A$@/ GE( is set limited %y the sim!lation tool$ In this 0ay9 the RF carrier fre:!ency is /@$/ GE(

so that the fre:!ency response of the components in Fig$ --9 PD9 &349 BPF ,9 EP49 BPF *9 and

fre:!ency dependence of the mixer con"ersion loss is shifted %y +$/ GE($

It sho!ld %e noted that 0ith the proposed fre:!ency !p<con"ersion techni:!e9 the %ase%and

signal is also a"aila%le after photodetection9 as sho0n in Fig$ *.$ The %ase%and signal co!ld %e!sed for 0ired connecti"ity employing a lo0<cost recei"er or for 0ireless connecti"ity in the

-$,M,+$= GE( UKB %and pro"ided 0ider %and0idth is generated and f!rther ade:!ate filtering

is performed$ Eence9 the proposed system is capa%le of seamless operation in the

-$,N,+$= GE( %and and in the emerging =+ GE( %and$ This flexi%ility to emerging standards is

of special importance in a"ionics9 0here the !pgrade of in<flight a"ionics is a lengthy and

expensi"e maintenance process$

Fig$ */ sho0s the sim!lated spectr!m at point 7.8 in Fig$ --$ 3ote that9 in the meas!rement in

Fig$ -=9 the dependence on fre:!ency of the con"ersion loss of the harmonic mixer of the

spectr!m analyser has not %een considered$




@=

Fig$ *.$ im!lated signal after the photodetector in Fig$ --$ 7a8 ignal in time domain after f!rther lo0<pass filtering 7Ga!ssian ,*$. GE(8$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

Fig$ *-$ im!lated optical monocycles at point 7*8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -/$

P e r ) W , $ 0 0 ' W / i @

Time )s, #00 .s/i@

Fig$ **$ im!lated monocycles at point 7,8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -.$ 7a8 ignal in timedomain$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

A m . 3 i t ' e ) , 5 0 0

m / i @

Time )s, #00 .s /i@)b)a

0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-0-70-#0-50-%0-!0-$0

-100

10

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+

Fig$ *,$ im!lated Ga!ssian monocycles generated in Fig$ ,A to %e compared 0ith Fig$ ,?$ 7a8 ignal intime domain$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

A m . 3 i t ' e ) , $ 0 m / i @

Time )s, #00 .s/i@ 0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-80-0-70-#0-50-%0-!0-$0

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+)b)a




@@

4t the recei"er9 the noise fig!re of the EP4 in Fig$ -- is ass!med to %e = dB$ 4n &2 signal at

/@$/ GE( is employed for do0n<con"ersion$

The asymmetry and polarity of the eye diagram is dependent on the phase of this &2 signal

7ad>!sted %y the P in Fig$ -- in the experiment8$ Fig$ *= sho0s the sim!lated eye diagram and

spectr!m of the do0n<con"erted signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- at an &2 phase of **/$ The eye

diagram is symmetric at *@+ 7or at ?+ for in"erted polarity8$

It is "erified that the transmission o"er ,++ m of )F ]atten!ation# +$* dBL1m k ,//+ nm9

dispersion# ,= psLnmL1m k ,//+ nm9 dispersion slope# +$+A psLnm*L1m^ does not practically

impact the UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and and do0n<con"erted signal$

im!lation res!lts are in excellent agreement 0ith experimental meas!rements$ lightdiscrepancies are mainly ascri%ed to the !ncertainty in the edges of the fre:!ency response of

the amplifiers &34 and EP49 and filters BPF , and BPF * in Fig$ --$ The data of these fre:!ency

responses ha"e %een interpolated linearly$ In addition9 note that the noise floor in Fig$ -= and

at high fre:!encies in the meas!rements in Fig$ -. and Fig$ -@7%8 is limited %y that of the

spectr!m analyser$ This limitation is not present in the corresponding sim!lated traces$

In order to e"al!ate the B;R performance in the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system9 pse!dorandom

%it se:!ence data are considered$ In addition9 the resid!al RF carrier fre:!ency at /@$/ GE( in

the spectr!m of the UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is s!ppressed considering a commercially<

a"aila%le %and<pass filter9 BPF , in Fig$ --9 different from that employed in the experiment7referred as BPF ,%C in Ta%le 5III89 other0ise the 0ireless transmission distance is limited %y

sat!ration of the po0er amplifier$ Fig$ *@ sho0s the sim!lated signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ --$ 4t

the recei"er9 do0n<con"ersion is performed employing an &2 at /@$/ GE(9 at -++ phase to

optimi(e the B;R$ 4 Ga!ssian lo0<pass filter 0ith a - dB %and0idth of ,+ GE( is employed at

mixer o!tp!t to remo"e the !n0anted fre:!ency components$ B;R estimation is performed %y

statistical analysis employing a 6hi<s:!ared model9 0hich pro"ides a more acc!rate estimation

than a Ga!ssian model 0hen the 3R of the system is dominated %y amplified optical noise$

The sampling instant and the decision threshold for B;R estimation are determined %y

optim!m methods$ B;R is estimated in each case e"al!ating at least *,* data sym%ols$ Fig$ *A

sho0s the do0n<con"erted signal exhi%iting a B;R of @ W ,+N-?9 demonstrating that the systemis error free$ The filters &PF and BPF * in Fig$ -- are fo!nd to not significantly impact the B;R$

Fig$ */$ im!lated spectr!m of the signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- after ,++ m )F transmission to %ecompared 0ith Fig$ -= 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

5# 57 5 58 #0 #1 #$ #! #% #5-1$0-110-100-80-0

-70-#0-50-%0-!0

P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D

e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +

re&'enc( )G*+




@A

The system is optimi(ed in order to maximi(e the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits s!pported0hile meeting the criterion that the B;R performance is %elo0 the typical "al!e for error<free

operation of ,+N? 0itho!t employing F;6 codes at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Performance analysis is

performed as a f!nction of the different contri%!tions to o"erall optical noise d!e to the

!ncertainty in the experimental indi"id!al contri%!tions$ 2ptical noise contri%!tions incl!de

the noise of the original monocycles con"erted to the optical domain9 relati"e intensity noise

from the 6K laser in Fig$ --9 and 4; noise from optical amplification$ The 4; noise fig!re is

considered fixed at . dB$

3ote that in all sim!lated9 it is ens!red that the maxim!m photodiode inp!t po0er and , dB

compression point of the electrical amplifiers &34 and EP4 in Fig$ -- is not exceeded$

Fig$ *A$ im!lated signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- to e"al!ate B;R performance$ 7a8 ;ye diagram$7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

Fig$ *@$ im!lated signal at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- to e"al!ate B;R performance$ 7a8 ignal in time domainexhi%iting Ga!ssian en"elope$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$

5# 57 5 58 #0 #1 #$ #! #% #5-1$0-110-100-80-0-70

-#0-50-%0-!0

P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +

re&'enc( )G*+)b)a

A m . 3 i t ' e ) ,

$ " 5 m / i @

Time )s, $0 ns/i@

Fig$ *=$ im!lated signal at point 7/8 in Fig$ -- to %e compared 0ith Fig$ -@7%8 and 7d8$ 7a8 ;ye diagram$7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# =++ 1E(8$




@?

Fig$ *? and Fig$ -+ sho0 the B;R performance and the maxim!m po0er spectral density of the

UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and as a f!nction of the mod!lation indices of )) , and )) *

in Fig$ --9 defined as1 1

/ MZM m

m V V π

= and2 2

/ MZM LO

m V V π

= 9 0herem

V and LO

V are the pea1

amplit!de of the inp!t monocycles and &2 signal9 respecti"ely9 and1

V π

and2

V π

are the half<

0a"e "oltage of the )) , and )) *9 respecti"ely9 sho0n in Ta%le 5III$ The B;R and po0er

spectral density are sho0n as a f!nction of the relati"e intensity noise in Fig$ *?7a8 at

*+ n4LE(,L* noise of the inp!t monocycles9 and in Fig$ *?7%8 for t0o "al!es of the noise of the

inp!t monocycles differing , dB in noise fig!re at RI3 N,./ dBLE($ 4s sho0n in Fig$ *? and Fig$

-+9 the higher the &2 amplit!de is9 the %etter the B;R is and the higher the po0er spectral

density is$ The po0er spectral density increases %y approximately @$= dB e"ery time the &2

po0er increases %y . dB$ For2 MZM

m higher than +$/9 B;R degrades significantly as the &2 pea1<

to<pea1 amplit!de is higher than2

V π

9 entering in another nonlinear part of the )) * transfer

f!nction$ In addition9 for2 MZM

m lo0er than approximately +$,=9 B;R degrades rapidly as2 MZM

m

decreases %eca!se the 3R of the generation system %ecomes dominated %y thermal noiseinstead of %y the amplified optical noise$ In addition9 there is a range of

1 MZM m 0ithin that the

B;R approximately maintains at its optim!m "al!e9 for higher "al!es of1 MZM

m 9 the B;R

degrades rapidly as the pea1<to<pea1 amplit!de of the inp!t monocycles exceeds the linear

(one of the )) , transfer f!nction appearing signal clipping9 and for lo0er "al!es of1 MZM

m 9

the B;R degrades rapidly as the 3R of the system %ecomes dominated %y thermal noise$ The

minim!m B;R is at2

0.48 MZM

m = of approximately ,+N.* at1

0.35 MZM

m = at RI3 N,./ dBLE(9 of

approximately ,+N.A at1

0.27 MZM

m = at RI3 N,// dBLE(9 and of approximately ,+N.@ at

1 0.35

MZM m = at ,A n4LE(,L*$

4 "aria%le optical atten!ator is inserted at the fi%re inp!t to sim!late the optical splitting and

distri%!tion losses in the system$ 2peration as a f!nction of the n!m%er of remote antenna

!nits is achie"ed %y ad>!sting the atten!ator atten!ation$ The n!m%er of remote antenna !nits

s!pported for a gi"en optical lin1 %!dget 7maxim!m atten!ation8 depends on the optical

splitting scheme$ For instance9 %y considering an optical splitter , × at the o!tp!t of the

optical generation system9 as sho0n in Fig$ *+9 N remote antenna !nits are s!pported and the

same 3R is recei"ed at the inp!t of all remote antenna !nits$ In this config!ration9 fi%res

0o!ld %e re:!ired to distri%!te the generated signal to the remote antenna !nits$ Passi"e

optical splitters are commercially a"aila%le !p to , × ,*A 0ith typical insertion loss of ,-$/ dB9

,=$/ dB9 *+ dB9 and *-$/ dB for , × ,=9 , × -*9 , × =.9 and , × ,*A9 respecti"ely ],@-^$ Theoptical lin1 %!dget depends on the optical po0er a"aila%le at the inp!t of the optical splitter$

The system performance has %een e"al!ated for the pre"io!s optim!m mod!lation indices of

)) , and )) * in Fig$ --9 increasing the optical po0er %y increasing the gain of the optical

amplifier %y @ dB 7from */ to -* dB8$ In addition9 performance has %een e"al!ated %y inserting

a second optical amplifier e:!al to the first one %efore the optical splitter$ In this case9 the gain

of the first amplifier is set to ,? dB to not exceed the maxim!m inp!t optical po0er of - dBm

of the second amplifier9 and the gain of the second amplifier is set to the maxim!m of *A dB$

The system performance has %een e"al!ated as a f!nction of the optical lin1 %!dget and

0ireless transmission distance$




A+

The 0ireless channel is sim!lated only considering free<space path losses incl!ding its

dependence on fre:!ency$ The antennas are sim!lated as a gain of *+ dB as *+ dBi is a typical

gain of commercially<a"aila%le horn antennas in the /+M@/ GE( %and 7e$g$ Kise0a"e9 4RE<

,/*+<+*9 - dB %eam0idth# ,*8 s!ita%le for the target in<flight application$

Fig$ -, sho0s performance as a f!nction of the atten!ation and optical amplification at

RI3 N,./ dBLE( and *+ n4LE(,L* noise of the inp!t monocycles for the %ac1<to<%ac1

config!ration 7direct connection %et0een point 7.8 in Fig$ -- and recei"er8$ The maxim!m

po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- is also indicated in Fig$ -, for one optical amplifier

at */ dB gain$ In Fig$ -,9 the performance is limited %y thermal noise for a larger n!m%er of

remote antenna !nits at a gi"en optical po0er$ Increasing the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits

degrades the B;R d!e to the red!ction in the 3R$ )oreo"er9 error<free operation is not

achie"ed 0itho!t optical amplification$ Increasing the optical po0er increases the n!m%er of

remote antenna !nits s!pported or impro"es the 3R in the case limited %y thermal noise

res!lting in impro"ed performance$ The minim!m B;R o%tained 0ith t0o amplifiers is not

degraded compared to the system 0ith one amplifier9 0hich indicates that no signal

degradation is ind!ced %y the second optical amplifier$ Performance is also sho0n in Fig$ -, at

RI3 N,// dBLE( or ,A n4LE(,L*

noise of the inp!t monocycles$ 4t lo0er optical noise9 the 3R%ecomes limited %y thermal noise at lo0er n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$

Fig$ -+$ im!lated maxim!m po0er spectral density at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- as a f!nction of the

mod!lation indices of the mod!lators and relati"e intensity noise$

0"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5-0

-75

-70

-#5

-#0

-55

-50

-%5-%0

-!5 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%

-1%5 B/*+ -155 B/*+

P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D e n s i t ( ) B m / M

* +

mM;M1

Fig$ *?$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of the mod!lation indices of the mod!lators and 7a8 relati"eintensity noise 7%8 noise of the inp!t monocycles$

0"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5-50

-%5

-%0

-!5

-!0

-$5

-$0

-15

-10 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%

-1%5 B/*+ -155 B/*+

3 2 ) B

E 9

mM;M10"1 0"$ 0"! 0"% 0"5

-50

-%5

-%0

-!5

-!0

-$5

-$0

-15

-10 0"1 0"1# 0"$5 0"%

$0 nA/*+1/$

1 nA/*+1/$

mM;M1

3 2 ) B

E 9

)a )b




A,

The maxim!m po0er spectral density decreases %y ,+ dB e"ery time the optical po0er

decreases %y / dB9 and decreases %y approximately ,$= dB at RI3 N,// dBLE( 0ith respect to

RI3 N,./ dBLE(9 or %y +$* dB at noise of the inp!t monocycles ,A n4LE( ,L* 0ith respect to

*+ n4LE(,L*$ In case of employing t0o optical amplifiers9 the maxim!m po0er spectral density

decreases %y ,+ dB e"ery time the gain decreases %y /$-/ dB$

Performance as a f!nction of the 0ireless transmission distance and optical noise at a gi"en

optical amplification and lin1 %!dget is compared in Fig$ -*$ The higher the optical po0er is9

either the longer the 0ireless range is for error<free operation at a gi"en n!m%er of remote

antenna !nits or the higher the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits is at a gi"en 0ireless range$

For instance9 at =. remote antenna !nits9 the range increases from -$* m to *+ m %y increasing

the optical amplification from */ dB to -* dB or at ,*A remote antenna !nits9 the range

increases from /$= m to ,.?$= m %y increasing the optical amplification from -* dB 0ith one

amplifier to .@ dB 0ith t0o amplifiers$

Fig$ -*$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of the 0ireless distance d and optical noise comparing opticalamplification and lin1 %!dget$ The B;R limit for error<free operation is sho0n "ia a hori(ontal dashed line$

1 EDA $5 B C $0 B 1 EDA !$ B C $0 B 1 EDA !$ B C $5 B $ EDA C $5 B $ EDA C !0 B $ EDA C !5 B $ EDA C %0 B

0 5 10 15 $0 $5 !0 !5 %0 %5-50-%5

-%0-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10-5

-155 B/*+

1 nA/*+1/$

3 2 ) B E 9

$0 32)m

Fig$ -,$ im!lated B;R as a f!nction of optical losses9 optical amplification9 relati"e intensity noise9 andnoise of the inp!t monocycles$

0 5 10 15 $0 $5 !0 !5 %0 %5-50-%5-%0-!5-!0-$5-$0

-15-10-5

-!8 -%8 -58 -#8 -78 -8

-155 B/*+1 nA/*+1/$

Per 6.ectra3 Densit( )Bm/M*+

3 2 ) B E 9

Atten'atin )B

1 EDA $5 B 1 EDA !$ B $ EDA




A-

Ta%le 5III$ ystem parameters

De"ice Description 6haracteristics

4mp , Picosecond P!lse &a%s9 Dri"er4mplifier /A=/

Gain# -. dB3oise fig!re# = dB

&PF )ini<6irc!its9 5&P<., -<dB %and0idth# .$, GE(&oss _*+ dB k /$= GE(

6K Fi%ernet 6enter 0a"elength# ,//?$A nm4"erage po0er# ,. dBm

)) , 6o"ega9 )ach<.+ ++/ -<dB %and0idth# -/ GE(

5π# -$@ 5

;DF4 4monics9 4;DF4<-+<B at!ration po0er# -+ dBm3oise fig!re# . dBInp!t po0er# N= M - dBm

2BPF Tecos9 F6<,/@+ B<*<, -<dB %and0idth# , nm

)) * 6orning<2TI9 .+ G%Ls -<dB %and0idth# -+ GE(

5π# / 5

PD !*t Photonics9 PD5-,*+R<5F<F6 -<dB %and0idth# @/ GE(Responsi"ity# +$=- 4LKDar1 c!rrent# -$/ n4Thermal noise# ,+ p4LE(4"erage inp!t ,- dBm

&34 Tera%eam<hxi9 E&345<*=* Band0idth# // M =/ GE(Gain# ,A$@ dBP,dB# ,+$/ dBm3oise fig!re# .$/ dBKR<,/ connectors

BPF , Kise0a"e9 PFB<,/=+/+.+<+, -<dB %and0idth# /@$/ M =*$/ GE(Re>ection# .+ dB k /* GE(9 =A GE(

Pass%and insertion loss# ,$/ dBEP4 Tera%eam<hxi9 EEP45<*** Band0idth# // M =/ GE(

Gain# *A$@ dBP,dB# ,.$/ dBm

BPF * pace1 &a%s9 F=+<,+ -<dB %and0idth# /=$*= M =* GE(Re>ection# *. dB k // GE(9 ** dB k=-$@/ GE(Pass%and insertion loss# ,$, dB

. 4cti"e fre:!encym!ltiplier

Tera%eam<hxi9 E4F)5.<,/A 2!tp!t fre:!ency# /A$= M =*$* GE(Inp!t po0er# ,+ dBm)ax o!tp!t po0er# ,/ dBmKR<,/9 )4 connectors

)ixer pace1 &a%s9 )=+<,+ RF %and0idth# // M =/ GE(IF %and0idth# D6 M ,+ GE(6on"ersion loss# .$= dB&2 po0er# ,A dBmKR<,/9 )4 connectors

;lectrical signalanaly(er

Rohdebch0art(9 F[.+ ? 1E( M .+ GE(;xternal harmonic mixer# .+ M =+ GE(9*. dB con"ersion loss

D64 4gilent A=,++69 EPA-.A,4 andEPA-.A*4

;lectrical %and0idth# ,*$. GE(2ptical %and0idth# -+ GE(

BPF ,%

7see ection -$-$-8

pace1 &a%s9 F=+</ - dB %and0idth# /A$,*/ M =,$A@/ GE(

Re>ection# *+ dB k /@$/ GE(9 *? dB k=*$/ GE(Pass%and insertion loss# ,$, dB




A.

!%se:!ently9 fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of the optical Ga!ssian monocycles employing lo0<

fre:!ency electrooptic components is performed$ 4 &2 at ,.$*/ GE( is do!%led in fre:!ency

and amplified to ,. dBm$ The res!lting *A$/ GE( signal is mod!lated 0ith the optical Ga!ssian

monocycles in a )) 7)) * in Fig$ --8 %iased at the minim!m transmission point to perform

optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation$ Ga!ssian monocycles !p<con"erted to /@ GE(

7* W *A$/ GE(8 are o%tained after photodetection at the remote antenna !nit$ The

photodetector o!tp!t is co!pled to a lo0<noise amplifier %y a KR,/ adapter9 and then a %and<

pass filter is employed to filter the =+ GE( %and$ Fig$ -= sho0s the electrical spectr!m of the

UKB Ga!ssian monocycles in the =+ GE( %and to %e radiated at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- after

transmission o"er ,++ m of )F$ In practice9 the resid!al RF carrier at /@ GE( has to %e

filtered as it may limit the dynamic range of the recei"er as 0ell as the po0er le"els reg!lated

in the =+ GE( %and9 0hich are s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I5$

To "erify the appropriate operation9 direct demod!lation 70ith no air transmission8 of the

/@ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is performed %y electrical heterodyne recei"er9 as sho0n in

Fig$ --$ The recei"ed /@ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is amplified %y a high<po0er amplifier9

%and<pass filtered9 and do0n<con"erted employing %road%and electrical mixing 0ith a &2

signal at /@ GE($ The &2 signal is generated %y fre:!ency :!adr!pling of the same &2 signal

employed at the transmitter$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper phase matching

for acc!rate do0n<con"ersion$ Fig$ -@ sho0s the do0n<con"erted signal meas!red at point 7/8

in Fig$ -- after transmission o"er ,++ m of )F$ In Fig$ -@7c89 the original data pattern can %e

easily recogni(ed$ The :!ality of the do0n<con"erted signal is e"al!ated from the Q<factor

parameter meas!red in the eye diagram only on the positi"e part of the Ga!ssian monocycle$In this 0ay9 the scope considers the p!lse as a R p!lse and can meas!re Q<factor$

Fig$ -/$ 2ptical Ga!ssian monocycles meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ --$

Time )s, 500 .s/i@ P e r ) W , $

0 0 ' W / i @

Fig$ -.$ Ga!ssian monocycles meas!red at point 7,8 in Fig$ --$ 7a8 ignal in time domain$ 7%8 ;lectricalspectr!m 7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$

0"0 $" 5"# "% 11"$ 1%"0-50

-%0-!0

-$0

-10

0

10

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+)a )bTime )s, 500 .s/i@

A m . 3 i t ' e

) , 5 0 0 m / i @




A/

;xcellent :!ality of the do0n<con"erted signal 0ith a Q<factor of approximately @ is o%tained$

This :!ality corresponds to a maxim!m ;IRP density of approximately N,/ dBmL)E( 0hen a

gain of *+ dBi of a typical =+ GE( antenna is considered$ This ;IRP le"el is 0ell %elo0

,- dBmL)E( as of c!rrent =+ GE( reg!lation$ 3ote that no signal degradation is o%tained after

,++ m )F transmission compared 0ith the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$

&.&. 8ec!noeconomic analysis

The =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re photonic generation demonstrated in ection -$-$.

distri%!tes the same signal9 from a single so!rce9 to all seats in the plane targeting to distri%!teED m!ltimedia contents$

Fig$ -@$ Do0n<con"erted imp!lse<radio UKB Ga!ssian monocycles after ,++ m )F transmission9meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ --$ 7a8 Time<domain p!lses 7time span# / ns8$ 7%8 ;lectrical spectr!m7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$ 7c8 Time<domain p!lses 7time span# *+ ns8 sho0ing the original datapattern$ 7d8 ;ye diagram$

Fig$ -=$ ;lectrical spectr!m of the imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and after ,++ m )Ftransmission9 meas!red at point 7.8 in Fig$ -- 7resol!tion %and0idth# -++ 1E(8$

5#"0 5#" 57"# 5"% 58"$ #0"0-80

-0

-70

-#0

-50

-%0

-!0

re&'enc( )G*+ P e r 6 . e c t r a 3 D

e n s i t ( ) B m / M * +




A=

UKB is a short<range 7KP438 "ery high data rate technology$ o the simplest recei"er is of the

!tmost interest d!e to cost and relia%ility parameters$ 6entrali(ed optical fre:!ency !p<

con"ersion appears as an interesting lo0<cost sol!tion compared to perform %road%and

electronic mixing 0ith a =+ GE( &2 in each remote antenna !nit of the radio<o"er<fi%re system$

In this ection9 the cost of the =+ GE( UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system demonstrated in ection

-$-$. %ased on photonic generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion at the central !nit9 sho0n in

Fig$ ,A and Fig$ --9 is compared 0ith an all<electrical approach %ased on con"entional

transmission o"er fi%re of digital %ase%and data and f!rther UKB generation and fre:!ency

!p<con"ersion at remote antenna !nits in the electrical domain9 as sho0n in Fig$ -A$ The cost

analysis is %ased on real costs of commercially a"aila%le de"ices 7as of 3o"em%er *++?8$

The o"erall cost of %oth systems as a f!nction of the n!m%er of remote antenna !nits is

s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I$ The cost is also compared in Fig$ -?$ The electrooptic con"ersion9

optical amplification9 optical splitting9 fi%re interconnections and lo0<noise amplification areconsidered to %e the same in %oth systems9 sho0n in Fig$ -- and Fig$ -A as the grey<filled area$

The cost of the lo0<pass filter9 optical %and<pass filter9 and %and<pass filter ,9 is not considered

in the analysis$

The order in 0hich the mod!lations9 )) , and )) * in Fig$ --9 ha"e %een performed9

permits to perform the electrooptic con"ersion %y direct mod!lation of laser diodes at relati"e

lo0 cost and performance depends critically on the selected laser$ Khile at higher cost9 the

scheme employing external )) can generate higher mod!lated po0er res!lting in higher

3R compared to direct mod!lation schemes$ 4 ,+ G%Ls transmitter pac1aging a laser diode

and a )) for costLperformance ratio %etter than the alternati"e separated components has%een considered in the cost analysis$

Fig$ -A$ ;lectrical approach of the =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re system according to Fig$ *+ to %e compared0ith the photonic approach in Fig$ --$

M;M 1

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Ta%le I and Fig$ -?$ In addition9 an ade:!ate chirped FBG is considered for p!lse stretching at

lo0er cost than %y ,+ 1m of )F employed in the experiment$ 4 ,+ G%Ls differential

photorecei"er incl!ding one photodiode is considered at m!ch lo0er cost than a .- G%Ls

photorecei"er comprising t0o photodiodes9 as employed in the experiment$

Fre:!ency do!%ling and f!rther amplification for optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion co!ld %e

performed %y an acti"e fre:!ency do!%ler9 0hich is a"aila%le in lo0<cost monolithic

micro0a"e integrated circ!it 7))I68 technology$ 4 commercial "oltage<controlled oscillator

))I6 chip is considered as 0ell$ The !nit price of these ))I6 chips is !nder /+ at _ ten

!nits$ The pac1aging of a ))I6 chip into a mod!le 0ith connectors increases the price %y

,+++$

The cost of the remote antenna !nits in %oth systems is o%tained %y s!mming !p the costs of

their constit!ti"e parts9 considering indi"id!al chips9 0hich9 in practice9 0o!ld %e integrated

into a single mod!le red!cing significantly costs %eca!se of the red!ced pac1aging costs$

3e"ertheless9 the n!m%er of interconnects and pac1aging of the mod!le critically impact the

performance and o"erall cost of %oth systems$

The o"erall cost of the radio<o"er<fi%re approach critically depends on the cost of the =+ GE(

photodetector at the remote antenna !nits9 0hich depends on the type of pac1aging9 as 0ell

as se"eral other factors9 s!ch as minim!m specifications and the type of testing or ass!rances$

6!rrently9 fe0 man!fact!rers prod!ce photodetectors capa%le of 0or1ing in the =+ GE( %and

in high "ol!me$ The mar1et of these photodetectors has not mat!red yet$ The application

herein proposed 0o!ld not re:!ire the !ltimate specifications of the high<performance

photodetector employed in the experiment$ The !nit price of the photodetector considered in

the cost analysis corresponds to that of a chip 0ith connector !pon the end of a fi%re optical

ca%le 0ith a g!aranteed - dB %and0idth _/+ GE( and ,+ dB %and0idth _=+ GE(9 high

maxim!m responsi"ity _+$/= 4LK9 and polari(ation dependent loss 7PD&8 +$, dB$ In addition9

this photodetector feat!res excellent p!lse response and high optical po0er capa%ility$ 4s

sho0n in Ta%le I9 the !nit price of the photodetector is significantly %etter for high :!antities$

It sho!ld %e noted that a c!rrency change of , q ,$./ UD has %een considered for the price

of the =+ GE( photodetector$

In Ta%le I9 the cost of a photodetector 0ith coaxial pac1aging incl!ding fi%re connector at

- dB %and0idth _*$/ GE( is considered to e"al!ate the cost of the remote antenna !nits in theelectrical scheme$

To the %est of o!r 1no0ledge9 imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters capa%le of pro"iding the m!lti<

G%Ls 0ireless comm!nication re:!ired %y m!ltimedia streaming in KP43 applications are not

commercially a"aila%le$ 4 Ga!ssian monocycle generator consisting of an imp!lse generator

follo0ed %y an imp!lse forming net0or1 is a commercially a"aila%le sol!tion ]--^$ This imp!lse

generator re:!ires a cloc1 inp!t to generate imp!lses9 0hich can %e gated %y external data !p

to *$/ G%Ls$ 4ltho!gh the cost of this generator is significantly red!ced for high :!antities9 it

ma1es no sense to employ this generator at remote antenna !nits from the cost point of "ie0$

In addition9 fe0 electrical imp!lse<radio UKB transmitters 0ith giga%it mod!lation capa%ilitiesha"e %een demonstrated in the literat!re ]-,^9 ]-.^$ The single<chip prototype demonstrated




A?

in ]-,^ incl!des reconfig!ra%le and mod!lation capa%ilities !p to *$/ G%Ls$ This transmitter has

%een implemented in +$,A m 6)2 technology 0ith potential cost ad"antage$ Eo0e"er9

these circ!its employ complicated electronic circ!itry and are not easy to man!fact!re$

6ompared to all electrical transmitters9 the photonic generation of monocycles employed in

the proposed system in ection -$-$. has technical ad"antages9 as it is simple in operationprinciple9 easily reconfig!ra%le in data rate and %and0idth %eing capa%le of pro"iding 0ider

%and0idth and rates higher than *$/ G%Ls s!ita%le for f!t!re !pgrade9 0hile it is a%le to

pro"ide higher<:!ality p!lses$

In Ta%le I9 the cost of an electrical UKB transmitter %ased on 2FD) UKB transcei"ers9 0hich

are commercially a"aila%le9 is considered$ 4 n!m%er of standard<compliant 2FD) UKB

transcei"er chipsets at data rates !p to .A+ )%Ls are commercially a"aila%le$ For instance9

4lereon 4&/,++L4&/-++ chipsets are prod!ced in high "ol!me 7_,+ +++ !nits8 for the top<tier

P6 and cons!mer electronics "endors$ The !nit price of these chipsets is !nder ,+ at

tho!sands of chipsets 0itho!t neither nondisclos!re agreement9 nor "ol!me commitment$ Thecost of the electrical UKB transmitter considered in Ta%le I has %een o%tained %y s!mming

!p the cost of three 2FD) UKB chipsets9 pro"iding an aggregated data rate of ,$.. G%Ls9 and

the cost of a fo!r<port com%iner mod!le 0ith )4 connectors at .NA GE( fre:!ency range9

0hich 0o!ld %e employed to com%ine the o!tp!t of the three chipsets$ 4 !nit price of ,/+9

,++9 /+ and -+ of the 2FD) UKB chipset is ass!med !p to ,+9 ,++9 */+ and /++ !nits9

respecti"ely$

=+ GE( ))I6 dies are considered for the local oscillators9 mixers9 fre:!ency :!adr!plers and

lo0<noise amplifiers at remote antenna !nits at "ery lo0 cost !nder /+ at _ ten !nits$ The

cost of the oscillator and lo0<noise amplifier is the same in %oth systems !nder comparison$3ote that the =+ GE( ))I6 mixer and fre:!ency :!adr!pler exhi%it 0orse performance than

the corresponding prototype mod!les employed in the experiment$ )any =+ GE( ))I6

chipsets ha"e %een demonstrated ],A*^ and there are also commercially a"aila%le 7e$g$

;nd0a"e or Gotmic8$

From the cost comparison sho0n in Fig$ -?9 the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re approach presents

deployment cost e:!i"alent to cost associated to a con"entional %ase%and transmission

scheme %ased on electronics e"en considering that the radio<o"er<fi%re approach presented

here operates in the =+ GE( radio %and$ De"ices and s!%systems operation at =+ GE(9 mainly

the =+ GE( photodetector9 dri"e the %!dget in this case$ It is expected that 0hen =+ GE(technology %ecame mat!re9 radio<o"er<fi%re cost 0ill drop s!%stantially9 ma1ing the radio<

o"er<fi%re approach especially interesting for large co!nt deployments$ F!rthermore9 the

radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!e is ad"antageo!s in terms of transparency to the specific 0ireless

standard not re:!iring mod!lation at each remote antenna !nit9 large %and0idth9 more

flexi%ility in terms of %and0idth and data rate$




?+

&. -ualband generation by fre6uency s!ifting in remote

connectivity fibre

4n imp!lse<radio UKB photonic generation techni:!e %ased on fre:!ency shifting in the

remote connecti"ity fi%re in optical access net0or1s is proposed and analysed in this Ph$D$

thesis ]Bel,+%^9 ]Bel,,d^$ This techni:!e is %ased on optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation

com%ined 0ith fi%re chromatic dispersion targeting to o"ercome the %and0idth limitation of

optical !p<con"ersion9 0ith the ad"antage of %eing easily reconfig!ra%le generating

sim!ltaneo!sly different RF %ands$ 4 comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis is performed 0ith

special foc!s on capa%ilities for d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation paired 0ith experimental

demonstration at ,$*/ G%Ls$ =+ GE( 0ireless performance after optical generation and

transmission in ,*$/ 1m of )F is meas!red demonstrating error<free transmission at , m

radio distance$ The incl!sion of remote Ga!ssian monocycle p!lse shaping is also analysed inthis paper considering d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation$ P!lse<shaped d!al *. GE(L=+ GE(

generation is experimentally demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Transmission performance is

meas!red at *. GE( demonstrating error<free transmission$ The sim!lation analysis f!rther

indicates that the techni:!e is s!ita%le for UKB generation at higher RF %ands s!ch as the W <

%and 7@/N,,+ GE(8$ Practical implementation considerations and trade<offs 7e$g$9 in terms of

cost and n!m%er of remote antenna !nits s!pported8 of this system are also analysed %y

sim!lation sho0ing that the techni:!e is cost effecti"e$

&..1 Introduction

UKB radio transmissions ha"e %een allocated in the fre:!ency range from -$, to ,+$= GE( ],^$

UKB can also operate in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar short<range radar applications ]*^$

UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and is an open opport!nity to o"ercome coexistence iss!es

0ith other radio technologies operating in the same fre:!ency %and9 s!ch as -$/ GE( Ki)4

and / GE( Ki<Fi$ UKB %and0idth in c!rrent reg!lation 7!p to @$/ GE(8 can %e allocated "ery

0ell in the !nlicensed fre:!ency range reg!lated for generic =+ GE( radio 0orld0ide#

/@N== GE( in ;!rope and 4!stralia9 /@N=. GE( in the U$$ and 6anada9 /?N== GE( in apan$

F!rthermore9 UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to increase the mean ;IRP density

from N.,$- dBmL)E( as in c!rrent UKB reg!lation 0orld0ide to ,- dBmL)E( as permitted in

reg!lation in force in the %and ],@^$ This permits extending UKB reach pro"ided the *+ dB

higher free<space path loss in the =+ GE( %and is compensated$ 3e"ertheless9 the atmospheric

atten!ation in the =+ GE( %and of !p to approximately -+ dBL1m f!rther limits o!tdoor reach

],A^$ UKB radio<o"er<fi%re transmission has %een indicated as a rapid and cost<effecti"e

sol!tion to deli"er high<%and0idth ser"ices in FTTE net0or1s ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^9 as disc!ssed in

ection *$/$.$ =+ GE( UKB targets to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 connecti"ity in s!ch home

en"ironments ]Bel,+c^9 as proposed in ection .$ =+ GE( UKB also targets en"ironments

0here interference is a critical iss!e li1e aircrafts9 telecomm!nication operators9 and

go"ernment premises ]Bel+?a^9 as proposed in ection -$-$



-$. D!al<%and generation %y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re

?,

4 n!m%er of imp!lse<radio UKB<o"er<fi%re systems ha"e %een demonstrated in different RF

%ands9 as s!mmari(ed in Ta%le I$ In the -$,N,+$= GE( %and9 0ireless distances %elo0 , m ha"e

%een demonstrated meeting reg!lation in the U$$ and employing 22H mod!lation !p to

-$,*/ G%Ls for optical access net0or1s$ In the =+ GE( %and9 !p to .+ 1m of )F and / m

0ireless transmission has %een demonstrated employing BPH mod!lation at ,$.. G%Ls]Bel,+c^9 as demonstrated in ection .$,9 or !p to =$/ 1m of )F and * m employing 22H at

-$,*/ G%Ls ]Bel,,%^9 as demonstrated in ection .$*$ Finally9 an optical system operating in the

@/N,,+ GE( %and 7W <%and8 has %een demonstrated !p to ,$= m of 0ireless distance

employing 22H mod!lation at *$/ G%Ls and a dispersion<compensated lin1 for high<density

!ser in<%!ilding applications ]/?^$

This Ph$D$ thesis targets to pro"ide a comprehensi"e sim!lation analysis paired 0ith

s!pporting experimental 0or1 in order to in"estigate the technical aspects and possi%le

config!rations of a m!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB optical generation tailored for UKB<o"er<

fi%re transmission in optical access net0or1s$

The principle of operation of the proposed techni:!e is presented in ection -$.$-$ ection

-$.$. descri%es sim!lation 0or1 demonstrating m!lti%and capa%ilities and addressing practical

considerations$ D!al<%and operation is experimentally demonstrated in ection -$.$/

employing t0o different system config!rations$ ;na%ling technologies for a simple and cost<

effecti"e practical implementation of the UKB<o"er<fi%re system are disc!ssed in ection

-$.$=$

&..2 Integrating multiband o"eration in t!e o"tical access network

Fig$ .+ depicts the application scenario considering optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB

signals and radio<o"er<fi%re transmission thro!gh the remote connecti"ity fi%re in a FTTE

net0or1$ Photonic generation of imp!lse<radio UKB is capa%le of sim!ltaneo!sly generate

UKB signals in different RF %ands9 ranging from %ase%and to millimetre<0a"e$ In this 0ay9 the

same UKB signal can sim!ltaneo!sly pro"ide a 0ide "ariety of f!nctionalities ]Bel,+%^$ The

proposed optical generation techni:!e can %e integrated in FTTE net0or1s to deli"er =+ GE(

ser"ices s!ch as high<speed data and ED a!dioL"ideo streaming9 and also to pro"ide

connecti"ity to an UKB<ena%led cell phone operating in the standard -$,M,+$= GE( %and9 as

depicted in Fig$ .+$

In ]Bel,,d^9 0e f!rther in"estigate %y sim!lation the capa%ilities of UKB o"er fi%re to

sim!ltaneo!sly generate an imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the *. GE( %and for "ehic!lar radar

and infrastr!ct!re<to<car comm!nications applications ser"ed %y an optical access

infrastr!ct!re9 as is also depicted in Fig$ .+$

The proposed UKB<o"er<fi%re generation scheme re:!ires !p<con"ersion at a central !nit9

Eead<end in Fig$ .+9 and f!rther fre:!ency shifting to different RF %ands$ This is performed %y

different total dispersion in the fi%re lin1s pro"iding remote connecti"ity$ In addition9 d!al

*. GE(L=+ GE( %and generation is experimentally demonstrated employing a different system

config!ration and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping at *. GE( remote antenna !nits$




?*

Performing simple ad>!sta%le p!lse shaping remotely is proposed to flexi%ly adapt the UKB

spectr!m to different fi%re dispersion$ Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping can pro"ide spectr!mflexi%ility and co!ld permit to radiate the %ase%and signal9 0hich is also a"aila%le after

photodetection9 in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and employing commercially a"aila%le antennas ]*.^$

3ote that this 0or1 is foc!sed on d!al *. GE(L=+ GE( %and operation$ 3e"ertheless9

m!lti%and operation is also addressed in this 0or1 considering higher fre:!ency %ands9 in

partic!lar the @/N,,+ GE( %and$ Eigher fre:!ency %ands sho0 larger potential %and0idths

a"aila%le and lo0er atmospheric atten!ation 0hich co!ld extend 0ireless reach$ This approach

co!ld %e alternati"ely implemented introd!cing optical UKB generation in the FTTE

residential gate0ay9 RG in Fig$ .+9 pro"ided an in<home optical distri%!tion net0or1 is in place

th!s red!cing the potential impact of fail!re in the central head<end !nit$

&..& 9rinci"le of o"eration

Fig$ ., sho0s the techni:!e proposed for generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the

optical domain$ 4t the head<end !nit9 transform<limited optical p!lses 0ith p!lse0idtho

T and

optical %and0idth ∆λ are chirped and stretched in time to1 IN t

T Dλ = ∆ ⋅ in a first dispersi"e

element 0ith total dispersion1t

D $ The generation techni:!e relies on the con"ersion of the

spectral components of the p!lsed laser to time domain 70a"elength<to<time mapping8$ This is

performed in the first dispersi"e element as long as the condition..

2

00 | |φ <<T is met9 0here

..

0φ

is the first<order dispersion coefficient ],A-^$ The spectrally<resol"ed p!lses is the imp!lse<

radio signal 0hich is mod!lated 0ith a &2 signal 0ith fre:!ency LO

f in an intensity electrooptic

mod!lator to perform fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ The mod!lated imp!lse<radio signal is

dispersed in a second dispersi"e element 0ith total dispersion2t

D for f!rther fre:!ency

shifting$ The second dispersi"e element stretches or compresses the imp!lse<radio en"elope

%y a factor2 1

1 /t t

M D D= + 9 res!lting in f!rther fre:!ency do0n<shifting or !p<shifting9

respecti"ely$ Time stretching is performed 0hen1t

D and2t

D ha"e the same sign 7 1> M 8

0hereas the en"elope is compressed in time 0hen1t

D and2t

D ha"e opposite sign 7 0 1≤ < M 8

],A.^$ Time compression or stretching of a time<re"ersed "ersion of the imp!lse<radio

en"elope is performed 0hen1t

D and2t

D ha"e opposite sign so that 1 0− < < M or 1 M < − 9

respecti"ely ],A/^$ The en"elope is the time<re"ersed "ersion of the original en"elope at

1 M = − 7nor time compression or stretching8$

Fig$ .+$ Radio<o"er<fi%re system integrating optical access net0or1 and o!tdoorLin<%!ilding radiotransmission of m!lti%and m!lti<G%Ls imp!lse<radio UKB for se"eral applications$




?-

This chirped micro0a"e amplit!de mod!lation techni:!e 0ith matched dispersion has %een

demonstrated for se"eral applications ],A.^9 ],A=^$ 6hirped optical p!lses that are amplit!de<

mod!lated %y a micro0a"e signal ha"e %een !sed for fre:!ency shifting of the micro0a"e

signal ],A.^$ The techni:!e has also %een !sed to increase the sampling rate and inp!t

%and0idth of electronic analog!e<to<digital con"erters ],A=^$ The application of the techni:!e

for radio o"er fi%re 0ith m!lti%and capa%ilities is proposed in this Ph$D$ thesis$ In this

application9 the same fi%re employed to pro"ide remote connecti"ity9 e$g$ )F in FTTE

net0or1s9 is employed as second dispersi"e element$ The !se of optical carrier s!ppression

mod!lation %y %iasing a )) at the minim!m transmission point is also proposed for this

application$ This red!ces RF po0er fading ind!ced %y fi%re chromatic dispersion at expense of

red!ced po0er ],.-^$ RF po0er fading limits &2 fre:!ency 0itho!t employing dispersioncompensation ],A=^$ 2ptical carrier s!ppression also relaxes fre:!ency re:!irement of the !p<

con"ersion stage for fre:!ency shifting to the same centre fre:!ency in the same remote fi%re$

This fre:!ency re:!irement is f!rther relaxed 0hen time compression is performed th!s

effecti"ely red!cing cost$ F!rthermore9 t0o RF %ands centred at / LO

f M and 2 / LO

f M ⋅ are

generated in the same remote fi%re after photodetection 0hen optical carrier s!ppression

mod!lation is employed$ This ena%les !p<con"ersion to the same centre fre:!ency in t0o

remote fi%res 0ith different total dispersion from the same head<end !nit 0itho!t employing

dispersion compensation$ T0o additional total dispersions are possi%le for this p!rpose 0hen

the corresponding time<re"ersed "ersions are generated9 i$e$ the same "al!e of 0ithopposite sign is employed$

In order to generate at a gi"en centre fre:!ency sim!ltaneo!sly %y total dispersions of remote

fi%re %eyond the fo!r cases disc!ssed a%o"e9 dispersion co!ld %e managed %y adding remote

dispersion compensation$ This can %e of interest in FTTE net0or1s 0here different distances

exist from the central head<end !nit to the remote antenna !nits9 the n!m%er of central

head<end !nits %eing a trade<off for a high<n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$ Remote

dispersion compensation co!ld %e centrali(ed in residential gate0ays9 RG in Fig$ .+9 to simplify

remote antenna !nits and red!ce cost$ Eo0e"er9 the "ariation in the in<home fi%re lengths

co!ld ind!ce performance degradation limiting splitting ratios in FTTE to s!pport more !sers$4t the remote antenna !nits9 R4U in Fig$ .,9 the imp!lse<radio UKB signals are

Fig$ .,$ chematic diagram of the photonic techni:!e for RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation %ased onfre:!ency shifting %y the dispersi"e fi%re pro"iding remote connecti"ity$

2 11 /t t M D D= + $

*EAD-END UNTUWB .'3ses

'.-cn@erte tan

Dis.ersi@ee3ement

:4ir.e .'3se

Dis.ersi@eiber

P'3se3aser

Transrm-3imite.'3ses

9AU

9EM<TE:<NNE:TTI

λ λ λ λ

= ⋅ 1JIN t T λ D IN T = ⋅OUT IN T M T

t t t t

1t D $t D/LOf M

LOf

$ /LOf M

Time-cm.resse .'3se




?.

photodetected9 amplified9 filtered9 and radiated to the end<!ser terminals$ The %ase%and

signal is also a"aila%le after photodetection9 0hich can %e !sed either for a 0ired connecti"ity

employing a lo0<speed recei"er or for UKB 0ireless connecti"ity in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and9

sho0n in Fig$ .+9 pro"ided ade:!ate p!lse shaping is performed in the system ]*@^$

The !se of IDF for fre:!ency shifting and remote connection poses an interesting sol!tion for

m!lti%and generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals performing %oth time compression and

time stretching from the same head<end !nit$ 6ompared 0ith D6F9 IDF is more s!ita%le for

optical transmission ],=?^$

&.. Simulation analysis

4 model of the photonic generation techni:!e depicted in Fig$ ., has %een de"eloped

employing the sim!lation tool 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion A$-8$ The sim!lation model has

%een employed to design the system for the experimental demonstrations reported in ection

-$.$/9 ta1ing into acco!nt the operation principle disc!ssed in ection -$.$-$ The sim!lation

model has %een "erified from experimental meas!rements9 as sho0n in ection -$.$/$

)!lti%and generation capa%ilities of the RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation techni:!e ha"e

%een in"estigated %y sim!lation employing the experimental head<end !nit in ection -$.$/$

F!rthermore9 the infl!ence of UKB p!lse shape has %een analysed incl!ding Ga!ssian<

monocycle shaping in the system$ The operational limits employing %oth Ga!ssian and

Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shapes ha"e also %een in"estigated %y sim!lation considering

imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE(9 =+ GE(9 and @/N,,+ GE( %ands$

In sim!lation9 hyper%olic<secant p!lses mod!lated 0ith data at ,$*/ G%Ls are generated at,//+ nm %y an optical p!lse transmitter$ The p!lses ha"e * ps FKE) and ,$*@ nm of - dB

%and0idth9 as in the experiments in ection -$.$/$ Dispersi"e fi%re is considered as first

dispersi"e element$ 4 dispersion coefficient of ,@ psLnmL1m at ,//+ nm is considered for

remote )F$

/imultaneous multiand generation in di))erent remote )ires in $,,H

netors

The capa%ility of the techni:!e in Fig$ ., of generating imp!lse<radio UKB signals in different RF

%ands %y remote fi%res 0ith different total dispersion from the same head<end !nit has %eenin"estigated %y sim!lation$ The analysis is foc!sed on the *. GE(9 =+ GE(9 and @/N,,+ GE(

%ands$ )!lti%and generation from the head<end !nit config!red as in the =+ GE( experiment in

ection -$.$/ is herein demonstrated$ The optical %and pass filter 72BPF8 limiting the optical

%and0idth in the experiment is modelled as a Ga!ssian filter 0ith +$A nm of - dB %and0idth$

UKB %and0idth centred at 2 / LO

f M ⋅ can %e generated %y ,*$= 1m of remote )F for =+ GE(9

as sho0n in Fig$ .*7%8 and %y ,@ 1m of remote )F for ?-$@/ GE(9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7c8$ Up<

con"ersion to a centre fre:!ency of */ GE( can %e performed %y / 1m of remote IDF 0ith a

dispersion coefficient of N,@ psLnmL1m at ,//+ nm9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7a8$ 2ther IDF lengths are

s!pported pro"ided IDF 0ith a different dispersion coefficient is employed ],=?^$




?/

In addition9 a centre fre:!ency of / LO

f M can %e generated %y ,+ 1m of remote )F for

*/ GE(9 as sho0n in Fig$ .*7d8 %y ,A$A 1m of remote )F for =+ GE( and %y *, 1m of remote

)F for ?-$@/ GE($ The corresponding lengths of remote )F 0hen time re"ersal is

performed are // 1m and .+ 1m for */ GE(9 -@$. 1m and -,$* 1m for =+$=*/ GE(9 and -- 1m and

*? 1m for ?-$@/ GE(9 respecti"ely$ This demonstrates that the techni:!e can operate 0ith

remote )F 0ith length exceeding typical FTTE distances$ The n!m%er of central head<end

!nits can %e red!ced %y increasing the reach of the passi"e FTTE net0or1$ The goal is to red!ce

operating expenses$ Eo0e"er9 long fi%re distances can ind!ce RF po0er fading and also red!ce

splitting ratio th!s red!cing n!m%er of remote antenna !nits ser"ed %y a head<end !nit$

Different total dispersion of remote fi%re can ind!ce different UKB %and0idth and tolerance

to "ariation in the total dispersion of remote fi%re9 as sho0n in Ta%le $ The smallest UKB

%and0idth limits the maxim!m data rate 0hich can %e pro"ided %y the head<end !nit in

different RF %ands sim!ltaneo!sly$ The higher the total dispersion of remote fi%re9 the UKB

spectr!m is more sensiti"e to the "ariation in the total lin1 dispersion 0hich can %e ind!ced %y

inacc!racy in the location of remote antenna !nits and %y the thermal sensiti"ity of the

dispersion coefficient of remote fi%re$ The higher the temperat!re "ariations9 the lo0er the

performance and therefore the n!m%er of !sers s!pported 0itho!t employing adapti"e

dispersion compensation co!ld %e red!ced$ The maxim!m permissi%le performancedegradation 0ill determine the maxim!m in<home fi%re distance to centrali(e remote fi%re

length compensation in residential gate0ays$ For instance9 for the config!ration in Ta%le 9

performance does not "ary significantly in the =+ GE( %and for a "ariation in the remote )F

length of .++ m$ By considering the e:!i"alent "ariation in the total dispersion of remote fi%re9

this co!ld co"er typical in<%!ilding connections to simple remote antenna !nits 0hile

tolerating reasona%le temperat!re changes$

The operational limits of the proposed techni:!e ha"e %een in"estigated %y sim!lation$ Ta%le

I incl!des some examples of system parameters for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the

*. GE( %and9 in the =+ GE( %and as 0ell as in the @/N,,+ GE( %and$ 3ote the infl!ence ofoptical %and0idth on UKB %and0idth at 15

LO f GHz = %y comparing 0ith Ta%le $

Fig$ .*$ Pea1 spectr!m sim!lated at the o!tp!t of the photodetector in Fig$ ., for - dB filtered%and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion 1 425 /t D ps nm= − 9 15 LO GHz = 9 and 7a8 remote IDF 0ith dispersion

2 85 /t D ps nm= − 7%8 ,*$= 1m remote )F 7c8 ,@ 1m remote )F 7d8 ,+ 1m remote )F$




?=

Gaussian-monoc*cle pulse s'aping

RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation employing Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping has %een

in"estigated$ The Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is performed at the remote antenna !nit in Fig$

., %ased on a differential photorecei"er 0hose o!tp!ts are com%ined after ad>!sting their

relati"e time delay τ ]Bel+?a^9 as proposed in ection -$*$-$ This permits to ad>!st UKB

%and0idth %y changing the delay depending on the remote fi%re dispersion$ The Ga!ssian<

monocycle shaping introd!ces n!lls in the spectr!m9 as sho0n in Fig$ .-9 0hich are dependent

on the relati"e time delay τ $

Ta%le I$ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at optical %and0idth 1.27nmλ ∆ = and dispersion

1 425 /t D ps nm= −

LO7GE(8 Remote )F

&ength 71m8

UKB ,+ dB fre:!ency range 7GE(8

/ ,/9 -/ *-$@/ M *=$*/

/ *+$A9 *?$* // M =/9 */ M --$@/

/ *-$=/9 *=$-/ @A$@/ M ,+=$*/

/ **$-9 *@$@ A-$@/ M ,+,$*/9 -/ M .A$@/

,+ ,/9 -/ *-$@/ M *=$*/9 .A$@/ M /,$*/

,/ ,+9 .+ *-$@/ M *=$*/9 .A$@/ M /,$*/

,/ ,A$@/9 -,$*/ /@$/ M =-$@/

,/ ,*$/9 -@$/ /A$@/ M =,$*/9 *A$@/ M -,$*/

,/ *,$*/9 *A$@/ ?=$*/ M ,+=$*/

,/ ,@$/9 -*$/ ?@$/ M ,+*$/9 .A$@/ M /*$/

Ta%le $ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at filtered %and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion

1 425 /t D ps nm= − 9 and 15 LO GHz =

Remote Total

Dispersion

2t D 7psLnm8

Remote Fi%re

&ength 71m8

UKB ,+ dB

fre:!ency

range 7GE(8N-+$= M N./$? ,$A N *$@

a *=$*/ N *A$@/

N.@$= M N@.$A *$A N .$. a */ N *@$/

N@=$/ M N,+* .$/ N = a *-$@/ N *=$*/

,==$= M ,@-$. ?$A N ,+$* **$/ N *@$/

,@/$, M ,A+$* ,+$- N ,+$= **$/ N *A$@/

,A,$? M ,A-$= ,+$@ N ,+$A *-$@/ N *A$@/

*,-$-/ M *,/$? ,*$// N ,*$@ /@$/ N =-$@/

*,=$@/ M *,A$./ ,*$@/ N ,*$A/ /@$/ N =/

*,?$- M **+$,/ ,*$? N ,*$?/ /A$@/ N =/

*=/$* ,/$= @/ N A-$@/

*@* ,= @A$@/ N A@$/

*A+$/ ,=$/ A*$/ N ?-$@/

*A? ,@ A@$/ N ?A$@/

*?@$/ ,@$/ ?-$@/ N ,+=$*/aIDF 0ith N,@ psLnmL1m$ The rest of fi%re lengths correspond to )F$




?@

The Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shaping ena%les the generation of m!ltiple RF %ands in the

same remote fi%re as the spectr!m lo%es can %e filtered indi"id!ally$ For instance9 the *. GE(

%and9 the =+ GE( %and and the @/N,,+ GE( %and9 as sho0n in Fig$ .-7%8$ The %and0idth of thespectr!m lo%es is dependent on the p!lse0idth

OUT T in Fig$ ., and the monocycle delay τ $

F!rthermore9 sim!lation res!lts sho0 that the spectr!m of the RF Ga!ssian<monocycle signal

is symmetric and centred at 2 / LO

f M ⋅ 7or / LO

f M 8 at certain e:!al<spaced "al!es of the

monocycle delay τ $ These "al!es are dependent on the &2 fre:!ency LO

f and the length of

the remote )F performing the fre:!ency shifting$ 3ote that in Fig$ .-9 there is o"erlapping

%et0een the %ase%and and the fre:!ency %and at / LO

f M and %et0een the fre:!ency %and at

/ LO

f M and 2 / LO

f M ⋅ $

Ta%le II incl!des examples of operational limits 0hen Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is

performed9 0hich are s!ita%le for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and9 in the=+ GE( %and as 0ell as in the @/N,,+ GE( %and$

&.. 7"erimental demonstration

The experimental set!p for photonic imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and and in

the =+ GE( %and is sho0n in Fig$ ..$ 4t the head<end !nit9 an acti"ely mode<loc1ed laser

generates nearly transform<limited optical p!lses 0ith * ps of FKE)9 ,$*@ nm of - dB

%and0idth9 ?$?/-= GE( repetition rate9 and ,//+ nm central 0a"elength$ The p!lses are 22H

mod!lated 0ith R data at ,$*..* G%Ls in a )) %iased at the minim!m transmission point$

The mod!lated p!lses are chirped employing dispersi"e fi%re and amplified %y an ;DF4$ 4n2BPF is employed to remo"e noise$

Ta%le II$ )!lti%and imp!lse<radio UKB generation at optical %and0idth 1.27nmλ ∆ = 9 dispersion

1 34 /t D ps nm= − 9 and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith 140= psτ

LO f 7GE(8 Remote )F &ength 71m8 UKB ,+ dB fre:!ency range 7GE(8*+ ,$*9 *$A **$/ M *=$*/9 /A$@/ M =*$/9 A+ M A/9 A@$/ M ?,$*/9

?-$@/ M ?A$@/9 ,+,$*/ M ,+=$*/

.+ +$=@9 -$- /A$@/ M =*$/9 **$/ M *@$/9 A+ M A-$@/9 A=$*/ M ?,$*/9

?-$@/ M ?A$@/9 ,+,$*/ M ,+=$*/

.+ .$. *-$@/ M *@$/9 /A$@/ M =-$@/9 A+ M A-$@/

Fig$ .-$ Pea1 spectr!m after Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith 130= psτ sim!lated for - dB filtered%and0idth 0.8nmλ ∆ = 9 40 LO GHz = 9 and 7a8 dispersion 1 34 /t D ps nm= 9 / 1m remote )F 7%8 dispersion

1 34 /t D ps nm= − 9 +$=@ 1m remote )F$




??

In order to "erify the appropriate operation9 the recei"ed imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the

=+ GE( %and is amplified %y a high<po0er amplifier 7*A$@ dB gain8 and do0n<con"erted %y

electrical mixing 0ith a &2 signal$ The &2 signal is generated %y fre:!ency :!adr!pling of the

same &2 signal employed at the head<end !nit$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper

phase matching for acc!rate do0n con"ersion$ The feasi%ility of the proposed generation

techni:!e is demonstrated com%ining fi%re and radio transmission$ 6ommercial rectang!lar

horn antennas 0ith a fre:!ency range of /+N@/ GE(9 *+ dBi gain and ,* %eam0idth are

employed$ ;ye diagram and Q<factor are meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .. %y a digital

comm!nications analyser 74gilent D64 A=,++69 *+ GE( electrical %and0idth8$ The eye diagram

exhi%its a Q<factor of ,, 0itho!t 0ireless transmission at N?$/ dBm recei"ed optical po0er$

Q<factor decreases to ? after @+ cm of 0ireless transmission and to =$= at , m$ Fig$ ./7c8sho0s the eye diagram for , m of 0ireless transmission$ Eence9 the generation techni:!e is

demonstrated to %e error<free for , m of 0ireless distance at a maxim!m mean ;IRP density of

N*? dBmL)E( ]Bel,+%^9 0hich is 0ell %elo0 ,- dBmL)E( ],@^$ 3ote that in this experiment the

maxim!m mean ;IRP density is more restricti"e than the maxim!m mean ;IRP le"el of

.+ dBm ],@^ and the maxim!m pea1 ;IRP le"el of .- dBm ],,/^$

4dditionally9 the =+ GE( experimental system in config!ration 748 in Fig$ .. has %een sim!lated

to "erify the model de"eloped in ection -$.$.$ 4 &2 fre:!ency of 15 LO

f GHz = is set in

sim!lation$ The fre:!ency response and noise characteristics of the photodetector9 the electrical

amplifiers and the mixer are incl!ded in sim!lation$ The 0ireless channel is modelled as free<space path losses$ The filtering of the digital comm!nications analyser is modelled as a Ga!ssian

filter 0ith an electrical %and0idth of *+ GE( and an optical %and0idth of -+ GE($ Fig$ .=7a8

sho0s the time<compressed optical p!lses sim!lated at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..9 0hich exhi%it

,.+ ps FKE)$ Fig$ .=7%8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m in the =+ GE( %and sim!lated at point

7*8 in Fig$ ..$ The eye diagram demod!lated employing a &2 fre:!ency of =+ GE( is sho0n in Fig$

.=7c89 sim!lated at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$ The sim!lation res!lts in Fig$ .= are in excellent

agreement 0ith the experimental meas!rements in Fig$ ./$

Fig$ ./$ )eas!rements for config!ration 748 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Time<compressed signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..$7%8 Pea1 spectr!m of the =+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7*8 in Fig$ .. 7"ideo %and0idth#,+ )E(8$ 7c8 ;ye diagram at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$




,++

%ual generation in t'e !" and 60 GHz ands * )reuenc* don-s'i)ting

The sim!ltaneo!s generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the *. GE( %and and in the=+ GE( %and has %een demonstrated %y fre:!ency do0n<shifting in remote<connecti"ity )F$

The corresponding config!ration of the dispersi"e fi%re and &2 at the head<end !nit is mar1ed

as 7B8 in Fig$ .. and the remote<connecti"ity fi%re is mar1ed as 7B*8 for the *. GE( %and and

7B,8 for the =+ GE( %and$ 4 fix R data pattern ,++,+++,,,,+,+,+C is employed$ 4t the

*. GE( remote antenna !nit9 the optical p!lses are photodetected %y a differential

photorecei"er 7Teleoptix9 %alanced photorecei"er 0ith limiting TI48 7- dB %and0idth of

-/ GE(8 ],A,^$ The o!tp!ts of the photorecei"er are com%ined after ad>!sting their relati"e

time delay %y an electrical delay line to generate a Ga!ssian<monocycle p!lse shape ]Bel+?a^9

as proposed in ection -$*$-$ The photorecei"er is operated in !n%alanced mode ]Bel+?c^9

0hich pro"ides %etter performance than the %alanced mode ]Bel+?%^ in this UKB p!lse

shaping application$ In pre"io!s proof<of<concept experiments reported in ]Bel+?c^ and

]Bel+?%^9 optical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB 0as demonstrated in the *. GE( %and

employing DB<%ased !p<con"ersion and 0itho!t remote connecti"ity fi%re$

The UKB monocycles generated in the *. GE( %and at point 7.8 in Fig$ .. are demod!lated %y

photonic en"elope detection 0itho!t 0ireless transmission9 as sho0n in Fig$ ..$ Photonic

en"elope detection is performed employing the techni:!e proposed in ],A@^$ Detection of

*. GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signals employing this techni:!e 0as demonstrated in ]Bel+?c^$

The recei"ed *. GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal is amplified9 and mod!lated 0ith a t!na%leoptical carrier 7+$+, nm 0a"elength acc!racy8 in a )) 7 V

π of -$@ 59 - dB %and0idth of

-/ GE(8 %iased at the minim!m transmission point to perform half<0a"e rectification$ 4 FBG

filter selects one optical side%and corresponding to the en"elope of the half<0a"e rectified

optical signal$ The en"elope is meas!red %y a digital comm!nications analyser 74gilent D64

A=,++69 *$A/ GE( optical %and0idth8$

UKB generation in the *. GE( %and is demonstrated employing * 1m of )F as the first

dispersi"e element 7 1

34 /t

D ps nm≃ 89 &2 signal at 40 LO

f GHz = 9 / 1m of )F 7 2

85 /≃t D ps nm 8

pro"iding remote connecti"ity 0hile performing p!lse time stretching %y a factor of 3.5≃ M 9

and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping 0ith relati"e time delay 130 psτ = $ This config!ration ismar1ed as 7B8 and 7B*8 in Fig$ ..$

Fig$ .=$ im!lation res!lts for config!ration 748 in Fig$ .. to %e compared 0ith experimentalmeas!rements in Fig$ ./$ 7a8 Time<compressed signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m of the=+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7c8 ;ye diagram at point 7-8 in Fig$ ..$




,+,

Fig$ .@7a8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m meas!red at point 7.8 in Fig$ ..9 0hich 0o!ld meet the

c!rrent UKB in the *. GE( %and ]*^ pro"ided ade:!ate filtering is performed$ In the

experiment9 the filtering is performed %y the com%ined fre:!ency response of the electrical

amplifier and FBG at the photonic en"elope detector$ Fig$ .@ also sho0s the electrical

spectr!m meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ ..9 the optical spectr!m meas!red at point 7=8 and

point 7@8 in Fig$ ..9 as 0ell as the eye diagram meas!red at point 7@8 in Fig$ ..$ The eye diagram

exhi%its a Q<factor of ,, demonstrating the feasi%ility of the generation techni:!e 0hen

fre:!ency do0n<shifting is employed$

Fig$ .A$ Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the =+ GE( %and %y time stretching for config!ration 7B8 and7B,8 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m in %ase%and

meas!red at the o!tp!t of the =+ GE( photodetector in Fig$ ..$

0 5 10 15 $0-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55-50-%5-%0

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+50 55 #0 #5 70

-80-5-0-75-70-#5-#0-55

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+

)a )b

Fig$ .@$ Imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the *. GE( %and performing time stretching and Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping for config!ration 7B8 and 7B*8 in Fig$ ..$ 7a8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7.8 inFig$ ..$ 7%8 Pea1 spectr!m meas!red at point 7/8 in Fig$ ..$ 7c8 2ptical spectr!m meas!red at point 7=87dashed line8 and point 7@8 7solid line8 in Fig$ .. 7resol!tion %and0idth# +$+, nm8$ 7d8 ;ye diagrammeas!red at point 7@8 in Fig$ ..$




,+*

Fre:!ency do0n<shifting to the =+ GE( %and of the Ga!ssian imp!lse<radio UKB signal is

demonstrated from the same head<end !nit for +$@ 1m of )F 7 2

11.9 /t

D ps nm≃ 8 pro"iding

remote connecti"ity 0hile performing p!lse time stretching %y a factor of 1.35≃ M $ This

config!ration is mar1ed as 7B8 and 7B,8 in Fig$ ..$ Fig$ .A7a8 sho0s the electrical spectr!m

meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ .. after high<po0er amplification and filtering 7*A$@ dB gain9

//N=/ GE(8$ The %ase%and electrical spectr!m is sho0n in Fig$ .A7%89 0hich 0o!ld meet c!rrent

reg!lation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and pro"ided ade:!ate filtering is performed$

&..) 9ractical considerations

The radio<o"er<fi%re system pro"iding UKB 0ireless connecti"ity remotely sho!ld %e relia%le9

simple and cost<efficient$ The !se of a mode<loc1ed laser9 intensity mod!lators9 and dispersi"e

fi%re at the head<end !nit in Fig$ ..9 ma1es the system complex for real application$ )ode<

loc1ed lasers can offer picosecond p!lses9 excellent p!lse :!ality close to transform<limited

operation9 and lo0 noise to s!pport a high n!m%er of remote antenna !nits 0ith relati"e lo0cost ]/*^9 ],AA^$ The cost of the mode<loc1ed laser co!ld %e red!ced employing semicond!ctor

mode<loc1ed lasers compati%le 0ith chip integration ],A?^ and ne0 mode<loc1ed fi%re lasers

],?+^$ In addition9 data mod!lation and !p<con"ersion co!ld %e performed %y a single

integrated d!al<cascaded )) de"ice th!s red!cing cost and si(e9 for instance !sing silicon

photonics technology ],?,^$ 6ompared 0ith dispersi"e fi%re as first dispersi"e element9 a

linearly chirped FBG made 0ith polari(ation<maintaining fi%re can pro"ide compactness and

the re:!ired polari(ation sta%ility permitting the !se of a polari(ation<sensiti"e )) for !p<

con"ersion ]/,^9 ],?*^$

In ection -$.9 RF imp!lse<radio UKB generation has %een demonstrated employing 22Hmod!lation$ 3e"ertheless9 the techni:!e co!ld %e employed 0ith other mod!lation formats9

s!ch as %i<phase mod!lation ]Bel,+c^$ ;n"elope detection can %e employed for 22H signals to

a"oid the need for a phase<loc1ed &2$ Photonic en"elope detection pro"ides transparency to

the RF fre:!ency and de"ices reali(ed !sing photonic integration are a"aila%le ],.A^$

6ompared 0ith the techni:!e employed in ection -$.9 photonic en"elope detection %ased on

f!ll or half<0a"e rectification and lo0<speed photodetection ]-^9 ]**^ 0o!ld %e simpler for

application in the system herein proposed ho0e"er it 0o!ld %e less tolerant to dispersion for

!plin1 optical distri%!tion of RF signals to a central !nit$ 4lternati"ely9 RF po0er detectors

co!ld pro"ide simple and lo0 po0er cons!mption detection ]/?^$

&. Conclusion

T0o photonic techni:!es for imp!lse<radio UKB generation in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and ha"e

%een proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ The techni:!es perform Ga!ssian

monocycle shaping 0hich can flexi%ly compensate the effect of optical access fi%re$

3e"ertheless9 the generation of Ga!ssian monocycles s!ita%le for %eing radiated in the

-$,N,+$= GE( %and 0itho!t !p<con"ersion and the dynamic range of fi%re dispersion

compensation is to %e f!rther in"estigated$ The generation of Ga!ssian monocycles ade:!ate

to %e f!rther !p<con"erted to the =+ GE( %and has %een experimentally demonstrated$



-$/ 6oncl!sion

,+-

F!rthermore9 the proposed Ga!ssian monocycle shaping has %een demonstrated to ena%le

sim!ltaneo!s m!lti%and generation in the same fi%re in an also proposed photonic imp!lse<

radio UKB generation system %ased on fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%re$

4n imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system at /@ GE( has %een demonstrated at ,$*/ G%Ls

in a proof<of<concept experiment$ The system is s!ita%le for in<flight m!lti<G%Ls

comm!nications and radar$ Transmission o"er )F at ,++ m in<ca%in distance has also %een

s!ccessf!lly demonstrated$ The proposed system can compete in cost and also has ad"antages

in terms of transparency and high %and0idth compared 0ith a con"entional sol!tion %ased on

digital %ase%and data o"er fi%re and f!rther electrical UKB mod!lation and fre:!ency !p<

con"ersion at distri%!ted remote antenna !nits$ 3e"ertheless9 significant progress has recently

%een made for =+ GE( 6)2 technology9 that may lead to different concl!sion$ The system is

s!ita%le for the pro"ision of UKB signals in the -$,M,+$= GE( and =+ GE( %ands sim!ltaneo!sly

employing lo0<fre:!ency electrooptic de"ices$ The system operation has %een "erified %y

sim!lation and the impact of the system parameters incl!ding optical noise on performancehas %een e"al!ated9 demonstrating that the system can ser"e the high n!m%er of remote

antenna !nits at KP43 distances re:!ired for the proposed in<flight application$ Performance

is limited %y thermal noise for a higher n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$ im!lation res!lts

sho0 that !sing an optical amplifier to compensate for splitting and distri%!tion losses can

help to impro"e performance$

Flexi%le photonic generation of RF imp!lse<radio UKB signals %ased on fre:!ency shifting in

optical access fi%re has %een proposed$ Fi%re dispersion can effecti"ely red!ce %road%and !p<

con"ersion cost$ The techni:!e can co"er n!mero!s applications sim!ltaneo!sly in different RF

%ands pro"iding good cost and performance trade<off$ The feasi%ility of the techni:!e in FTTEnet0or1s deli"ering ,$*/ G%Ls ser"ices has %een experimentally demonstrated 0hen operating

in the =+ GE( %and$ Practical m!lti%and capa%ilities and the limitations of this system ha"e

%een addressed %y sim!lation$ im!lation analysis also indicates that Ga!ssian<monocycle

shaping ena%les sim!ltaneo!s m!lti%and generation in the same fi%re and can greatly increase

flexi%ility 0hen implemented remotely$ D!al *. GE(L=+ GE( operation has %een

experimentally demonstrated 0hen *. GE( Ga!ssian<monocycle shaping is performed$ The

approach co!ld operate in high RF %ands s!ch as @/N,,+ GE( as indicated %y the sim!lation

analysis$ ome of the re:!ired components co!ld %e compati%le 0ith photonic integration to

simplify the architect!re$




,+.



. Generation and optical<0ireless transmission of UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and

,+=

.1.1 Introduction

UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to o"ercome coexistence iss!es limiting UKB

operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( %and$ Regarding the application scenario9 UKB in the =+ GE(

%and has %een indicated as a "ia%le approach to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls KP43 connecti"ity inscenarios 0here interference is a critical iss!e li1e aircrafts ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^9 as disc!ssed in

ection -$-$ In addition9 UKB<o"er<fi%re has %een indicated as an interesting sol!tion for FTTE

access net0or1s deli"ering ED a!dioL"ideo ]&lo+Aa^9 ]&lo+Ac^$ This application is disc!ssed in

ection *$/$.$ This Ph$D$ thesis proposes the operation of UKB in the =+ GE( %and and

e"al!ates the performance in FTTE net0or1s for the first time to o!r 1no0ledge$

The UKB<o"er<FTTE approach is transparent to the UKB mod!lation employed$ T0o ma>or

UKB technologies are c!rrently !sed# imp!lse<radio UKB and m!lti<%and 2FD) as specified

in the ;6)4<-=A standard ]?^$ 2FD) pro"ides high spectral efficiency and efficient soft0are to

facilitate coexistence$ F!rthermore9 there is large mar1et a"aila%ility of lo0<cost 2FD)<UKB<%ased sol!tions$ 2n the other hand9 imp!lse<radio UKB is not constrained in terms of

%and0idth and data rate and it is capa%le of pro"iding sim!ltaneo!s comm!nications and high<

resol!tion radar$ The =+ GE( %and facilitates coexistence to imp!lse<radio UKB technology

and allo0s it to pro"ide m!lti<G%Ls capacity in spite of its relati"e lo0 spectral efficiency$

The st!dy herein presented compares the experimental performance after radio<o"er<fi%re

and f!rther 0ireless transmission in the =+ GE( radio %and of t0o ma>or UKB

implementations at ,$.. G%Ls# tandard 2FD) %ased on D6) and imp!lse radio %ased on

BPH mod!lation$ This st!dy targets to gi"e light on the %est implementation for f!t!re UKB

systems in the =+ GE( %and$ Different fi%re types are e"al!ated incl!ding )F and BI<)F$Direct mod!lation of a lo0<cost free<r!nning !ncooled 56;& is employed for electrooptic

con"ersion of the UKB signals$ 2ptical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion is performed at the head<end

!nit %ased on optical carrier s!ppression mod!lation in a )) ]@=^9 ],./^$ im!lation analysis

is performed to "erify the experimental meas!rements$ The system proposed co!ld operate in

a d!al -$,M,+$= GE(L=+ GE( config!ration if desired9 %!t d!al operation is o!t of the scope of

this analysis$ =+ GE( %and operation 0o!ld re<!se and extend UKB technology in terms of

range and flexi%ility9 and is the foc!s of this 0or1$

.1.2 7"erimental setu"

The experimental set!p of the UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE( %and employing a

directly<mod!lated 56;& is sho0n in Fig$ .?$

4t the head<end !nit9 a ,//+ nm ,+ G%Ls 56;& 75;RTI&49 ,//+<,+G<P*<P.<Diff<Flex8 is

directly mod!lated %y the UKB signal ],?-^$ Fre:!ency !p<con"ersion to the =+ GE( %and is

performed %y dri"ing a )) 7V π

of -$@ 59 - dB %and0idth of -/ GE(9 chirp of M+$@8 %y a &2

signal after fre:!ency do!%ling$ The )) is %iased at the minim!m transmission point to

perform optical carrier s!ppression$ The pea1<to<pea1 amplit!de of the signal dri"ing the ))

is -$/ 5$ !%se:!ently9 the optical signal is distri%!ted o"er optical fi%re to the remote antenna

!nits 0here the UKB signal is !p<con"erted to the =+ GE( %and after photodetection 7! *tPhotonics9 PD5-,*+R8$



.$, D6) 2FD) and BPH imp!lse radio employing 56;& direct mod!lation

,+@

FTTE distri%!tion o"er */ 1m and .+ 1m of )F and integrated FTTE and in<%!ilding

distri%!tion o"er */ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m of BI<)F is considered$ 2ptical

transmission performance of BI<)F is e"al!ated employing a spool of commercially<a"aila%le

BI<)F 72F ;<%end8 0itho!t %ending the fi%re$ The UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is

amplified and filtered %efore %eing applied to an antenna for / m of 0ireless transmission$ The

antennas are rectang!lar horn antennas 0ith a fre:!ency range of /+M@/ GE(9 *+ dBi gain and

a - dB %eam0idth of ,*$ The optical amplifier ;DF4 , in Fig$ .? 7a"erage o!tp!t po0er of

,/ dBm8 is !sed to compensate for the insertion loss of the ))$ The second ;DF49 ;DF4 *

in Fig$ .?9 sets a maxim!m a"erage po0er at the photodetector inp!t 7henceforth referred to

as recei"ed optical po0er8 of ,+ dBm$ 4 "aria%le optical atten!ator decreases this po0er le"el

to analyse the performance as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er$ 4n optical %and<pass

filter 7- dB %and0idth of +$A nm8 is !sed to s!ppress 4; noise$

4t the recei"er9 the recei"ed UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is amplified and filtered9 and

do0n<con"erted %y electrical mixing 7RF %and0idth of //M=/ GE(9 IF %and0idth of D6M,+ GE(9

con"ersion loss of .$= dB8$ The same &2 signal !sed to dri"e the )) at the transmitter is

employed for fre:!ency do0n<con"ersion after fre:!ency :!adr!pling 7o!tp!t fre:!ency of

/A$=M=*$* GE(8$ 4 phase shifter is employed for ass!ring proper phase matching for acc!rate

do0n<con"ersion$ The do0n<con"erted signal is capt!red %y a real<time D2 7,- GE(

%and0idth9 .+ GLs sampling rate8 and analysed %y DP$

Fig$ .?$ ;xperimental set!p and principle of operation of a UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE(%and employing direct mod!lation of a 56;&$

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56;& dri"ing9 i$e$ %ias c!rrent and UKB pea1<to<pea1 "oltage9 &2 fre:!ency9 and amplification

and filtering stages in the =+ GE( %and 7T and R 4mp`Filtering in Fig$ .?8 are config!red

differently for D6)<2FD) UKB and BPH imp!lse<radio UKB$ The different config!rations

employed gi"e the %est performance in the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration at the maxim!m

recei"ed optical po0er of ,+ dBm$

.1.& -CM/0-M #$% "erformance

The D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ .?9 sho0n in Fig$ /+9 is generated %y com%ining

the o!tp!ts of three standard UKB transmitter mod!les 7Kisair9 KR=+,8$ The mod!les

s!pport the UKB Band Gro!p , ]?^$ The time<fre:!ency codes TF6/9 TF6= and TF6@ are

selected for each mod!le respecti"ely$ In this 0ay9 each mod!le transmit in the Band ,

7-$,=AM-$=?= GE(9 -$.-* GE( central fre:!ency89 Band * 7-$=?=M.$**. GE(9 -$?= GE( central

fre:!ency89 and Band - 7.$**.M.$@/* GE(9 .$.AA GE( central fre:!ency8 of the UKB Band

Gro!p ,9 respecti"ely$ The time<fre:!ency codes employed perform fixed fre:!encyinterlea"ing 7FFI89 i$e$ the information is transmitted in each %and all the time$ The FFI

config!ration maximi(es %itrate compared 0ith the time fre:!ency interlea"ing 7or fre:!ency

hopping8 config!ration 0hich minimi(es interference$ The maxim!m %itrate of .A+ )%Ls is

config!red for each %and9 0hich is achie"ed employing D6) data mod!lation9 pro"iding an

aggregated %itrate of ,$.. G%Ls and a spectral efficiency of +$?, %LsLE($

The %ias c!rrent and UKB pea1<to<pea1 "oltage applied to the 56;& are set to @/+ m5pp and

?$A m49 respecti"ely$ The &2 fre:!ency is set to ,=$,*/ GE( so that the D6)<2FD) UKB signal

is !p<con"erted to =.$/ GE($ The config!ration of the RF amplification and filtering %loc1 at the

remote antenna !nits is a %and<pass filter 7/A$,*/M=,$A@/ GE(8 and t0o lo0<noise amplifiers0ith ,A$@ dB and ,=$* dB gain9 respecti"ely$ The config!ration at the recei"er is a high<po0er

amplifier 0ith *A$@ dB gain and a %and<pass filter 7/@$/M=*$/ GE(8$

The performance of the demod!lated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? is

e"al!ated %y the ;5) parameter$ The ;5) is meas!red on the constellation diagram for each

fre:!ency %and9 Band ,9 Band * and Band - in Fig$ /+9 employing commercially<a"aila%le

soft0are 74gilent9 A?=++<eries 5ector ignal 4nalyser8$ The ;5) is e"al!ated o"er @* 2FD)

sym%ols 7,+9A++ %its8 in all config!rations$ The ;5) of the D6)<2FD) UKB signal in the

=+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission is sho0n in Fig$ /, as a f!nction

of the recei"ed optical po0er$ ix optical transmission cases are sho0n# /++ m BI<)F9 */ 1m)F9 .+ 1m )F9 */ 1m )F compensated %y */ 1m of IDF9 .+ 1m )F read>!sting the

56;& %ias c!rrent from ?$A m4 to ,-$A/ m49 and .+ 1m )F compensated %y D6F e:!i"alent

to compensation of .+ 1m )F$ The ;5) in Fig$ /, is limited %y electrical noise at lo0

recei"ed optical po0er$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther increases the ;5) d!e

to the red!ction in 3R$ In addition9 the ;5) impro"es at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0ith

respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration after optical transmission o"er */ 1m of

)F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89 7c8 and 7e89 and .+ 1m of )F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8$

This is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y the interaction of the chirp of

the directly<mod!lated 56;& 0ith fi%re chromatic dispersion ],?.^9 as "erified in

ection .$,$/$ The gain is dependent on the fi%re length$




,+?

The increase of po0er le"el after */ 1m and .+ 1m )F transmission 0ith respect to %ac1<to<

%ac1 as 0ell as its dependence on fi%re length can %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a89 7c8 and 7d8$

Fig$ /,$ Performance meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the D6)<2FD) UKB radio<o"er<fi%re system inthe =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission$ 7a89 7%8 UKB Band , in Fig$ /+$ 7c897d8 UKB Band * in Fig$ /+$ 7e89 7f8 UKB Band - in Fig$ /+$

-1$ - -% 0 % 1$-1$ - -% 0 % 1$-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10

--#

-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10

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-$$-$0-1-1#-1%-1$-10

--# $5 km, !8"7 Bi

B$B 500 m B-6M $5 km 66M $5 km 66M$5 km D

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Fig$ /+$ R) a"erage spectr!m of the generated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ .?7resol!tion %and0idth# , )E(8$

!"1# !"8# %"75$

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The minim!m ;5) o%tained at high recei"ed optical po0er is degraded after */ 1m and .+ 1m

)F transmission 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ This is d!e to signal

distortion %y the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y chromatic dispersion and f!rther modified

%y 56;& chirp ],?.^$ ignal distortion and its dependence on fre:!ency and fi%re length can

%e o%ser"ed in Fig$ /*7c89 7d8$

ignal distortion pre"ents reco"ering the complete D6)<2FD) UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and

after */ 1m of )F9 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7e89 and also after */ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m

of BI<)F9 not sho0n in Fig$ /, for simplicity$ !ccessf!l reco"ery of the complete D6)<2FD)

UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is achie"ed employing dispersion management %y matched IDF9

as sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89 7c8 and 7e8$ The */ 1m )F lin1 is compensated %y */ 1m of IDF$

6ompared 0ith D6F9 IDF is more s!ita%le for %eing !sed as transmission fi%re9 th!s extending

the FTTE net0or1 reach ],=?^$ imilar ;5) performance is o%tained in the three D6)<2FD)

UKB %ands$ The ;5) impro"es %y approximately * dB depending on the recei"ed optical

po0er 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ ;:!i"alently9 the optical recei"er

sensiti"ity impro"es %y ,$/ dB depending on the ;5) threshold$ The optical recei"er sensiti"ityat ;5) %elo0 N,@ dB ]?^ is N*$, dBm$ The ;5) impro"ement 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<

to<%ac1 config!ration is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y the

interaction of the 56;& chirp 0ith a resid!al fi%re chromatic dispersion9 as a similar ;5)

impro"ement is o%tained after transmission o"er /++ m of BI<)F9 as also sho0n in Fig$ /,7a89

7c8 and 7e8$ The po0er le"el increases after /++ m BI<)F transmission 0ith respect to the

optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration9 as can %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a8 and 7%8$ The D6)<2FD)

UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is s!ccessf!lly distri%!ted o"er /++ m of BI<)F9 0hich is

s!fficient for most in<%!ilding net0or1s9 0ith an optical recei"er sensiti"ity of N*$, dBm at

;5) M,@ dB$ The signal is not distorted as the minim!m ;5) o%tained at high recei"ed

Fig$ /*$ R) a"erage spectr!m of the demod!lated D6)<2FD) UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .?com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission 7resol!tion %and0idth# / )E(8$ 7a8 B*B at N*$/ dBmrecei"ed optical po0er$ 7%8 /++ m BI<)F at N- dBm$ 7c8 */ 1m )F at N*$@ dBm$ 7d8 .+ 1m )F at*$- dBm$

$" !"$ !"# %"0 %"% %" 5"$

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optical po0er is not degraded 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ This can

also %e "erified in Fig$ /*7a8 and 7%8$

The three D6)<2FD) UKB %ands are reco"ered after .+ 1m )F transmission9 as sho0n in

Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f89 ho0e"er 0ith not clear constellation$ The ;5) after .+ 1m )F

transmission at high recei"ed optical po0er can %e impro"ed %y read>!sting the 56;& dri"ing

0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ The ;5) is impro"ed d!e to the

read>!stment of the 56;& chirp9 0itho!t employing dispersion compensation or management

of the 56;& chirp ],?/^N],?@^$ This is sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8 for read>!stment of the

%ias c!rrent applied to the 56;& from ?$A m4 to ,-$A/ m4$ 6onsidering an ;5) threshold of

N,@ dB9 the optical recei"er sensiti"ity for s!ccessf!l reco"ering of the three D6)<2FD) UKB

%ands is , dBm9 limited %y the signal distortion in the UKB Band ,$ This corresponds to a

po0er penalty of ,$- dB 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$

The expected performance employing dispersion compensation %y D6F is also in"estigated$

The .+ 1m )F lin1 is compensated %y =$/ 1m of D6F 0hich has dispersion e:!i"alent to

compensation of .+ 1m )F$ The ;5) in the three D6)<2FD) UKB %ands impro"es at high

recei"ed optical po0er and is degraded at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0ith respect to the

!ncompensated .+ 1m lin19 as sho0n in Fig$ /,7%89 7d8 and 7f8$ The optical recei"er sensiti"ity at

;5) M,@ dB is , dBm limited %y the UKB Band -9 corresponding to a po0er penalty of

,$= dB 0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration$ It sho!ld %e noted that the

s!ccessf!l transmission after dispersion compensation %y IDF or D6F 0ith ;5) N,@ dB is

achie"ed increasing the amplification ;DF4 * in Fig$ .? %y / dB to compensate for the

increased loss of the com%ined fi%re lin1$

The impact of the gain of the recei"ing antenna on performance is also st!died$ Fig$ /,7a8

sho0s the ;5) of the D6)<2FD) UKB Band , after */ 1m )F transmission 0hen a

6assegrain antenna 0ith -?$@ dBi gain is employed at recei"er instead of the *+ dBi antenna$

The optical recei"er sensiti"ity impro"es %y ,$- dB at lo0 recei"ed optical po0er 0hereas the

minim!m ;5) is maintained at high recei"ed optical po0er$

Fig$ /- sho0s examples of D6)<2FD) UKB spectra in the =+ GE( %and meas!red at point 7*8

in Fig$ .?$ The po0er le"el decreases %y approximately * dB e"ery time the recei"ed optical

po0er decreases %y , dB$ The signal spectr!m meets c!rrent reg!lation in the =+ GE( %and ],,/^

in all config!rations$ Eo0e"er9 spectra of noise and distortion are o%ser"ed d!e to imperfect

filtering$ These spectra co!ld ca!se interference to other radio signals in the c!rrent =+ GE(%and 7/@N== GE(8 or to f!t!re fre:!encies o!tside /@N== GE(9 partic!larly aro!nd /* GE($ The

!ndesired spectra co!ld %e red!ced %y ade:!ate filtering in practice or %y system design$

3e"ertheless9 !ndesired spectra do not impact on the meas!red performance as this is

e"al!ated only o"er the %and0idth of each D6)<2FD) UKB %and$

Fig$ /. sho0s examples of D6) constellation diagrams at point 7-8 in Fig$ .?$ ignal

degradation translates into more disperse constellation points th!s degrading the ;5)$ The

constellation diagrams in Fig$ /. confirm the good performance 0ith ;5) M,@ dB of the

radio<o"er<fi%re system for generation 0ith com%ined fi%re and 0ireless transmission of high<

:!ality D6)<2FD) UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and$




,,-

The config!ration of the RF amplification and filtering %loc1 at the remote antenna !nits is a

lo0<noise amplifier 0ith ,A$@ dB gain9 a %and<pass filter 7/A$,*/M=,$A@/ GE(8 and a high<

po0er amplifier 0ith *A$@ dB gain$ The config!ration at the recei"er is a high<po0er amplifier

0ith *A$@ dB gain9 a lo0<noise amplifier 0ith ,=$* dB gain and a %and<pass filter 7/@$/M

=*$/ GE(8$

The performance of the demod!lated BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? is

e"al!ated %y the B;R parameter$ B;R is meas!red on the eye diagrams employing off<line

c!stom DP$ The DP soft0are consists of re<sampling %y a factor of ,$++A9 lo0<pass filtering at

a c!t<off fre:!ency optim!m for each config!ration 7/$, GE( for %ac1<to<%ac19 =$/ GE( for

*/ 1m )F and */ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and / GE( for .+ 1m )F89 matched

filtering 0ith the original UKB p!lse shape9 %it synchroni(ation and calc!lation of the optim!m

decision threshold$ The B;R is calc!lated %y %it<%y<%it comparison 0ith the original

pse!dorandom %it se:!ence o"er ,*+9+++ %its in all config!rations$ B;R performance of theBPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless

transmission is sho0n in Fig$ /= as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er$ Three optical

transmission cases are considered# */ 1m )F9 */ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and

.+ 1m )F$ !ccessf!l reco"ery of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal 0ith B;R %elo0 the

F;6 limit of *$* W ,+N- is achie"ed in all fi%re config!rations$ 4fter considering the @\ F;6

o"erhead9 the effecti"e data rate is ,$-. G%Ls$ 5ery lo0 optical recei"er sensiti"ities of

N,*$/ dBm and N,/$= dBm after */ 1m and .+ 1m of )F9 respecti"ely9 and N,.$- dBm after

*/ 1m of )F extended %y /++ m of BI<)F are o%tained$ This corresponds to an

impro"ement of +$, dB9 -$* dB and ,$? dB9 respecti"ely9 compared 0ith optical %ac1<to<%ac1$

The B;R is limited %y electrical noise in Fig$ /=$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther

increases the B;R d!e to red!ction in 3R$ In addition9 the impro"ement in optical recei"er

sensiti"ity after fi%re transmission is ascri%ed to gain in the fi%re transfer f!nction ind!ced %y

the interaction of the chirp of the directly<mod!lated 56;& 0ith the fi%re chromatic

dispersion ],?.^9 as "erified in ection .$,$/$

3ote that the same 56;& dri"ing ad>!sted initially in the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration

has %een employed in all fi%re config!rations$ 3e"ertheless9 optimi(ation of the 56;& dri"ing

in a gi"en fi%re config!ration co!ld lead to different performance9 as has %een sho0n in

ection .$,$- for D6)<2FD) UKB$

Fig$ //$ Programmed BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal applied to the 4KG$ 7a8 Part of the signal in thetime domain corresponding to the %it se:!ence ,+,,+C$ 7%8 3ormali(ed po0er spectral density of thesignal 7solid line8 and UKB ;IRP spectral density indoor mas1 ],^ 7dashed line8$

Time )ns0 0"5 1 1"5 $ $"5 ! !"5

A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " '

1

0"5

0

-0"5

-1

re&'enc( )G*+0 $ % # 10 1$

P 6 D ) B

0

-10

-$0

-!0

-%0

-50

)a )b




,,.

Fig$ /@ sho0s examples of BPH imp!lse<radio UKB spectra in the =+ GE( %and at point 7*8 in

Fig$ .?$ Resid!al spectral lines at fre:!encies m!ltiple of the %itrate are ca!sed %y asymmetry

of the BPH p!lses$ This is d!e to the nonlinear transfer f!nction of the 56;& and distortion

from fi%re dispersion$ The po0er le"el decreases %y approximately * dB e"ery time therecei"ed optical po0er decreases %y , dB$ The increase of po0er le"el after fi%re transmission

0ith respect to the optical %ac1<to<%ac1 config!ration as 0ell as its dependence on fi%re length

can %e "erified in Fig$ /@7a8 and 7c8$ The signal spectr!m meets c!rrent reg!lation in the =+ GE(

%and ],,/^ in all config!rations$ Eo0e"er9 resid!al RF carrier at =.$== GE( and noise spectr!m

aro!nd /* GE( are o%ser"ed d!e to imperfect filtering$ These spectra co!ld ca!se interference

to other radio signals in the c!rrent =+ GE( %and 7/@N== GE(8 or to f!t!re fre:!encies aro!nd

/* GE($ The !ndesired spectra co!ld %e red!ced %y ade:!ate filtering in practice or %y system

design$ The !ndesired spectra do not impact on performance %eca!se fre:!ency do0n<

con"ersion is done 0ith the same RF carrier9 and DP lo0<pass filtering is done at the recei"er$

BPH eye diagrams at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? are sho0n in Fig$ /A$ The open eye diagrams in Fig$ /A9especially after .+ 1m of )F9 confirm the excellent performance sho0n in Fig$ /=$

Fig$ /@$ Pea1 spectr!m of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and at point 7*8 in Fig$ .?7"ideo %and0idth# ,+ )E(8$ RF carrier fre:!ency# =.$== GE($ 7a8 B*B at N?$A dBm recei"ed opticalpo0er$ 7%8 */ 1m )F at N,/ dBm$ 7c8 .+ 1m )F at N,@$/ dBm$

-70-#0-50-%0-!0

-70-#0-50-%0-!0

50 55 #0 #5 70-70-#0-50

-%0-!0

P e r ) B m

re&'enc( )G*+

)a

)b

)c

Fig$ /=$ Performance meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%resystem in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission$ The F;6 limit of *$* W ,+

N- is

sho0n "ia a dashed line$

-17 -1# -15 -1% -1! -1$ -11 -10 -8#

5

%

!

$

B$B $5 km 66M $5 km 66M500 m B-6M %0 km 66M

- 3 2 ) B E 9

9ecei@e .tica3 .er )Bm




,,=

4 single<mode rate<e:!ation model of a 56;& is employed$ The meas!red po0er< and

"oltage<%ias c!rrent c!r"es and thermal fre:!ency shift of the 56;& are incl!ded in the

model$ F!rthermore9 0e pre"io!sly "erified that the model for the 56;& can reprod!ce the

%eha"io!r of the real 56;& %y meas!ring the o!tp!t of the 56;& in the time and fre:!ency

domains !nder mod!lation 0ith a 3R pse!dorandom %it se:!ence of * @ M, 0ord length at

@$/ G%Ls$ @$/ G%Ls 0as chosen in order to ha"e similar spectral 0idth in the sim!lations and

the experiments$ D!e to the fifth deri"ati"e Ga!ssian p!lse shape9 the spectral properties9 and

therefore also the chirp< and dispersion<related characteristics are more similar to @$/ G%Ls

22H leading to more acc!rate res!lts$ Parameters of the 56;& model gi"ing a sim!latedo!tp!t of the 56;& "ery similar to that meas!red are fo!nd %y m!lti<parameter s0eep at a

gi"en dri"e "oltage and %ias c!rrent$ im!lation res!lts are o%tained at approximately the

same dri"e "oltage and %ias c!rrent as in the experiment and setting the corresponding 56;&

parameters o%tained from the s0eep$

im!lated B;R performance of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB signal in the =+ GE( %and is

sho0n in Fig$ /? com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission 0hich is modelled as free<

space path loss$ The same optical transmission cases as in Fig$ /= are considered# */ 1m )F9

*/ 1m )F extended %y /++ m BI<)F9 and .+ 1m )F$ im!lated B;R exhi%its the same

%eha"io!r as experimental B;R sho0n in Fig$ /=$ F!rthermore9 it is "erified that no

performance impro"ement is o%tained after fi%re transmission 0ith respect to optical %ac1<to<

%ac1 0hen the chirp of the 56;& is disa%led in sim!lation$

.2 //: im"ulse radio em"loying ;CS7L and 7CL u"conversion

2ptical generation of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and is proposed and

experimentally demonstrated ]Bel,,%^$ ;6& and 56;& are employed for fre:!ency !p<

con"ersion %y heterodyne mixing 0ith a UKB optical signal for comparison p!rposes$ Real<

time B;R performance of generated signals at -$,*/ G%Ls is e"al!ated com%ining fi%re and * m

0ireless transmission$ Different optical fi%re types incl!ding , 1m BI<)F and *+ 1m 3<DF is

Fig$ /?$ Performance sim!lated at point 7-8 in Fig$ .? of the BPH imp!lse<radio UKB radio<o"er<fi%resystem in the =+ GE( %and com%ining optical and / m 0ireless transmission9 to %e compared 0ith Fig$

/=$ The F;6 limit of *$*W,+

N-

is sho0n "ia a dashed line$

-$5 -$% -$! -$$ -$1 -$0 -18 -1 -17#

5

%

!

$

B$B $5 km 66M $5 km 66M500 m B-6M %0 km 66M

9ecei@e .tica3 .er )Bm

- 3 2 ) B E 9



.$* 22H imp!lse radio employing 56;& and ;6& !p<con"ersion

,,@

e"al!ated$ B;R ,+N? for the ;6& and B;R *$*W,+N- for the 56;& re:!iring higher recei"ed

optical po0er than the ;6& is demonstrated employing electrical po0er detection$

.2.1 Introduction

UKB operation in the =+ GE( %and permits to o"ercome coexistence iss!es limiting UKB

operation in the -$, to ,+$= GE( %and$ In this Ph$D$ thesis9 0e propose and analyse =+ GE(

UKB photonic generation and integrated optical<radio transmission employing 56;& and ;6&$

=+ GE( photonic generation and integrated transmission is an interesting approach for m!lti<

G%Ls access in FTTE net0or1s ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^9 in KP43 s!pporting a!dioL"ideo streaming9

as disc!ssed in ection .$,9 and in interference<sensiti"e scenarios li1e on<%oard plane

e:!ipment ]Bel+?a^9 ]Bel,+a^9 as disc!ssed in ection -$-$ Pre"io!s 0or1s9 s!mmari(ed in Ta%le

I9 demonstrate 0ireless distances %elo0 , m employing 22H mod!lation !p to -$,*/ G%Ls in

the -$,N,+$= GE( %and ]*.^9 ]*/^9 ].A^9 ]=@^$ In the =+ GE( %and9 optical transmission !p to

.+ 1m )F and / m 0ireless distance has %een demonstrated employing BPH mod!lation at,$.. G%Ls ]Bel,+c^9 ]Bel,,a^$ Finally9 0ireless transmission !p to ,$= m employing 22H

mod!lation at *$/ G%Ls has %een demonstrated in the @/M,,+ GE( %and for */+ m )F and

/+ m of D6F ]/?^$

The analysis herein presented addresses the photonic generation9 optical transmission !p to

*+ 1m and 0ireless transmission !p to * m of imp!lse<radio UKB signals in the =+ GE( %and$

22H mod!lation at -$,*/ G%Ls is employed$ 22H permits en"elope detection a"oiding do0n<

con"ersion at the recei"er and phase loc1ing$ The photonic generation techni:!e employed is

%ased on fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %y heterodyne photodetection of an imp!lse<radio UKB

signal and a semicond!ctor diode laser at a 0a"elength =+ GE( apart$ This techni:!e permitsd!al operation in the -$,N,+$= GE( and in the =+ GE( %and$ 2ptical transmission performance

is e"al!ated experimentally considering , 1m of BI<)F 0itho!t %ending 7,$, dB loss8 and

*+ 1m of 3<DF 7.$@ dB loss8$ The BI<)F is employed for indoor distri%!tion d!e to its lo0

%end loss and s!ita%ility for indoor installation$ The 3<DF is employed for FTTE distri%!tion

d!e to the impro"ed dispersion performance compared to )F$ The total dispersion of the

*+ 1m of 3<DF employed is e:!i"alent to that of =$/ 1m of )F$

.2.2 7"erimental setu"

Fig$ =+ sho0s the experimental set!p$ 4t the head<end !nit 7E;U89 an imp!lse<radio UKBsignal at -$,*/ G%Ls is optically generated %ased on the incoherent optical field s!mmation

res!lting from cross<gain mod!lation of an !ncooled DFB laser at ,//*$. nm 0ith an ;6&

7;6&, in Fig$ =+8 at ,//-$/ nm ].A^$ The ;6&, is mod!lated at -$,*/ G%Ls %y a R pse!do<

random %inary se:!ence signal 0ith a d!ty cycle of +$*/$ 4 programmed * @N, pse!dorandom

%it se:!ence from the p!lse pattern generator is employed9 ,+++C and ++++C corresponding

to , and + UKB %its9 respecti"ely$ The signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =+ is sho0n in Fig$ =,7a8$ The

p!lse shape is in excellent compliance 0ith the UKB ;IRP density reg!lated in the U$$

pro"ided an antenna 0ith an ade:!ate fre:!ency response is !sed for operation in the

-$,N,+$= GE( %and ].A^$ Fig$ =,7%8 sho0s the signal in the -$,M,+$= GE( %and9 0hich is

a"aila%le at point 7-8 in Fig$ =+ sim!ltaneo!sly to the =+ GE( signal$




,,?

.2.& 9erformance analysis

B;R as a f!nction of the recei"ed optical po0er of the =+ GE( optical and * m radio lin1 is

compared for ;6& and 56;&$ ;6& is s!ita%le for heterodyning d!e to the relati"e narro0<

line0idth ],?A^$ In recent years9 56;& ha"e gained a lot of interest d!e to the relati"e lo0cost$ 56;& placed at a remote site is also in"estigated to compare different scenarios$

For ;6&9 the spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ is sho0n in Fig$ =*7a8$ Fig$ =- sho0s B;R

performance 0hich is limited %y electrical noise$ Decreasing the recei"ed optical po0er f!rther

increases the B;R d!e to red!ction in 3R$ B;R ,+ N? is achie"ed at an optical recei"er

sensiti"ity of N,+$, dBm9 N?$A dBm9 and N@$= dBm for optical %ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and

*+ 1m 3<DF9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dget apart from fi%re loss is ,*$- dB9 ,,$, dB9 and

.$* dB9 respecti"ely$ Eence9 fi%re dispersion introd!ces a po0er %!dget penalty of ,$* dB9 and

A$, dB9 respecti"ely$

For 56;&9 Fig$ =*7%8 sho0s the spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+$ There is a small difference in

DFB %ias %et0een ;6& and 56;& d!e to the lo0er 0a"elength acc!racy of the 56;&$ This

ca!ses different DFB chirp so that the DFB %and0idth in Fig$ =*7%8 is 0ider than that in Fig$

=*7a8$ Fig$ =. sho0s B;R performance$ B;R floor is limited %y the optical 3R$ The optical 3R

for %ac1<to<%ac1 is degraded compared 0ith ;6& d!e to the 56;& noise$ im!lation res!lts

s!ggest that the 56;& line0idth 7*+ )E( min$ "s$ ,++ 1E( of the ;6&9 as of datasheets8

dominates o"er the 56;& relati"e intensity noise9 as disc!ssed in ection .$*$.$ 4 maxim!m

relati"e intensity noise of N,-/ dBLE( is considered for %oth 56;& and ;6&$ In addition9 the

infl!ence of the 56;& chirp on the fi%re RF transfer f!nction mitigates dispersion<ind!ced RF

po0er fading compared 0ith ;6&$ BI<)F dispersion does not degrade B;R floor li1e in Fig$ =-$Eence9 BI<)F penalty in Fig$ =- is not d!e to p!lse time stretching %!t to =+ GE( signal

distortion ind!ced %y RF po0er fading$ B;R floor degradation %y 3<DF dispersion in Fig$ =. is

lo0er than that in Fig$ =-$ Eence9 RF po0er fading contri%!tes to 3<DF penalty in Fig$ =-$

F!rthermore9 B;R floor degradation %y 3<DF in Fig$ =. does not ind!ce penalty in optical

recei"er sensiti"ity$ This excellent transmission property is the res!lt of gain in the fi%re RF

transfer f!nction f!rther ind!ced %y 56;& chirp ],?.^$ This gain impro"es 3R at lo0 recei"ed

optical po0er$ This effect is also the ca!se of the impro"ement in optical recei"er sensiti"ity

for BI<)F 0ith respect to %ac1<to<%ac1 in Fig$ =/$ 4dditionally9 ass!ming that the B;R floor

degradation %y 3<DF in Fig$ =. is only ca!sed %y p!lse time stretching9 time stretching 70hich

is dependent on DFB %and0idth8 ind!ces a maxim!m penalty of , dB$ B;R is %elo0 the F;6limit of *$* W ,+N- at optical recei"er sensiti"ity approximately the same of N. dBm for optical

%ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and *+ 1m 3<DF$ The po0er %!dget apart from fi%re loss is A dB9

@$, dB9 and -$, dB9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dget penalty 0ith respect to ;6& at B;R

*$* W ,+N- is @ dB9 =$? dB9 and .$* dB9 respecti"ely$ 4fter considering the @\ F;6 o"erhead9 the

effecti"e data rate is *$?, G%Ls$

Fig$ =/ sho0s B;R 0hen the 56;&9 polari(ation controller and - dB co!pler are mo"ed to point

7*8 in Fig$ =+$ The optical spectr!m at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ at +$? dBm maxim!m recei"ed

optical po0er is li1e that in Fig$ =*7%8 0ith a po0er le"el red!ced %y @$@ dB and +$. dB for

56;& and DFB9 respecti"ely9 and increased %y ,$, dB for ;6&,$ B;R floor is limited %y theoptical 3R$




,*+

Fig$ =/$ B;R for remote 56;&$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at + dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R =$- W ,+N/

$ 7%8*+ 1m 3<DF at N-$, dBm9 B;R * W ,+N.$

Fig$ =.$ B;R for 56;& at the head<end !nit$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at +$, dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R .$A W ,+N/$ 7%8 *+ 1m 3<DF at N+$? dBm9 B;R , W ,+N.$

Fig$ =-$ B;R for ;6&$ 7a8 , 1m BI<)F at N@$@ dBm recei"ed optical po0er9 B;R ,+ N?$ 7%8 *+ 1m 3<DFat N@$? dBm9 B;R @ W ,+N?$

Fig$ =*$ 2ptical spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =+ for optical B*B$ 7a8 ;6& at *$* dBm maxim!mrecei"ed optical po0er$ 7%8 56;& at . dBm maxim!m recei"ed optical po0er$ 7Resol!tion %and0idth#+$+* nm8$

1551"# 155$" 155%"0-50-%0

-!0-$0-10

010

P

e r ) B m

Wa@e3en2t4 )nm1551"# 155$" 155%"0-50-%0

-!0-$0-10

010

P

e r ) B m

Wa@e3en2t4 )nm

)a

DBE:L1

#0 G*+

E:LDB

E:L1#0 G*+

:6EL

)b




,*,

The noise at the co!pler o!tp!t is dominated %y the noise at the ;DF4 o!tp!t for %ac1<to<%ac1

at high recei"ed optical po0er$ The lo0er po0er !sed for !p<con"ersion and the different

optical noise res!lt in optical 3R for %ac1<to<%ac1 degraded compared 0ith Fig$ =- and Fig$ =.$

B;R *$* W ,+N- is achie"ed at an optical recei"er sensiti"ity of N@ dBm9 N@$@ dBm9 and

N=$@ dBm for %ac1<to<%ac19 , 1m BI<)F9 and *+ 1m 3<DF9 respecti"ely$ The po0er %!dgetapart from fi%re loss is @$? dB9 @$@ dB9 and -$= dB9 respecti"ely$ These res!lts demonstrate that

56;& !sed for remote direct mod!lation co!ld also %e !sed for heterodyning$ F!rthermore9

remote 56;& potentially eliminates RF po0er fading$

3ote that the 0a"elength of the 56;& 0as ad>!sted to trac1 the temperat!re drift 7+$, nmL6

typ$8$ In practice9 temperat!re control co!ld impro"e sta%ility$

.2. Simulation analysis

The B;R floor in Fig$ =. is limited %y the optical 3R$ The signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =+ is more or

less the same for ;6& and 56;& and the o!tp!t po0er of the ;6& and 56;& is the same$

Eence9 the optical 3R for %ac1<to<%ac1 may %e significantly degraded compared 0ith ;6& d!e

to the 56;& noise$

The experimental set!p has %een sim!lated employing 5PItransmission)a1erO 7"ersion A$/8

to st!dy the infl!ence on B;R floor for %ac1<to<%ac1 of line0idth and relati"e intensity noise

7RI38 of the laser employed for heterodyning$ Ke ha"e considered the line0idth of the ;6&

employed in the experiment 7,++ 1E(8 and the minim!m line0idth specified %y 5;RTI&4 for

the 56;& 7*+ )E(8$ T0o "al!es of RI39 N,-/ dBLE( and N,./ dBLE(9 are considered for %oth

;6& and 56;&$ 3ote that RI3 N,-/ dBLE( is a typical maxim!m RI3 for 56;& at the %ias

c!rrent employed in the experiment$ im!lation res!lts are sho0n in Fig$ == 0itho!t

considering 0a"elength drift 0ith temperat!re 7deltaT + in the legend8$

B;R degradation 0ith line0idth is "erified at the same RI3 for ;6& and 56;&$ In addition9

red!cing RI3 slightly impro"es B;R for 56;& 0hereas B;R significantly impro"es for ;6&$

Eence9 56;& noise is dominated %y line0idth %!t of co!rse RI3 and other impairments affect

performance$

The infl!ence of 0a"elength drift 0ith temperat!re has also %een in"estigated$ The typical

temperat!re coefficient specified %y 5;RTI&4 for the 56;& 7,*$/ GE(L68 is considered and

*$/ GE(L6 is ass!med for ;6&$ Fig$ == sho0s sim!lation res!lts for a 0a"elength drift of,$*/ GE( for %oth ;6& and 56;&$ Ka"elength drift ca!ses similar B;R floor degradation at

%oth RI3 "al!es for ;6& 0hereas degradation is different for 56;& d!e to the line0idth

limitation$

B;R floor is degraded for 56;& compared 0ith ;6& e"en 0hen 56;& has higher relati"e

intensity noise$ Eence9 56;& performance is limited %y line0idth and 0a"elength drift 0ith

temperat!re$




,**

.& Conclusion

UKB radio<o"er<fi%re in the =+ GE( %and for pro"iding m!lti<G%Ls integrated FTTE and KP43

connecti"ity has %een proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ Radio<o"er<fi%re

transmission o"er .+ 1m )F 0itho!t any dispersion compensation and f!rther / m 0ireless

transmission has %een demonstrated for %oth D6)<2FD) and BPH imp!lse<radio UKB

signals at ,$.. G%Ls in the =+ GE( %and$ The BPH imp!lse<radio UKB implementation is more

tolerant to fi%re impairments re:!iring lo0er recei"ed optical po0er than the D6)<2FD)

UKB co!nterpart9 altho!gh other UKB generation and DP detection techni:!es co!ld lead to

different res!lts$ The !se of the same 4KG for %oth 2FD) and imp!lse<radio UKB generation

0ill pro"ide a thoro!gh concl!sion$ ;xperimental res!lts "erified %y sim!lation sho0 that theUKB radio<o"er<fi%re system in the =+ GE( %and can %enefit from the chirp of lo0<cost

directly<mod!lated 56;&s to increase optical recei"er sensiti"ity$

Ke %elie"e that these res!lts !nderpin the flexi%ility of UKB signalling not only in the

-$,N,+$= GE( %and9 %!t also in the =+ GE( %and$

imple optical generation of 22H =+ GE( imp!lse<radio UKB signals at -$,*/ G%Ls has %een

experimentally demonstrated$ 6ost<effecti"e 56;& is proposed for optical heterodyning$

56;& is demonstrated to %e s!ita%le for integrated FTTE or optical indoor and KP43

transmission in t0o scenarios incl!ding centrali(ed 56;& and remote 56;&$ 6ompared 0ith

;6&9 56;& co!ld %e directly mod!lated and 56;& chirp impro"es dispersion tolerance$

Eo0e"er9 B;R is degraded for 56;&$ Red!ced 56;& line0idth for centrali(ed 56;& and high

56;& o!tp!t po0er for remote 56;& co!ld red!ce the B;R degradation$

Fig$ ==$ im!lation of the infl!ence of relati"e intensity noise9 line0idth and 0a"elength drift 0ithtemperat!re of the laser employed for !p<con"ersion$

- -7 -# -5 -% -! -$ -1 0 1 $$$$011#1%1$10

#

%

$

- 3 2 ) B E 9


9N -1!5 B/*+

- -7 -# -5 -% -! -$ -1 0 1 $$$$011#1%1$10

#

%

$

9N -1%5 B/*+

- 3 2 ) B E 9


E:L e3taT0 E:L e3taT0"5 :6EL e3taT0 :6EL e3taT0"1



,*-

Reconfigurable multiwavelengt! source based on

electroo"tic "!ase modulation of a "ulsed laser

4 reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on time<domain electrooptic phase

mod!lation of a p!lsed laser is proposed and experimentally demonstrated ]Bel,,c^9 ]&lo,*^$

The techni:!e permits great reconfig!ration in 0a"elength separation M%y m!ltiplying the

n!m%er of 0a"elengths 0ithin the optical %and0idth9 as 0ell as in the spectr!m allocation$ 4

t!na%le / GE( and *$/ GE( fre:!ency spacing from a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser is

experimentally demonstrated$ 4 / GE( fre:!ency shift is also demonstrated$

.1 Introduction

)!lti0a"elength light so!rces are f!ndamental components in a "ariety of photonic

applications incl!ding optical comm!nications9 signal processing9 and spectroscopy ],??^$

e"eral approaches for m!lti0a"elength light generation ha"e %een reported ]*++^M]*+@^$ For

instance9 m!ltifre:!ency operation of an ;r%i!m<doped fi%re laser can %e achie"ed %y adding a

fre:!ency shifter in the ring ca"ity ]*+,^$ 4 different approach is %ased on stim!lated Brillo!in

scattering$ In this techni:!e9 mode spacing ad>!stment is possi%le %y changing the free

spectral range of an intraca"ity %irefringent loop mirror filter ]*+*^$ 2n the other hand9 mode<

loc1ed lasers ]*++^ are ideally 0ell s!ited for m!ltifre:!ency generation as they pro"ide a

reg!larly spaced series of sta%le and sharp spectral components and ha"e lo0 noise :!alities$

Eo0e"er9 these m!ltimode p!lsed lasers !s!ally present limited reconfig!ration capa%ilities in

terms of9 e$g$9 0a"elength spacing$ 2ptical fre:!ency com%s %ased on electrooptic mod!lators

dri"en %y large<amplit!de sin!soidal signals permit ar%itrary 0a"elength spacing %y ad>!sting

the fre:!ency of the sin!soidal signals9 and 0a"elength can %e shifted employing a t!na%le

contin!o!s<0a"e laser$ For instance9 com% generation %ased on a phase mod!lator ]*+-^9 a d!al<

dri"e )) ]*+.^9 or cascaded phase and intensity mod!lators ]*+/^$ 4ltho!gh this techni:!e

can pro"ide a relati"ely flat optical com%9 it can %e limited %y the insertion loss of the

mod!lator together 0ith the mod!lation efficiency$ Gain<s0itched p!lsed lasers can also %e

employed for simple and cost efficient m!lti0a"elength generation 0ith t!na%le 0a"elength

spacing ]*+=^$ Eo0e"er9 these com% so!rces !s!ally present limited %and0idth and flatness



/$* Principle of operation

,*/

.& 7"erimental setu"

Fig$ =A sho0s the experimental set!p$ The original m!lti0a"elength so!rce is an acti"e mode<

loc1ed laser 76almar &aser9 P&<,+<*T89 )&& %loc1 in Fig$ =A$ The laser generates p!lses 0ith

* ps of FKE) at a repetition rate of ,+ GE($ This p!lse train is temporally mod!lated 0ith a

%it pattern in an electrooptic phase mod!lator 76o"ega9 &3/-8 7 3.5V V π = 8$ 4n optical delay

line is !sed to synchroni(e the mod!lation pattern 0ith the p!lse train$ The mod!lation depth

is t!ned %y !sing a "aria%le electrical atten!ator$ Fig$ =?7a8 sho0s the original ,+ GE( p!lse

train meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A$ Fig$ @+7a8 sho0s the original m!lti0a"elength spectr!m$

. 0unctional demonstration

Three experimental cases are considered to demonstrate a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength

so!rce$ T0o different %it patterns 0ith different amplit!de are employed to decrease the

0a"elength separation of the mode<loc1ed laser in Fig$ =A %y t0o different factors$ By

ad>!sting either the %it pattern or the amplit!de of the %it se:!ence9 the centre 0a"elength is

shifted alternati"ely to decrease the 0a"elength separation$

..1 Reduction of t!e fre6uency s"acing by a factor of 2

First9 0e experimentally demonstrate red!ction of the fre:!ency spacing of the mode<loc1ed

laser %y a factor of *9 as introd!ced in ection /$*$ 4 %it pattern +,+, at ,+ G%Ls is employed

to dri"e the electrooptic mod!lator$ Fig$ =?7%8 sho0s the %it pattern meas!red at point 7,8 in

Fig$ =A$ The mod!lation depth of the electrooptic mod!lator is caref!lly t!ned !ntil a / 2π phase shift is achie"ed$

Fig$ =A$ ;xperimental set!p of a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce$

:L<:>

10 G*+

PMP:

Am.

(3)(2)

0101"""

00010001"""

(1)10 Gbit/s

<6A

ABPG

MLL <DL

Fig$ =@$ Principle of operation of a reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %y time<domain phasemod!lation of a p!lsed laser$

Time Time

P4ase

re&'enc( re&'enc(

/repf r

Ti*e )+ltile,el

)-.+l/ti-0

= 1rep repT l f

repf

repT



/ Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce %ased on phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser

,*=

3ote that the dri"ing signal g!arantees that the same phase shift is applied along the 0hole

optical p!lse d!ration$ Fig$ @+7%8 sho0s the reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red

at point 7-8 in Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m exhi%its a fre:!ency spacing of / GE( in agreement 0ith

the theory introd!ced in ection /$*$

..2 Reduction of t!e fre6uency s"acing by a factor of

In a second experimental demonstration9 the fre:!ency spacing of the mode<loc1ed laser is

red!ced %y a factor of . %y dri"ing the phase mod!lator 0ith a se:!ence +++,+++, at

,+ G%Ls and setting a π phase shift$ The mod!lating se:!ence is sho0n in Fig$ =?7c8$ The

res!ltant periodic se:!ence in this case is +9 +9 +9 π 9 +9 +9 +9 π 9 u 0hich9 altho!gh not deri"ed

from 7,89 also pro"ides a fo!rfold red!ction in the fre:!ency spacing ]*+A^$ Fig$ @+7c8 sho0s the

reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red at point 7-8 in Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m

exhi%its a fre:!ency spacing of *$/ GE( as expected$ 3ote that the correspondence to the

original spectr!m in Fig$ @+7a8 is not perfect d!e to the resol!tion of the trace 7-@/ points in,$/ nm8$

..& $avelengt! s!ift by !alf fre6uency s"acing

The proposed techni:!e also permits to shift the 0a"elength of the original m!lti0a"elength

spectr!m$ The spectr!m is shifted %y half of the original fre:!ency spacing 0hen an alternate

π phase shift is set$ The se:!ence in this case +9 π 9 +9 π 9 u is deri"ed from 7,8 0ith 1= s and

1r = $ Fig$ @+7d8 sho0s the reconfig!red m!lti0a"elength spectr!m meas!red at point 7-8 in

Fig$ =A$ The spectr!m exhi%its a fre:!ency shift of / GE( 0ith respect to the inp!t spectr!m$

Fig$ =?$ 7a8 Inp!t ,+ GE( optical p!lse train meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A 74naly(er optical %and0idth#-+ GE(8$ 7%8 and 7c8 )od!lating signal at point 7,8 in Fig$ =A for t0ofold and fo!rfold decrease in thefre:!ency spacing of the p!lsed laser9 respecti"ely$

-1"$-0"-0"%0"00"%0"1"$

P 4 a s e ) r a

A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " ' " -0"$

0"00"$0"%0"#0"1"0

P e r ) a " ' "

/ 2π

0

)a

)b

)c π

0

Time ).s0 0 1#0 $%0 !$0 %00

-1"$-0"-0"%0"00"%0"1"$

P 4 a s e ) r a

A m . 3 i t ' e ) a " ' "



/$. F!nctional demonstration

,*@

It sho!ld %e noted that the experimental examples reported here only !se t0o phase le"els9 0hile

in general m!ltile"el phase se:!ences are re:!ired$ For instance9 the periodic se:!ence +9 / 4π 9

π 9 / 4π 9 u deri"ed from 7,8 0ith 1= s and 4r = also leads to a fo!rfold decrease in the

fre:!ency spacing of the p!lsed laser$ Eo0e"er9 the implementation of s!ch a case may re:!ire a

more complex m!ltile"el mod!lation approach ]?@^9 ]?A^$

. C!ir" and noise im"act analysis

The infl!ence of chirp9 timing >itter and amplit!de noise of the original so!rce on the proposed

techni:!e has %een analysed %y n!merical sim!lations$ 4 se:!ence of Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith

/ ps FKE) and repetition rate 10rep

f GHz = is considered$ The phase mod!lation process does

not infl!ence the p!lse train in intensity in the presence of chirp and noise$

The spectr!m of the linearly<chirped Ga!ssian p!lses is %roader than that of the !nchirped

p!lses$ Fig$ @, sho0s sim!lation res!lts of the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce for

linearly<chirped Ga!ssian p!lses$ 6hirp does not infl!ence the proposed reconfig!ration

techni:!e neither for fre:!ency spacing red!ction nor for fre:!ency shifting$

Fig$ @+$ 7a8 Inp!t ,+ GE( m!lti0a"elength laser spectr!m meas!red at point 7*8 in Fig$ =A$ 7%8 and 7c8Decrease %y an integer factor of * and . in the fre:!ency spacing9 respecti"ely$ 7d8 Fre:!ency shifting %yhalf of the original fre:!ency spacing$ 7Resol!tion %and0idth# +$+, nm8$

1550"$ 1550"!-15

-10

15%8"5 1550"0 1550"5 1551"0-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10

-5

P e r ) B m

Wa@e3en2t4 )nm

-!5-!0

-$5-$0-15-10

-5

P

e r ) B m

-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10

-5

P e r ) B m

-!5-!0-$5-$0-15-10

-5

P e r ) B m

)a

)b

)c

)

$X

%X

NPUT

6*T




,*A

Fig$ @-$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for fo!rfold decrease in the fre:!ency spacingcompared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen amplit!de noise is considered in sim!lation$

-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0

0"$

0"%

0"#

0"

1"0

n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "

re&'enc( )G*+

%X NPUT

-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0

0"5

1"0

1"5

$"0

$"5!"0

!"5

re&'enc( )G*+

H10-%

Fig$ @*$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for t0ofold decrease in the fre:!ency spacing and forfre:!ency shifting %y half fre:!ency spacing compared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen timing >itter isconsidered in sim!lation$

0"0

0"$

0"%

0"#0"

1"0

n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "

$X

NPUT

-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0

0"$

0"%

0"#

0"

1"0

n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "

re&'enc( )G*+

6*T NPUT

0"0

0"5

1"0

1"5$"0

$"5

!"0

!"5

H10-%

-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0

0"5

1"0

1"5

re&'enc( )G*+

H10-%

Fig$ @,$ )!lti0a"elength spectr!m reconfig!red for t0ofold decrease in the fre:!ency spacingcompared 0ith the inp!t spectr!m 0hen chirp is considered in sim!lation$

-100-0 -#0 -%0 -$0 0 $0 %0 #0 0 1000"0

0"$

0"%

0"#

0"

1"0

n t e n s i t ( ) n " ' "

re&'enc( )G*+

$X NPUT



/$/ 6hirp and noise impact analysis

,*?

The spectr!m of the Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith timing >itter is narro0er than that of the p!lses

0itho!t >itter and presents noise %et0een spectral lines$ Fig$ @* sho0s sim!lation res!lts of

the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce 0hen a p!lse<to<p!lse random time shift 0ith

Ga!ssian distri%!tion at , ps mean and +$- ps standard de"iation is considered$ The phase

mod!lation process in the presence of timing >itter ind!ces non!niformity in the spectralen"elope and increases the noise %et0een spectral lines for fre:!ency spacing red!ction$ The

higher the fre:!ency spacing red!ction factor the higher the noise increment$ For fre:!ency

shifting9 phase mod!lation shifts the noise %et0een spectral lines$

Finally9 amplit!de noise infl!ences the reconfig!red spectr!m similarly to timing >itter$ The

spectr!m of the Ga!ssian p!lses 0ith amplit!de noise presents noise %et0een spectral lines$

Fig$ @- sho0s sim!lation res!lts of the reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rce 0hen a p!lse<

to<p!lse random amplit!de "ariation 0ith Ga!ssian distri%!tion at +$, mean and +$+- standard

de"iation is considered$ The phase mod!lation process in the presence of amplit!de noise

ind!ces non!niformity in the spectral en"elope and increases the noise %et0een spectral linesfor fre:!ency spacing red!ction$ The higher the fre:!ency spacing red!ction factor the higher

the noise increment$ For fre:!ency shifting9 phase mod!lation shifts the noise %et0een

spectral lines$

.) Conclusion

)!ltile"el electrooptic phase mod!lation is s!ita%le for adding flexi%ility in %oth 0a"elength

spacing and centre 0a"elength to p!lsed lasers$ The theory reported in ]6ar,,^ has %een

"erified experimentally$ T0ofold and fo!rfold red!ction of 0a"elength spacing %y do!%ling and:!adr!pling the n!m%er of 0a"elengths and 0a"elength shift %y half 0a"elength spacing has

%een demonstrated employing a simple electrooptic phase mod!lator dri"en %y a %inary

signal$ The techni:!e is insensiti"e to chirp9 and increases the spectral noise after 0a"elength

spacing reconfig!ration$

The techni:!e has %een demonstrated to reconfig!re a ,+ GE( mode<loc1ed laser$

4lternati"ely9 the techni:!e co!ld %e applied to optical com%s %ased on electrooptic

mod!lators pro"ided they are config!red to operate as p!lsed lasers as 0ell as to gain<

s0itched lasers$ These p!lsed lasers may offer lo0er cost sol!tions ho0e"er they !s!ally

exhi%it 0orse performance 0hich co!ld translate into higher o"erall cost in radio<o"er<fi%rearchitect!res s!pporting a large n!m%er of remote antenna !nits$

ilicon<%ased optical mod!lators ha"e %een demonstrated 0hich can alternati"ely %e !sed for

phase mod!lation targeting to red!ce cost ],?,^$ 4ltho!gh these silicon mod!lators offer

se"eral ad"antages9 the technology is still in de"elopment and de"ice performance need to %e

impro"ed$ In addition9 phase mod!lation can %e implemented %y nonlinear optical processes9

as s!ggested in ]6ar,,^$




,-+



,-,

) Conclusion and furt!er work

).1 Conclusion

The st!dy on different techni:!es allo0ing the de"elopment9 implementation and

maintenance of optical access net0or1s pro"iding high capacity 0ireless connecti"ity in a

flexi%le and cost<effecti"e 0ay is re:!ired for next<generation access net0or1s and has %een

s!%>ect of st!dy in this Ph$D$ thesis$ The feasi%ility of ne0 UKB radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es to

pro"ide m!ltigiga%it 0ireless comm!nications in FTTE net0or1s has %een demonstrated$ The

techni:!es st!died are transfera%le to real prod!ct systems and act!al optical net0or1s$

T0o techni:!es ha"e %een proposed and experimentally demonstrated for UKB generation

integrating optical access transmission$ 2ptical p!lses are remotely shaped to UKB Ga!ssian

monocycles %ased on optical delay and %alanced photodetection or %ased on differential

photorecei"er and electrical delay$ imple optical schemes for UKB generation9 0hich are

scala%le to high<fre:!ency 0a"eforms9 reconfig!ra%le and employ off<the<shelf components9

are yet to %e proposed$ !ch methods may significantly enhance UKB radio<o"er<fi%re

integration$

UKB in the =+ GE( %and has also %een presented as a "ery interesting approach for next<

generation radio systems 0hich 0o!ld %enefit from the !nlicensed nat!re of this %and

together 0ith the intrinsic coexistence characteristics of UKB technology$ 4pplication of UKB<

o"er<fi%re systems in the =+ GE( %and to interference<sensiti"e locations s!ch as in<aircraft

comm!nications and to integrated optical access and indoor radio net0or1s has %een

proposed and experimentally demonstrated$ 6ommercially a"aila%le technology has %een

employed and the !se of other e"ol"ing technologies has %een disc!ssed9 0hich co!ld lead to

simpler and lo0er o"erall cost implementations$

There are se"eral challenges limiting practical application of =+ GE( 0ireless systems for high<

speed KP43$ First9 &2 transmission is re:!ired for high<speed operation$ e"eral sol!tions

ha"e %een proposed to s!pport 3&2 comm!nications9 s!ch as )I)29 %eam forming9 and

%eam steering$ Their implementation in practical commercial compact and cost<effecti"e

6)2 transcei"ers as re:!ired for KP43 has %een demonstrated ho0e"er it is still in



= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1

,-*

de"elopment$ In addition9 in practical applications9 it is often desired to com%ine mo%ility and

high<speed capa%ility of the &2 directional lin1s$ Eence9 sol!tions are re:!ired to pro"ide

0ide co"erage 0itho!t increasing complexity significantly$

=+ GE( do0nlin1 radio<o"er<fi%re transmission s!ita%le for EDT5 deli"ering has %een

in"estigated in this thesis$ ;na%ling technologies for f!ll<d!plex systems 1eeping the remote

antenna !nits simple sho!ld %e f!rther in"estigated$ These systems co!ld in"ol"e the !plin1

transmission of =+ GE( 0ireless and 0ired ser"ices$ The =+ GE( signal co!ld %e do0n<

con"erted at the remote antenna !nits for %ase%and !plin1 optical transmission o"er extended

distances$ The !se of =+ GE( 6)2 transcei"ers may pro"ide a cost<effecti"e sol!tion$

In addition9 "arying fi%re dispersion in optical access net0or1s co"ering different distances can

%e exploited to co"er a 0ide range of applications in different RF %ands sim!ltaneo!sly9

incl!ding =+ GE( FTTE9 *. GE( infrastr!ct!re<to<car radar and comm!nications9 and

@/N,,+ GE( o!tdoor comm!nications$ =+ GE( generation has %een experimentally

demonstrated employing ,/ GE( !p<con"ersion de"ices and ,*$/ 1m of )F in FTTE

net0or1s at ,$*/ G%Ls$ Kireless transmission at , m has also %een demonstrated$

Integration of =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%re in FTTE net0or1s is proposed and demonstrated for

_, m 0ireless distance !p to -$,*/ G%Ls$ =+ GE( operation re!ses UKB technology to

o"ercome UKB coexistence iss!es and to extend UKB range$ 56;& ena%les cost<effecti"e

electrooptic con"ersion and optical fre:!ency !p<con"ersion$ 6om%ined .+ 1m )F and / m

0ireless transmission has %een experimentally demonstrated for the t0o mainstream UKB

implementations <2FD) and imp!lse<radio< at ,$.. G%Ls$ The res!lts permit9 from an

application point<of<"ie09 to select a gi"en UKB implementation depending on net0or1 reach

and system complexity desired$ The !se of a direct<mod!lated 56;& in com%ination 0ith

optical carrier s!ppression in a )) has %een proposed$ 56;& chirp has %een sho0n to

impro"e optical recei"er sensiti"ity$

56;& has also %een proposed for fre:!ency !p<con"ersion and compared 0ith con"entional

;6&$ 6om%ined =$/ 1m )F and * m 0ireless transmission has %een experimentally

demonstrated at -$,*/ G%Ls$ The res!lts permit9 from an application point<of<"ie09 to select a

gi"en laser technology depending on net0or1 reach and system complexity desired$

The application of the theory de"eloped in ]6ar,,^ to m!lti0a"elength so!rces has %een

proposed and experimentally demonstrated in this thesis$ )!lti0a"elength so!rces 0ith easily

reconfig!ra%le 0a"elength spacing or centre 0a"elength are proposed %ased on electrooptic

m!lti<phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser$ T0ofold and fo!rfold m!ltiplication of com% lines

and 0a"elength shift %y half of the 0a"elength spacing of a mode<loc1ed laser has %een

experimentally demonstrated employing a simple phase mod!lator dri"en %y a %inary signal$

ince the p!lse train is !naltered in intensity9 the proposed reconfig!ra%le so!rce can %e !sed

sim!ltaneo!sly for time<domain applications s!ch as optical time di"ision m!ltiplexing 72TD)8

systems$

Finally9 since imp!lse<radio UKB is no0adays mostly !sed for radarLpositioning application9

0e %elie"e that a com%ination of m!lti<G%Ls comm!nications and acc!rate positioning is "ery

attracti"e as a research topic$



=$* 2ngoing and f!rther 0or1

,--

).2 /ngoing and furt!er work

There are t0o ongoing research lines related 0ith this Ph$D$ thesis9 in the context of hy%rid

millimetre<0a"e optical net0or1s and reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength so!rces#First9 a colla%oration has %een done proposing and experimentally demonstrating the

com%ined optical access and 0ireless transmission of compressed ED "ideo in the =+ GE( %and

]&e%,,a^9 ]&e%,,%^$ The st!dy demonstrates that performance in terms of 0ireless distance or

optical po0er %!dget can %e impro"ed employing ad"anced "ideo coding9 performance

degradation ind!ced %y "ideo compression %eing a trade<off$ The system is %ased on DFB

direct mod!lation9 fre:!ency !p<con"ersion %y optical carrier s!ppression in a ))9 and RF

po0er detection$ ;mploying this system9 in addition9 re!se of 0idely deployed in<%!ilding

))F as extension of optical access net0or1s has %een proposed and experimentally

demonstrated for in<%!ilding giga%it 0ireless access in the =+ GE( %and ]Pha,,^$ Distri%!tion

of * G%Ls data in com%ined ,+ 1m )FL, 1m ))F and f!rther =$/ m 0ireless distance has

%een demonstrated$

econd9 in the line of spectral reconfig!ration of m!lti0a"elength so!rces9 there is ongoing

0or1 targeting to in"estigate the flexi%ility of the phase mod!lation techni:!e proposed in this

thesis %y employing m!ltile"el electrooptic mod!lation$ 2f partic!lar interest9 the possi%ility of

achie"ing high m!ltiplication factors 0itho!t increasing complexity significantly$ e"eral

applications are also %eing in"estigated9 0here the !se of this techni:!e may %e rele"ant$ For

instance9 in photonic millimetre<0a"e 0ireless systems %ased on m!lti%and 2FD) signals$ The

!se of a reconfig!ra%le optical com% in this application is an attracti"e approach to pro"ide

flexi%le seamless slicing of the 0ide RF %and0idth$ The optical com% generates the m!ltiple

optical 0a"elengths s!pporting the different 2FD) %ands to ser"e different !sers in the

system$ 2ptical 3R red!ction d!e to reconfig!ration may limit the n!m%er of com% lines

s!pported in the system$ The m!lti%and 2FD) techni:!e can also red!ce the po0er and

%and0idth re:!irements of D46L4D6 e:!ipment for energy<efficient and cost<effecti"e

systems$ oint experiments ha"e started to in"estigate photonic millimetre<0a"e 0ireless

systems in the @/M,,+ GE( %and %ased on electrical 2FD) and optical com% generation

]Den,,^9 ]Bel,*^$



= 6oncl!sion and f!rther 0or1

,-.



,-/

A

/riginal contributions

Peer-re2iewed 3ournals

]Bel,,d^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 D!al photonic generation !ltra0ide%and imp!lse<radio

%y fre:!ency shifting in remote<connecti"ity fi%er9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *?9 no$ *.9 pp$

-=./M-=/-9 Dec$ *+,,$

]Bel,,c^ "* Beltr#n9 $ 6ara:!itena9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )art9 Reconfig!ra%le m!lti0a"elength

so!rce %ased on electrooptic phase mod!lation of a p!lsed laser9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9

"ol$ *-9 no$ ,=9 pp$ ,,@/M,,@@9 4!g$ *+,,$

]Bel,,%^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 ;xperimental analysis of

=+<GE( 56;& and ;6& photonic generation and transmission of imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%andsignals9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *-9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,+//M,+/@9 4!g$ *+,,$

]Bel,,a^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 R$ Rodes9 )$ 2rtsiefer9 6$ 3e!meyr9 and

I$ Taf!r )onroy9 Performance of a =+<GE( D6)<2FD) and BPH<imp!lse !ltra<0ide%and

system 0ith radio<o"er<fi%er and 0ireless transmission employing a directly<mod!lated

56;&9C "### J. %el. &rea Comm.' %pecial "ssue on ()istributed *roadband Wireless

Communications'+ "ol$ *?9 no$ =9 pp$ ,*?/M,-+-9 !n$ *+,,$

]Bel,+a^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 =+<GE( !ltra<0ide%and radio<o"er<fi%er system !sing a

no"el photonic monocycle generation9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ /A9 no$ =9pp$ ,=+?M,=*+9 !n$ *+,+$

]Den,,^ &$ Deng9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pang9 $ hang9 5$ 4rl!nno9 J$ hao9 4$ 6a%allero9 4$ Dogadae"9

$ J!9 R$ &lorente9 D$ &i!9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 Fi%er 0ireless transmission of A$- G%LsLch

[PH<2FD) signals in @/<,,+ GE( %and9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *.9 no$ /9 pp$ -A-M

-A/9 )ar$ *+,*$

]&e%,,%^ 4$ &e%ede"9 T$ T$ Pham9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 4$ U1hano"a9 R$ &lorente9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9

and $ Forchhammer9 2ptimi(ation of high<definition "ideo coding and hy%rid fi%er<0ireless

transmission in the =+ GE( %and9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,?9 no$ *=9 pp$ BA?/<B?+.9 Dec$ *+,,$



4 2riginal contri%!tions

,-=

]6ar,,^ $ 6ara:!itena9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 $ )art9 and )$ 4$ )!riel9 pectral

self<imaging effect %y time<domain m!ltile"el phase mod!lation of a periodic p!lse train9C

pt. ett.9 "ol$ -=9 no$ =9 pp$ A/AMA=+9 )ar$ *+,,$

]Par,+^ )$ 6$ Par1er9 $ D$ Kal1er9 R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 I$ )vllers9 D$ wger9

6$ 5'(:!e(9 D$ )ontero9 I$ &i%r'n9 $ )i1ro!lis9 $ Hara%etsos9 and 4$ Bogris9 Radio<o"er<fi%re

technologies arising from the %!ilding the f!t!re optical net0or1 in ;!rope 7B23;8 pro>ect9C

"#! ptoelectron.9 pecial "ssue on (ext /eneration of ptical &ccess'+ "ol$ .9 no$ =9

pp$ *.@N*/?9 Dec$ *+,+$

]&lo+Ac^ R$ &lorente9 T$ 4l"es9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pére(9 4$ 6artaxo9 and $ )arti9

Ultra<0ide%and radio signals distri%!tion in FTTE net0or1s9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9

"ol$ *+9 no$ ,,9 pp$ ?./M?.@9 !n$ *++A$

Book chapters

]&lo,,a^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 and )$ )orant 7*+,,8$ UKB<o"er<Fi%re in 3ext<generation

4ccess 3et0or1s9 Ultra Kide%and 6omm!nications# 3o"el Trends < ystem9 4rchitect!re and

Implementation9 )ohammad )atin 7;d$89 IB3# ?@A<?/-<-+@<.=,<+9 InTech9 4"aila%le from#

http#LL000$intechopen$comLarticlesLsho0LtitleL!0%<o"er<fi%re<technology<performance<

and<next<generation<applications

]&lo,+a^ R$ &lorente and "* Beltr#n 7*+,+8$ Radio<o"er<Fi%re Techni:!es and Performance9

Frontiers in G!ided Ka"e 2ptics and 2ptoelectronics9 Bishn! Pal 7;d$89

IB3# ?@A<?/-<@=,?<A*<.9 InTech9 4"aila%le from# http#LLsciyo$comLarticlesLsho0LtitleLradio<

o"er<fi%re<techni:!es<and<performance

4onferences

]&lo,*^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 and ;$ Pellicer9 6ost and ;nergy ;fficient )!lti<

standard 2FD) Integrated 2ptical 4ccess and In<%!ilding 3et0or1 4rchitect!re9C in "nternational

Conference on !ransparent ptical etworks 0"C!19 6o"entry9 ;ngland9 !l$ *+,*$ In2ited paper*

]Bel,*^ "* Beltr#n9 &$ Deng9 $ Pang9 $ hang9 5$ 4rl!nno9 J$ hao9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 D$ &i!9

and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 -A$*<G%Ls 2ptical<0ireless transmission in @/<,,+ GE( %ased on

electrical 2FD) 0ith optical com% expansion9C in ptical 2iber Communication Conference and#xposition 02C19 &os 4ngeles9 U49 )ar$ *+,*9 paper 2)*B$*$

]&lo,,%^ R$ &lorente9 $ Kal1er9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 and

$ B$ ensen9 Triple<play and =+<GE( radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es for next<generation optical

access net0or1s9C in #uropean Conference on etworks and ptical Communications 0C19

3e0castle !pon Tyne9 United Hingdom9 !l$ *+,,9 pp$ ,=M,?$ In2ited paper*

]Bel,+c^ "* Beltr#n9 $ B$ ensen9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 ;xperimental

performance comparison of =+ GE( D6) 2FD) and imp!lse BPH !ltra<0ide%and 0ith

com%ined optical fi%re and 0ireless transmission9 in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on

ptical Communication 0#CC19 Torino9 Italy9 ept$ *+,+9 paper Th$?$B$-$




,-@

]&lo,+%^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 2ptical technologies for m!lti<G%itLs

!ltra<0ide%and radio# From the access to the pico<cell9C in "nternational Conference on

!ransparent ptical etworks 0"C!19 )!nich9 Germany9 !n$ *+,+9 paper Ke$4-$-$ In2ited

paper*

]Bel,+%^ "* Beltr#n and R$ &lorente9 2ptical generation 0ith FTTE transmission of =+ GE(

imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%and signals9 in &ccess etworks and "n-house Communications

0&"C19 Harlsr!he9 Germany9 !n$ *+,+9 paper 4K6@$

]Bel+?c^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ am%ara>!9 4$ &a Porta9 R$ &lorente9 and $ Pere(9 Photonic generation

and en"elope detection of millimeter<0a"e !ltra0ide%and imp!lse<radio employing

)ach<ehnder mod!lators9 in "### "nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19

5anco!"er9 6anada9 ept$ *++?9 pp$ .*AM.-*$

]&lo+?a^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 Ultra<0ide%and radio<o"er<fi%re in

transparent optical net0or1s9C in "nternational Conference on !ransparent ptical etworks

0"C!19 4(ores9 Port!gal9 !n$ *++?9 paper T!$4/$,$ In2ited paper*

]Bel+?%^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 R$ am%ara>!9 and $ )arti9 *. GE( UKB<o"er<fi%er system

for sim!ltaneo!s "ehic!lar radar and comm!nications9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 antander9

pain9 !n$ *++?$

]Bel+?a^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 R$ am%ara>!9 and $ )arti9 =+ GE( UKB<o"er<fi%er system

for in<flight comm!nications9C in "### ,!!-% "nternational ,icrowave %ymposium 0",%19

Boston9 U49 !n$ *++?9 pp$ /MA$ 5inalist in the est student paper co$petition$

]Bel+Ac^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 R$ &lorente and $ )arti9 Photonic generation and

fre:!ency !p<con"ersion of imp!lse<radio UKB signals9C in "### asers and #lectro-ptics

%ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 3e0port Beach9 U49 3o"$ *++A9 pp$ .?AM.??$

]&e%,,a^ 4$ &e%ede"9 T$ T$ Pham9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 4$ U1hano"a9 &$ Deng9 3$ G!errero

Gon(ale(9 R$ &lorente9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 and $ Forchhammer9 2ptimi(ation of high<definition

"ideo coding and hy%rid fi%er<0ireless transmission in the =+ GE( %and9C in #uropean

Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Gene"a9 0it(erland9 ept$ *+,,9

paper Ke$,+$P,$?@$

]Pha,,^ T$ T$ Pham9 4$ &e%ede"9 "* Beltr#n9 $ J!9 R$ &lorente9 and I$ Taf!r )onroy9 )FL))F%ased in<%!ilding Giga%it 0ireless access systems !sing simplified =+<GE( transcei"ers9C in

#uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Gene"a9 0it(erland9

ept$ *+,,9 paper Ke$,+$P,$,,,$

]en,+^ $ B$ ensen9 R$ Rodes9 "* Beltr#n9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 hared medi!m * G%ps %ase%and

b * G%ps UKB in<%!ilding con"erged opticalL0ireless net0or1 0ith m!ltimode fi%er and

0ireless transmission9C in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication

0#CC19 Torino9 Italy9 ept$ *+,+9 paper Ke$@$B$.$




,-A

])or+?^ )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance e"al!ation of in<%!ilding

radio<o"er<fi%er distri%!tion of m!lti<%and 2FD) UKB signals9C in "### "nternational !opical

,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 5alencia9 pain9 2ct$ *++?9 paper Th.$,-$

]Per+?d^ $ Pere(9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance of )B<2FD) UKB

and Ki)4 I;;; A+*$,=e con"erged radio<o"er<fi%er in P239C in "### "nternational !opical

,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 5alencia9 pain9 2ct$ *++?9 paper Th.$.,$

]&lo+?%^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 and "* Beltr#n9 Photonics<aided sensing for context

a0areness in complex radio en"ironments9C presented at #uropean Commission workshop on

locali4ation and context awareness9 Br!ssels9 Belgi!m9 ept$ *++?$

]Bel+?d^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 Performance e"al!ation of 2FD)

and imp!lse<radio !ltra<0ide%and o"er fi%er distri%!tion for in %!ilding net0or1s9 in "###

"nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 5anco!"er9 6anada9 ept$ *++?9

pp$ -.AM-/*$

]Per+?c^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 &$ 6a"allin9 and R$ &lorente9 Protection margins for

>oint operation of Ki)4 A+*$,=e and Ki)edia<defined UKB radio in personal area

net0or1s9C in "### "nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 5anco!"er9 6anada9

ept$ *++?9 pp$ @*-M@*@$

]Per+?%^ $ Pere(9 )$ )orant9 &$ 6a"allin9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ Ga!dino9 and R$ &lorente9

;xperimental analysis of Ki)edia<defined UKB and Ki)4 A+*$,=e coexistence in personal

area net0or1s9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 antander9 pain9 !n$ *++?$

]Per+?a^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 R$ &lorente9 4$ Rahim Bis0as9 R$ Piesie0ic(9

)$ 6otton9 D$ FYhrer9 B$ el"a9 I$ B!caille9 and $ eis%erg9 ;xperimental analysis of -$/ GE(

Ki)4 A+*$,=e interference in Ki)edia<defined UKB radio transmissions9C in "### 5ehicular

!echnology Conference 05!C-%pring19 Barcelona9 pain9 4pr$ *++?9 pp$ ,M/ $

])or+Ac^ )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente and $ )arti9 Integrated performance

analysis of UKB 0ireless optical transmission in FTTE net0or1s9C in "### asers and #lectro-

ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 3e0port Beach9 U49 3o"$ *++A9 pp$ A@MAA$

])or+A%^ )$ )orant9 R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and a"ier )arti9 Impact of pilot

tone<assisted e:!ali(ation in Kimedia<defined 2FD)<UKB signals transmission in FTTEnet0or1s9C in "### "nternational !opical ,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 Gold 6oast9

4!stralia9 2ct$ *++A9 pp$ *,@M**+$

]Bel+A%^ "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )arti9 Photonic 4D6 technology for spectr!m

meas!rement and 0ireless coexistence in U6;&& pro>ect9C presented at Walter 3W*

Workshop9 Ispra9 Italy9 !l$ *++A$

])or+Aa^ )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 Imp!lse<radio !ltra 0ide<%and

signals distri%!tion in FTTE net0or1s9C presented at "%"% etwork of #xcellence Korkshop on

2!!6' Wireless Communications' and their interaction9 toc1holm9 0eden9 !n$ *++A$




,-?

]&lo+A%^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pére(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 and $ )art9 UKB picocell cl!sters#

Real<time interference monitoring9C in $roc. "C!-,obile%ummit 9 toc1holm9 0eden9 !n$ *++A$

]Bel+Aa^ "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 and R$ &lorente9 UKB 0ireless coexistence %y

fi%re<%ased photonic 4D6 interference monitoring9C presented at "%"% etwork of #xcellence

Korkshop on 2!!6' Wireless Communications' and their interaction9 toc1holm9 0eden9

!n$ *++A$

]&lo+Aa^ R$ &lorente9 T$ 4l"es9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 4$ 6artaxo9 and $ )arti9 2ptical

distri%!tion of 2FD) and imp!lse<radio UKB in FTTE net0or1s9C in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 an Diego9 U49 Fe%$ *++A9 paper K4,+?$

]&lo+@^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 and $ )arti9 6on"ertidores analógico<digital

fotónicos# tecnologa y aplicaciones en telecom!nicación9C in $roc. !elecom "7)9 5alencia9

pain9 2ct$ *++@$

]Per+@^ $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )arti9 Performance e"al!ation of the parallel

)ach<ehnder differential lineari(ation architect!re9C presented at #-$hotone7 8 C%! 9:;

%ummer %chool on &dvanced optical communications systems< 2rom short range to long haul

networks9 Brest9 France9 !l$ *++@$

]&lo+=^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 3$ Uehara9 )d$ aad Hhan9 and $ )arti9 &ong<term

and short<term spectral sta%ility characteri(ation of s!percontin!!m laser so!rces9C in "###

asers and #lectro-ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 )ontreal9 6anada9 3o"$ *++=9 pp$

=A/M=A=$

Technical reports

];UR2<F2 DA$-^ 6$ Ho!lo!mentas9 4$ )a(iotis9 P$ Ba1opo!los9 )$ pyropo!lo!9

E$ 4"ramopo!los9 B$ chren19 F$ Bonada9 ;$ Tommy9 5$ Polo9 $ Prat9 $ 4$ &a(aro9 P$ 2ssie!r9

$ $ [i!9 $ Ba!0elinc19 $ Jin9 $ eoane9 D$ i%ar9 P$ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 ;$ Tangdiongga9

D$ ;rasme9 6$ Kare9 -rd 4cti"ity report on 6;.# 3ext Generation 2ptical 4ccess !%systems

and on related Research Topics9C "C! #3=-2% $ro>ect )eliverable )?.@9 4pr$ *+,,$

]FI5;R D*$=^ )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 R$ &lorente9 $ Kal1er9 3$ )edina9 "* Beltr#n9

6$ Rodrig!es9 4$ Gamelas9 5$ )irones9 $ )$ il"a9 I$ Freitas 2li"eira9 4$ 3gZ2ma9 6KDD

integrated net0or1 architect!re specification9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )9.A9 Dec$ *+,+$

]FI5;R D-$.^ $ 6y0ios1i9 4$ chmidt9 R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 F$ )artne(9 $ )atres9

"* Beltr#n9 $ 'nche(9 )$ )aestro9 $ 4$ P$ )orgado9 D$ D$ Fonseca9 4$ 6artaxo9 Report on

%ase%and and radio<o"er<fi%re 2FD) transmission impairment compensation algorithms and

expected performance9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )@.B9 Dec$ *+,+$

]FI5;R D-$*^ 4$ chmidt9 D$ B!rggraf9 T$ Bart(sch9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 R$ &lorente9

T$ [!inlan9 )$ Par1er9 $ Kal1er9 P$ 6l!(ea!d9 F$ 6ar"alho9 4$ 6artaxo9 Report on radio

transmission coexistence re:!irements9C "C! 2"5#= $ro>ect )eliverable )@.99 ept$ *+,+$




,.+

]U6;&& D.$*^ R$ &lorente9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ Pére(9 $ )art9 D$ )esh!lam9 4$ 6artaxo9

$ Romme9 E$ Porte9 $ P!che9 $ D!plicy9 T$ "an Katerschoot9 5$ &e 3ir9 3$ 4miot9 Intermediate

report on the RF9 photonic s!%systems9 m!ltichannel 4D6 and enhanced UKB terminals9C "C!

3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )B.99 Dec$ *++?$

]U6;&& D/$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 $ P!che9 $ Romme9 T$ 4l"es9

4$ 6artaxo9 $ Ea!den9 $ D!plicy9 R$ BaQales9 5$ &e 3ir9 B$ Ug!en9 J$ &ostanlen9 J$ Hol1o"ich9

Intermediate reported on the cell!lar<UKB la%oratory platform9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect

)eliverable ).;9 Dec$ *++?$

]U6;&& D@$*^ R$ &lorente9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 )$ )orant9 $ D!plicy9 D$ )esh!lam9 First

report on the UKB technology e"ol!tion9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )D.99 Dec$ *++?$

]U6;&& D.$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 "* Beltr#n9 $ Pere(9 $ )arti9 J$ 2ti1er9 T$ Danon9

$ )antel9 D$ chmert(9 R$ Horman9 T$ 4l"es9 4$ 6artaxo9 $ Romme9 $ Ea!den9 E$ Porte9 RF and

photonic s!%system specification9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )B.;9 2ct$ *++A$

]U6;&& D*$,^ R$ &lorente9 )$ )orant9 $ Pere(9 "* Beltr#n9 T$ Danon9 $ )antel9 D$ chmert(9

J$ 2ti1er9 $ D!plicy9 $ P!che9 T$ "an Katerschoot9 5$ &e 3ir9 T$ 4l"es9 4$ 6artaxo9 $ Romme9

3$ 4miot9 B$ Ug!en9 J$ &ostanlen9 R$ BaQales9 Report on cell!lar<UKB f!nctionalities9 real<time

UKB spectr!m monitoring f!nctionalities$ Photonic<4D6 and radio<o"er<fi%re architect!re9

s!ita%le scenarios and technology state<of the<art9C "C! 3C#% $ro>ect )eliverable )9.;9 2ct$

*++A$

]FR;DIT D*$,^ 4$ afra9 $ P!che9 5$ Perales9 6$ 5ernich9 $ Pére(9 "* Beltr#n9 $ &$ Torral%a9

4r:!itect!ra y especificaciones del 4D6 fotónico9C 2=#)"! $ro>ect )eliverable )9.;9 !n$ *++@$

]FR;DIT D*$*^ "* Beltr#n9 $ P!che9 ;specificaciones de la f!ente l'ser s!percontin!!m9C

2=#)"! $ro>ect )eliverable )9.99 !n$ *++@$



,.,

%ibliogra"!y

],^ Re"ision of part ,/ of the 6ommissionZs r!les regarding !ltra<0ide%and transmission

systems9C F669 Rep$ F66 +*<.A9 4pr$ *++*$

]*^ )$ H!nert9 G$ Rollmann9 E$<&$ Bloecher9 and $ ch!ermann9 *. GE( !ltra<0ide%and

"ehic!lar short range radar systems$ Technology and reg!latory aspects o"er"ie09C in

International Krocla0 ymposi!m and ;xhi%ition on ;lectromagnetic 6ompati%ility 7;)689

!n$ *++=$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$sara<gro!p$org

]-^ T$ H!ri9 J$ 2miya9 T$ Ha0anishi9 $ Eara9 and H$ Hitayama9 2ptical transmitter and recei"er

of *.<GE( !ltra<0ide%and signal %y direct photonic con"ersion techni:!es9C in "###

"nternational !opical ,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 pp$ ,M.9 2ct$ *++=$

].^ 4$ Paier9 $ Haredal9 3$ 6(in19 E$ Eofstetter9 6$ D!mard9 T$ emen9 F$ T!f"esson9 6$ F$)ec1len%ra!1er9 and 4$ F$ )olisch9 First res!lts from car<to<car and car<to<infrastr!ct!re

radio channel meas!rements at /$*GE9 "### "nternational %ymposium on $ersonal' "ndoor

and ,obile =adio Communications 0$",=C19 pp$ ,M/9 ept$ *++@$

]/^ ;66 Decision of , Decem%er *++= amended -, 2cto%er *++A on s!pplementary reg!latorypro"isions to Decision ;66LD;6L7+=8+. for UKB de"ices !sing mitigation techni:!es9C ;6694mended ;66LD;6L7+=8,*9 2ct$ *++A$

]=^ J$ &e G!ennec9 4$ Pi((inat9 $ )eyer9 B$ 6har%onnier9 P$ &om%ard9 )$ &o!rdiane9 B$ 6a%on9

6$ 4lgani9 4$<&$ Billa%ert9 )$ Terré9 6$ R!melhard9 $<&$ Polle!x9 E$ ac:!inot9 $ Bories9 and 6$

illans9 &o0<cost transparent radio<o"er<fi%er system for in<%!ilding distri%!tion of UKBsignals9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$ ,.9 pp$ *=.?M*=/@9 !l$ *++?$

]@^ &$ E!tcheson9 FTTx# 6!rrent stat!s and the f!t!reC9 "### Commun. ,ag.9 "ol$ .=9 no$ @9 pp$

?+M?/9 !l$ *++A$

]A^ Ki)edia 4lliance$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$0imedia$org

]?^ Eigh rate !ltra 0ide%and PEJ and )46 standard9C ;6)49 ;6)4<-=A9 Dec$ *++A$

],+^ 4lereon9 Inc$9 4&/-+, 6hipset$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$alereon$comLprod!ctsLchipsetsLal/,++al/-+,<chipset

],,^ Kisair9 Kireless UB single chip$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$0isair$comLprod!ctsL0ireless<!s%<single<chipL

],*^ $ &ansford9 The Ki)edia UKB radio# Is it the ideal cogniti"e radio processorzC in "###

"nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 pp$ ,@-M,@=9 ep$ *++A$

],-^ D$ Dardari9 4$ 6onti9 U$ Ferner9 4$ Giorgetti9 and )$ $ Kin9 Ranging 0ith !ltra0ide

%and0idth signals in m!ltipath en"ironments9C $roc. "### 9 "ol$ ?@9 no$ *9 pp$ .+.M.*=9 Fe%$ *++?$

],.^ 6$ no09 Ultra 0ide%and comm!nications past9 present and f!t!re9C in 3*C-"###Workshop on 2uture Communication %ystems9 )ar$ *++@$



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http#LL000$ecma<

international$orgLne0sLPressReleasesLPR;cma\*+p!%lishes\*+=+\*+GE(\*+tandard$htm

],@^ Broad%and Radio 4ccess 3et0or1s 7BR438 =+ GE( )!ltiple<Giga%it K4LR&43 ystems

Earmoni(ed ;3 co"ering the essential re:!irements of article -$* of the RbTT; Directi"e9C

;TI9 ;3 -+* /=@ ",$,$,9 )ar$ *++?$

],A^ R$ 6$ Daniels and R$ K$ Eeath9 =+ GE( 0ireless comm!nications# ;merging re:!irements

and design recommendations9C "### 5eh. !echnol. ,ag.9 "ol$ *9 no$ -9 pp$ .,M/+9 ep$ *++@$

],?^ H$ Gro%e and $ P$ ;l%ers9 P23 in adolescence# From TD)4 to KD)<P239C "### Commun.

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]*+^ H$ Prince9 $ B$ ensen9 4$ 6a%allero9 $ J!9 T$ B$ Gi%%on9 D$ i%ar9 3$ G!errero9 4$ 5$ 2sadchiy9

and I$ T$ )onroy9 6on"erged 0ireline and 0ireless access o"er a @A<1m deployed fi%er long<

reach KD) P239C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9 no$ ,@9 pp$ ,*@.M,*@=9 ep$ *++?$

]*,^ $ 6apmany and D$ 3o"a19 )icro0a"e Photonics com%ines t0o 0orlds9C ature $hoton.9

"ol$ ,9 no$ =9 pp$ -,?M--+9 *++@$

]**^ )$ 4%tahi9 )$ )irshafiei9 $ &aRochelle9 and &$ 4$ R!sch9 4ll<2ptical /++ )%Ls UKB

Transcei"er# 4n ;xperimental Demonstration9C J. ightwave !echnol.9 "ol$ *=9 no$ ,/9 pp$ *@?/M

*A+*9 4!g$ *++A$

]*-^ $ 6hen and $ Hiaei9 )onocycle shapes for !ltra 0ide%and system9 "### "nternational

%ymposium on Circuits and %ystems 0"%C&%19 "ol$ ,9 pp$ I</?@N I<=++9 4!g$ *++*$

]*.^ $ Pan and $ Jao9 Photonic generation of chirp<free UKB signals for UKB o"er fi%er

applications9C in "### "nternational !opical ,eeting on ,icrowave $hotonics 0,W$19 pp$ ,M.9

2ct$ *++?$

]*/^ )$ Eana0a9 H$ )ori9 H$ 3a1am!ra9 4$ )ats!i9 J$ Handa9 and H$ 3ona1a9 CDispersion

tolerant UKB<IR<o"er<fi%er transmission !nder F66 indoor spectr!m mas19C in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2T!9 )ar$ *++?$

]*=^ $ J!9 $ Jin9 T$ B$ Gi%%on9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 im!ltaneo!s transmission of */=<[4)

KI)4 at /$@GE( and optically generated imp!lse radio UKB o"er fi%er for indoor 0ireless

m!lti<ser"ices9 in ptical 2iber Communication Conference 02C1' Paper Th4-=9 )ar$ *+,+$

]*@^ E$ heng9 P$ 2rli19 4$ )$ Eaimo"ich9 &$ $ 6imini9 and r$ $ hang9 2n the spectral and

po0er re:!irements for !ltra<0ide%and transmission9C in "### "nternational Conference on

Communications 0"CC19 pp$ @-AM@.*9 )ay *++-$

]*A^ $ T$ 4%raha9 6$ 21on10o9 E$ Jang9 D$ 5isani9 J$ hi9 E$<D$ !ng9 ;$ Tangdiongga9 and T$

Hoonen9 Performance e"al!ation of IR<UKB in short<range fi%er comm!nication !sing linearcom%ination of monocycles9C J. ightwave !echnol.9 "ol$ *?9 no$ A9 pp$ ,,.-M,,/,9 4pr$ *+,,$



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imp!lse radio !ltra0ide%and p!lse generator %ased on the linear s!m of modified do!%let

p!lses9C pt. ett.9 "ol$ -=9 no$ ,*9 pp$ *-=-M*-=/9 !n$ *+,,$

]-+^ )$ a(ayerifar9 B$ 6a%on9 and $ 4$ alehi9 Transmission of m!lti<%and 2FD) and imp!lse

radio !ltra<0ide%and signals o"er single mode fi%er9C J. ightwave !echnol.9 "ol$ *=9 no$ ,/9 pp$

*/?.M*=+-9 4!g$ *++A$

]-,^ J$ h!9 $ ;$ !egel9 $ R$ )arciante9 and E$ K!9 Distri%!ted 0a"eform generator# 4 ne0

circ!it techni:!e for !ltra<0ide%and p!lse generation9 shaping and mod!lation9C "### J. %olid-

%tate Circuits9 "ol$ ..9 no$ -9 pp$ A+AMA*-9 )ar$ *++?$

]-*^ P$ Proti"a9 $ )r1"ica9 and $ )ach'{9 Ultra<0ide%and p!lse 0a"eform generation %ased

on com%ining s!%nanosecond Ga!ssian p!lses9 ,icrow. pt. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ /*9 no$ ,,9

pp$ *.+,M*.+/9 3o"$ *+,+$

]--^ B$ )c&a!ghlin9 4 g!ide to !sing Picosecond P!lse &a%s generators in UKB applications9C

Picosecond P!lse &a%s9 )ar$ *++.$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$picosecond$com

]-.^ T$ Hi11a0a9 P$ H$ aha9 3$ asa1i9 and H$ Himoto9 Ga!ssian monocycle p!lse transmitter

!sing +$,A m 6)2 technology 0ith on<chip integrated antennas for inter<chip UKB

comm!nication9C "### J. %olid-%tate Circuits9 "ol$ .-9 no$ /9 pp$ ,-+-M,-,*9 )ay *++A$

]-/^ $ P$ Jao9 F$ eng9 and [$ Kang9 Photonic generation of !ltra<0ide%and signals9C J. ightw.

!echnol.9 "ol$ */9 no$ ,,9 pp$ -*,?M-*-/9 3o"$ *++@$

]-=^ 5$ T$ 6ompany9 H$ Prince9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 Fi%er transmission and generation of!ltra0ide%and p!lses %y direct c!rrent mod!lation of semicond!ctor lasers and chirp<to<

intensity con"ersion9C pt. ett.9 "ol$ --9 no$ -9 pp$ ***M**.9 Fe%$ *++A$

]-@^ F$ eng and $ Jao9 Ultra0ide%and imp!lse radio signal generation !sing a high<speed

electrooptic phase mod!lator and a fi%er<Bragg<grating<%ased fre:!ency discriminator9C "###

$hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ ,?9 pp$ *+=*M*+=.9 2ct$ *++=$

]-A^ F$ eng9 [$ Kang9 and $ P$ Jao9 4ll<optical UKB imp!lse generation %ased on cross<phase

mod!lation and fre:!ency discrimination9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ .-9 no$ *9 pp$ ,*,M,**9 an$ *++@$

]-?^ [$ Kang and $ P$ Jao9 4n electrically s0itcha%le optical !ltra<0ide%and p!lse generator9C

J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ */9 no$ ,,9 pp$ -=*=M-=--9 3o"$ *++@$

].+^ [$ 6hang9 J$ Tian9 T$ Je9 $ Gao9 and J$ !9 4 *.<GE( !ltra0ide%and o"er fi%er system

!sing photonic generation and fre:!ency !p<con"ersion9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *+9

no$ ,?9 pp$ ,=/,M,=/-9 2ct$ *++A$

].,^ [$ Kang and $ P$ Jao9 2ptically s0itcha%le UKB monocycle and do!%let generation

!sing a reconfig!ra%le photonic micro0a"e delay<line filter9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,/9 no$ **9 pp$

,.==@M,.=@*9 2ct$ *++@$



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].*^ E$ 6hen9 )$ 6hen9 T$ Kang9 )$ &i9 and $ ie9 )ethods for !ltra<0ide%and p!lse

generation %ased on optical cross<polari(ation mod!lation9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *=9 no$ ,/9

pp$ *.?*M*.??9 4!g$ *++A$

].-^ )$ Bolea9 $ )ora9 B$ 2rtega9 and $ 6apmany9 2ptical UKB p!lse generator !sing an 3

tap micro0a"e photonic filter and phase in"ersion adapta%le to different p!lse mod!lation

formats9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,@9 no$ @9 pp$ /+*-M/+-*9 )ar$ *++?$

]..^ F$ hang9 $ F!9 $ K!9 3$ [$ 3go9 H$ !9 J$ &i9 $ Eong9 P$ h!m9 and $ &in9 UKB imp!lse

radio transmitter !sing an electrooptic phase mod!lator together 0ith a delay

interferometer9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ **9 no$ *+9 pp$ ,.@?M,.A,9 2ct$ *+,+$

]./^ $ Dong9 $ hang9 $ !9 and D$ E!ang9 4ll<optical !ltra0ide%and monocycle generation

!tili(ing gain sat!ration of a dar1 ret!rn<to<(ero signal in a semicond!ctor optical amplifier9C

pt. ett.9 "ol$ -*9 no$ ,/9 pp$ *,/AM*,=+9 4!g$ *++@$

].=^ 5$ T$ 6ompany9 H$ Prince9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 Ultra0ide%and p!lse generation %ased on

o"ershooting effect in gain<s0itched semicond!ctor laser9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *+9

no$ ,/9 pp$ ,*??M,-+,9 4!g$ *++A$

].@^ $ J!9 T$ B$ Gi%%on9 )$ Pa0li19 $ Blaa%erg9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 4 photonic !ltra<0ide%and

p!lse generator %ased on relaxation oscillations of a semicond!ctor laser9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$

,@9 no$ ,*9 pp$ ?=A+M?=A@9 !n$ *++?$

].A^ T$ B$ Gi%%on9 $ J! R$ Gamatham9 3$ G!errero Gon(ale(9 R$ Rodes9 $ B$ ensen9 4$

6a%allero9 I$ T$ )onroy9 -$,*/ G%Ls imp!lse radio !ltra<0ide%and photonic generation and

distri%!tion o"er a /+ 1m fi%er 0ith 0ireless transmission9C "### ,icrow. Wireless Compon.

ett.9 "ol$ *+9 no$ *9 pp$ ,*@M,*?9 Fe%$ *+,+$

].?^ $ J!9 T$ B$ Gi%%on9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 I$ T$ ;xperimental demonstration of all<optical

@A,$*/<)%Ls %inary phase<coded UKB signal generation and transmission9C "### $hoton.

!echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9 no$ ,@9 pp$ ,*-/M,*-@9 ep$ *++?$

]/+^ $ D$ )cHinney9 I$ $ &in9 and 4$ )$ Keiner9 haping the po0er spectr!m of !ltra<

0ide%and radio<fre:!ency signals9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ /.9 no$ ,*9 pp$

.*.@M.*//9 Dec$ *++=$

]/,^ 6$ Kang and $ P$ Jao9 im!ltaneo!s optical spectral shaping and 0a"elength<to<time

mapping for photonic micro0a"e ar%itrary 0a"eform generation9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9

"ol$ *,9 no$ ,*9 pp$ @?-M@?/9 !n$ *++?$

]/*^ )$ 4%tahi and &$ 4$ R!sch9 RoF deli"ery o"er P23s of optically shaped UKB signals for

giga%itLs 0ireless distri%!tion in the home9C "### J. %el. &reas Comm.' %pecial "ssue on

()istributed *roadband Wireless Communications'+ "ol$ *?9 no$ =9 pp$ ,-+.M,-,+9 !n$ *+,,$

]/-^ 4$ ado19 $ K!9 $ endo0s1i9 4$ Jari"9 and 4$ ;$ Killner9 Reconfig!ra%le generation of

high<order !ltra<0ide%and 0a"eforms !sing edge detection9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *A9 no$

,=9 pp$ **+@M**,*9 4!g$ *+,+$



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]/.^ ;$ ho!9 $ !9 H$ &!i9 and H$ H$ Kong9 Eigh<speed photonic po0er<efficient !ltra<

0ide%and transcei"er %ased on m!ltiple P)<I) con"ersions9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory

!ech.9 "ol$ /A9 no$ ,,9 pp$ --..M--/,9 3o"$ *+,+$

]//^ E$ hams9 4$ Has(!%o0s1a<4nandara>ah9 P$ Perry9 &$ P$ Barry9 2ptical generation9 fi%er

distri%!tion and air transmission for !ltra 0ide %and o"er fi%er system9C in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2KR9 )ar$ *++?$

]/=^ E$ hams9 4$ Has(!%o0s1a<4nandara>ah9 P$ Perry9 P$ 4nandara>ah9 and &$ P$ Barry9

;lectro<optical generation and distri%!tion of !ltra0ide%and signals %ased on the gain

s0itching techni:!e9C J. pt. Commun. etw.9 "ol$ *9 no$ -9 pp$ ,**M,-+9 )ar$ *+,+$

]/@^ $ Pan and $ Jao9 UKB<o"er<fi%er comm!nications# )od!lation and transmission9C J.

ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *A9 no$ ,=9 pp$ *../M*.//9 4!g$ *+,+$

]/A^ E$ chm!c19 6omparison of optically millimeter<0a"e system concepts 0ith regard tochromatic dispersion9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ -,9 no$ *,9 pp$ ,A.AM,A.?9 ,??/$

]/?^ 6$ K$ 6ho09 F$ )$ H!o9 $ K$ hi9 6$ E$ Jeh9 J$ F$ K!9 6$ E$ Kang9 J$ T$ &i9 and 6$ &$ Pan9

,++ GE( !ltra<0ide%and 7UKB8 fi%er<to<the<antenna 7FTT48 system for in<%!ilding and in<

home net0or1s9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ *9 pp$ .@-M.@A9 an$ *+,+$

]=+^ J$ &e G!ennec and R$ Gary9 2ptical fre:!ency con"ersion for millimeter<0a"e !ltra<

0ide%and<o"er<fi%er systems9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ ,?9 no$ ,-9 pp$ ??=M??A9 !l$*++@$

]=,^ $ F!9 K$ hong9 J$ $Ken9 and P$ h!m9 Photonic monocycle p!lse fre:!ency !p<

con"ersion for !ltra0ide%and<o"er<fi%er applications9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *+9 no$,*9 pp$ ,++=M,++A9 !n$ *++A$

]=*^ $ &i9 J$ &iang9 and H$ Hin<Jip Kong9 )illimeter<0a"e UKB signal generation "ia fre:!ency

!p<con"ersion !sing fi%er optical parametric amplifier9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9 no$

,@9 pp$ ,,@*M,,@.9 ep$ *++?$

]=-^ E$ 6$ 6hien9 4$ 6ho0dh!ry9 $ ia9 J$ T$ Es!eh9 and G$ H$ 6hang9 =+ GE( millimeter<0a"e

giga%it 0ireless ser"ices o"er long<reach passi"e optical net0or1 !sing remote signal

regeneration and !pcon"ersion9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,@9 no$ /9 pp$ -+-=M-+.,9 )ar$ *++?$

]=.^ F$ hang9 $ K!9 $ F!9 H$ !9 J$ &i9 $ Eong9 P$ h!m9 and $ &in9 im!ltaneo!s m!lti<channel

6)K<%and and ))K<%and UKB monocycle p!lse generation !sing FK) effect in a highly

nonlinear photonic crystal fi%er9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,/A@+M,/A@/9 !l$ *+,+$

]=/^ H$ 3a1am!ra9 )$ Eana0a9 and H$ 3ona1a9 *.GE(<%and UKB<IR p!lse generation !sing

optical signal processing9C in pto#lectronics and Communications Conference 0#CC19 Paper

ThD*9 !l$ *++?$

]==^ 3$ Deparis9 4$ iligarisy9 P$ 5incenty9 and 3$ Rolland9 4 * pL%it p!lsed I&2 UKB

transmitter at =+ GE( in =/<nm 6)2<2I9C in "### "nternational Conference on 3ltra-

Wideband 0"C3W*19 pp$ ,,-M,,@9 ep$ *++?$



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]=@^ J$ )$ 6hang9 $ &ee9 D$ Hoh9 E$ 6h!ng9 and $ E$ &ee9 Ultra0ide%and do!%let p!lse

generation %ased on a semicond!ctor electroa%sorption mod!lator and its distri%!tion o"er a

fi%erL0ireless lin19 J. pt. Commun. etw.9 "ol$ *9 no$ A9 pp$ =++M=+A9 4!g$ *+,+$

]=A^ T$ B$ Gi%%on9 $ J!9 and I$ T$ )onroy9 Photonic !ltra<0ide%and @A,$*/<)%Ls signal

generation and transmission incorporating digital signal processing detection9 "### $hoton.

!echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,+=+M,+=*9 4!g$ *++?$

]=?^ T$ )i(!ochi$ For0ard ;rror 6orrection9 Eigh pectral Density 2ptical 6omm!nication

Technologies9 2ptical and Fi%er 6omm!nications Reports9 "ol$ =9 Part -9 pp$ -+-<---9 *+,+9 )$

3a1a(a0a et al. 7;ds$89 IB3# ?@A<-<=.*<,+.,?<+9 pringer Berlin Eeidel%erg9 4"aila%le from#

http#LLdx$doi$orgL,+$,++@L?@A<-<=.*<,+.,?<+|,@

]@+^ R$ 4$ hafi19 $ Rahman9 and 4$ E$ )$ Ra(i%!l Islam9 2n the extended relationships among

;5)9 B;R and 3R as performance metrics9C in "nternational Conference on Computer and

#lectrical #ngineering 0"CC##19 pp$ .+AM.,,9 Dec$ *++=$

]@,^ )$ )orant9 $ Pére(9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )arti9 6om%ined analysis of 2FD)<UKB

transmission in hy%rid 0ireless<optical access net0or1s9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *,9

no$ ,?9 pp$ ,-@AM,-A+9 2ct$ *++?$

]@*^ )$ 3$ a1i%9 B$ Eraimel9 $ hang9 )$ )ohamed9 K$ iang9 H$ K!9 and D$ hen9 Impact of

optical transmission on m!lti%and 2FD) !ltra<0ide%and 0ireless system 0ith fi%re

distri%!tion9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$ ,A9 pp$ .,,*M.,*-9 ep$ *++?$

]@-^ )$ P$ Tha1!r9 T$ $ [!inlan9 6$ Boc19 $ D$ Kal1er9 )$ Toycan9 $ ;$ )$ D!dley9 D$ K$ mith9

4$ Borghesani9 D$ )oodie9 )$ Ran9 and J$ Ben<;(ra9 .A+<)%ps9 %i<directional9 !ltra<0ide%and

radio<o"er<fi%er transmission !sing a ,-+AL,/=.<nm reflecti"e electro<a%sorption transd!cer

and commercially a"aila%le 56;&s9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$ -9 pp$ *==M*@*9 Fe%$ *++?$

]@.^ 6$ &ethien9 6$ &oye(9 $ P$ 5ilcot9 R$ Hassi9 3$ Rolland9 6$ ion9 and P$ 4$ Rolland9 Re"ie0 of

glass and polymer m!ltimode fi%ers !sed in a Kimedia !ltra0ide %and )B<2FD) radio o"er

fi%er system9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$ ,+9 pp$ ,-*+M,--,9 )ay *++?$

]@/^ )$ )ohamed9 $ hang9 B$ Eraimel9 and H$ K!9 2ptical generation of millimeter<0a"e

m!lti%and 2FD) !ltra<0ide%and 0ireless signal and distri%!tion o"er fi%er9C "### $hoton.

!echnol. ett.9 "ol$ **9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,,A+M,,A*9 4!g$ *+,+$

]@=^ G$ E$ 3g!yen9 B$ 6a%on9 and J$ &e G!ennec9 Generation of =+<GE( )B<2FD) signal<o"er<

fi%er %y !p<con"ersion !sing cascaded external mod!lators9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$

,,9 pp$ ,.?=M,/+*9 !n$ *++?$

]@@^ $ Pere(9 )$ )orant9 R$ &lorente9 and $ )art9 oint distri%!tion of polari(ation<m!ltiplexed

UKB and Ki)4 radio in P239C J. ightw. !echnol.' "ol$ *@9 no$ ,*9 pp$ ,?,*M,?,?9 !n$ *++?$

]@A^ )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 R$ &lorente9 and $ Kal1er9 F!ll standard triple<play %i<directional

and f!ll<d!plex 6KD) transmission in passi"e optical net0or1s9C in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2KB-9 )ar$ *+,,$



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]@?^ )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 $ Kal1er9 and R$ &lorente9 Real 0orldC FTTE optical<to<radio

interface performance for %idirectional m!lti<format 2FD) 0ireless signal transmission9C in

ptical 2iber Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 3T!B=9 )ar$ *+,,$

]A+^ )$ )orant9 T$ [!inlan9 4$ 3gZoma9 $ D!dley9 $ Kal1er9 and R$ &lorente9 pecialty fi%er

e"al!ation for in<%!ilding distri%!tion of m!ltiple<format 2FD) radio signals9C in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper K4,=9 )ar$ *+,,$

]A,^ J$ hi9 D$ 5isani9 6$ )$ 21on10o9 E$ P$ 4$ "an den Boom9 G$ Tartarini9 ;$ Tangdiongga9 and

4$ )$ $ Hoonen9 im!ltaneo!s transmission of 0ired and 0ireless ser"ices o"er large core P2F

for in<home net0or1s9C in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication

0#CC19 Paper T!$-$6$/9 ep$ *+,,$

]A*^ $ Bo!hamri9 J$ &e G!ennec9 $M)$ D!champ9 G$ )a!ry9 4$ chimpf9 5$ Do%reme(9

&$ Bida!x9 and B$ 6a%on9 )!ltistandard transmission o"er plastic optical fi%er9C "### !rans.

,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ /A9 no$ ,,9 pp$ -,+?M-,,=9 3o"$ *+,+$

]A-^ R$ Fre!nd9 )$ 3vlle9 6$ chmidt<&anghorst9 R$ &!d0ig9 6$ ch!%ert9 G$ Bosco9 4$ 6arena9 P$

Poggiolini9 &$ 2xenl}0e9 )$ Galili9 E$ 6$ Eansen )!l"ad9 )$ Kinter9 D$ Eiller1!ss9 R$

chmogro09 K$ Fre!de9 $ &e!thold9 4$ D$ ;llis9 F$ 6$ Garcia G!nning9 $ hao9 P$ Frascella9 $ H$

I%rahim9 and 3$ )ac !i%hne9 ingle< and m!lti<carrier techni:!es to %!ild !p T%Ls per

channel transmission systems9C in "nternational Conference on !ransparent ptical etworks

0"C!19 Paper T!$D,$.9 !l$ *+,+$

]A.^ $ ar1ar9 $ Dixit9 and B$ )!1her>ee9 Ey%rid 0ireless<optical %road%and<access net0or1

7K2B438# 4 re"ie0 of rele"ant challenges9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ */9 no$ ,,9 pp$ --*?M--.+93o"$ *++@$

]A/^ 4$ tvhr9 ,+ G%itLs 0ireless transmission !sing millimeter<0a"e o"er optical fi%er systems9C

in ptical 2iber Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2T!2-9 )ar$ *+,,$

]A=^ $ Kells9 Faster than fi%er# The f!t!re of m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless9 "### ,icrow. ,ag.9 "ol$ ,+9

no$ -9 pp$,+.M,,*9 )ay *++?$

]A@^ 42ptix Technologies9 Inc$9 Kireless 6omm!nications$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$aoptix$com

]AA^ H$<D$ &anger and $ 5!{i~9 2ptical 0ireless indoor net0or1s# recent implementation

efforts9C in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Paper

Ke$=$B$,9 ep$ *+,+$

]A?^ E$ ;lgala9 R$ )esleh9 and E$ Eaas9 Indoor optical 0ireless comm!nication# potential and

state<of<the<art9C "### Commun. ,ag.9 pp$ /=M=*9 ep$ *+,,$

]?+^ H$ Kang9 4$ 3irmalathas9 6$ &im9 and ;$ 1afidas9 ;xperimental demonstration of a f!ll<

d!plex indoor optical 0ireless comm!nication system9C "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ *.9 no$

-9 pp$ ,AAM,?+9 Fe%$ *+,*$



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]?,^ $ 5!{i~9 6$ Hott1e9 H$ Ea%el9 and H$<D$ &anger9 A+- )%itLs "isi%le light KD) lin1 %ased on

D)T mod!lation of a single RGB &;D l!minary9C in ptical 2iber Communication Conference

and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2KB=9 )ar$ *+,,$

]?*^ T$ &!nttila9 $ Ira>i9 and E$ Berg9 4d"anced coding schemes for a m!lti%and 2FD)

!ltra0ide%and system to0ards , G%ps9C in "### Consumer Communications and etworking

Conference 0CCC19 pp$ //-M//@9 an$ *++=$

]?-^ 5$ Dyady!19 $ D$ B!nton9 $ Pathi1!langara9 R$ Hendall9 2$ e"imli9 &$ to1es9 and D$ 4$

4%%ott9 4 m!ltigiga%it millimeter<0a"e comm!nication system 0ith impro"ed spectral

efficiency9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ //9 no$ ,*9 pp$ *A,-M*A*,9 Dec$ *++@$

]?.^ T$ 3agats!ma9 T$ Ta1ada 9 E$ M$ ong 9 H$ 4>ito 9 3$ H!1!ts! 9 and J$ Hado9 C)illimeter< and

TE(<0a"e photonics to0ards ,++<G%itLs 0ireless transmission9C in "### $hotonics %ociety

&nnual ,eeting9 pp$ -A/M-A=9 3o"$ *+,+$

]?/^ 4$ Eirata9 R$ Jamag!chi9 T$ Hos!gi9 E$ Ta1ahashi9 H$ )!rata9 T$ 3agats!ma9 3$ H!1!ts!9 J$

Hado9 3$ Iai9 $ 21a%e9 E$ I1ega0a9 E$ 3ishi1a0a9 T$ 3a1ayama9 and T$ Inada9 ,+<G%itLs

0ireless lin1 !sing InP E;)T ))I6s for generating ,*+<GE(<Band millimeter<0a"e signal9C

"### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ /@9 no$ /9 pp$ ,,+*M,,+?9 )ay *++?$

]?=^ $ 4rmstrong9 2FD) for optical comm!nications9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *@9 no$ -9 pp$

,A?M*+.9 Fe%$ *++?$

]?@^ )$ er%ay9 6$ Kree9 and K$ Rosen1ran(9 ;xperimental in"estigation of R<ADPH at

-,+$@ G%Ls9C in "### asers and #lectro-ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 pp$ .A-M.A.9

2ct$ *++/$

]?A^ P$ $ Kin(er and R$ $ ;ssiam%re9 4d"anced mod!lation formats for high<capacity optical

transport net0or1s9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *.9 no$ ,*9 pp$ .@,,M.@*A9 Dec$ *++=$

]??^ I);6 Research 6enter9 Belgi!m$ Ultra<lo0<po0er radio$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$imec$%eLcientificReportLR*++@LhtmlL,-A.,/*$html

],++^ P!lse&I3H Inc$9 Kireless ED)I Reference Design 7P&--+. RDH8 ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$p!lselin1$netL

],+,^ R$ Gi!liano and F$ )a((enga9 2n the coexistence of po0er<controlled !ltra0ide<%and

systems 0ith U)T9 GP9 D6,A++9 and fixed 0ireless systems9C "### !rans. 5eh. !echnol.9 "ol$

/.9 no$ ,9 pp$ =*MA,9 an$ *++/$

],+*^ D$ R$ )cHinstry and R$ )$ B!ehrer9 Iss!es in the performance and co"ertness of UKB

comm!nications systems9C in "### "nternational ,idwest %ymposium on Circuits and %ystems

0,W%C&%19 "ol$ -9 pp$ =+,M=+.9 4!g$ *++*$

],+-^ )$ $ Kin and R$ 4$ cholt(9 2n the ro%!stness of !ltra<0ide %and0idth signals in dense

m!ltipath en"ironments9C "### Commun. ett.9 "ol$ *9 no$ *9 pp$ /,M/-9 Fe%$ ,??A$



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],+.^ 4$ F$ )olisch9 Ultra0ide%and propagation channels<theory9 meas!rement9 and

modeling9C "### !rans. 5eh. !echnol.9 "ol$ /.9 no$ /9 pp$ ,/*AM,/./9 ept$ *++/$

],+/^ E$ Gel1e9 Kireless .A+ )%itLs UKB lin1 for em%edded systems9C 4!g$ *++?$ ]2nline^$

4"aila%le# http#LL000$ines$(ha0$chL!0%mac

],+=^ $ Eanna9 Ultra<0ide%and r!les in 6anada and 0orld0ide9 Heynote speech at the "###

"nternational Conference on 3ltra-Wideband 0"C3W*19 ep$ *++?$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

http#LL000$ic!0%*++?$orgLUKB<R!les$pdf

],+@^ ;lectromagnetic compati%ility and Radio spectr!m )atters 7;R)8 hort Range De"ices

7RD8 !sing Ultra Kide Band technology 7UKB8 for comm!nications p!rposes Earmoni(ed ;3

co"ering the essential re:!irements of article -$* of the RbTT; Directi"e9C ;TI9 ;3 -+* +=/

",$*$,9 2ct$ *+,+$

],+A^ UKB 7Ultra<KideBand8 Radio ystem9C 4RIB9 TD<T?, ",$,9 ept$ *++A$

],+?^ 6ommission Decision of ,@ an!ary *++/ on the harmonisation of the *. GE( range

radio spectr!m %and for the time<limited !se %y a!tomoti"e short<range radar e:!ipment in

the 6omm!nity9C ;69 *++/L/+L;69 an$ *++/$

],,+^ 6ommission Decision *+,,L.A/L;U amending Decision *++/L/+L;6 of ,@ an!ary *++/

on the harmonisation of the *. GE( range radio spectr!m %and for the time<limited !se %y

a!tomoti"e short<range radar e:!ipment in the 6omm!nity9C ;669 *+,,L.A/L;U9 !l$ *+,,$

],,,^ De"elopment of !ltra 0ide%and radio system for short<range applications9C F!r!1a0a

Re"ie0 3o$ -@9 *+,+$

],,*^ $ Pan and $ Jao9 Performance e"al!ation of UKB signal transmission o"er optical

fi%er9C "### J. %el. &reas Comm.9 "ol$ *A9 no$ =9 pp$ AA?M?++9 4!g$ *+,+$

],,-^ J$ P$ 3a1ache and 4$ F$ )olisch9 pectral shape of UKB signals < infl!ence of mod!lation

format9 m!ltiple access scheme and p!lse shape9C "### 5ehicular !echnology Conference 05!C-

%pring19 "ol$ .9 pp$ */,+M*/,.9 4pr$ *++-$

],,.^ Radiocomm!nications 7&o0 Interference Potential De"ices8 6lass &icence *+++9C

6om&a0 F*++?6++/./9 !l$ *++?$

],,/^ 2peration 0ithin the %and /@M=. GE(9C F669 Rep$ F66 ,/$*//9 2ct$ *++*$

],,=^ &o0<po0er &icence<exempt Radiocomm!nication De"ices 74ll Fre:!ency Bands8#

6ategory I ;:!ipment9C I6 R<*,+9 !n$ *++@$

],,@^ )illimeter<Ka"e Data Transmission ;:!ipment for pecified &o0 Po0er Radio tation

7Ultra Eigh peed Kireless &43 ystem89C 4RIB9 TD<T@. ",$,9 3o"$ *++/$

],,A^ D$ )!rph9 Ki<Fi 4lliance and KiGig sync !p for =+GE( KiFi9C )ay *+,+$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le#

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!rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ -A9 no$ /9 pp$ /*.M/--9 )ay ,??+$

],*/^ B$ Kilson9 $ Ghassemlooy9 and I$ Dar0a(eh9 4nalog!e 2ptical Fi%re 6omm!nications9

Instit!tion of ;ngineering and Technology9 4!g$ ,??/9 IB3 ?@A<+A/*?=A-*,$

],*=^ E$ 2ga0a9 D$ Polif1o9 and $ Ban%a9 C)illimetre<0a"e fi%re optic systems for personal radio

comm!nication9C "### !rans. ,icrow. !heory !ech.9 "ol$ .+9 no$ ,*9 pp$ **A/M**?-9 Dec$ ,??*$

],*@^ H$<4$ Persson9 6$ 6arlsson9 4$ 4lping9 4$ Eagl!nd9 $ $ G!sta"sson9 P$ )odh9 and 4$&arsson9 K6D)4 radio<o"er<fi%re transmission experiment !sing singlemode 56;& and

m!ltimode fi%re9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ .*9 no$ =9 pp$ -@*[email protected] )ar$ *++=$

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for 0ireless &43 !sing 56;&s9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ -?9 no$ ,/9 pp$ ,,.-M,,..9 !l$ *++-$

],*?^ T$ 3iiho9 )$ 3a1aso9 H$ )as!da9 E$ asai9 H$ Uts!mi9 and )$ F!se9 )!lti<channel 0ireless

&43 distri%!ted antenna system %ased on radio<o"er<fi%re techni:!es9C in "### asers and

#lectro-ptics %ociety &nnual ,eeting 0#%19 pp$ /@M/A9 3o"$ *++.$

],-+^ 4$ 31ansah9 4$ Das9 6$ &ethien9 $<P$ 5ilcot9 3$ $ Gomes9 I$ $ Garcia9 $ 6$ Batchelor9 and D$Ka1e9 im!ltaneo!s d!al %and transmission o"er m!ltimode fi%re<fed indoor 0ireless

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],-,^ E$ Pfrommer9 )$ 4$ Pi:!eras9 5$ Polo9 $ Eerrera9 4$ )artine(9 and $ )arti9 Radio<o"er<

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Quantum #lectron.9 "ol$ ,@9 no$ /9 pp$ ,,/AM,,==9 ep$L2ct$ *+,,$

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mod!lators9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ ,=9 no$ .9 pp$ =,/M=,?9 4pr$ ,??A$

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time digiti(er9C in ptical 2iber Communication Conference 02C19 Paper 2ThU*9 )ar$ *+,+$

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)od!lation and chirp e"al!ation of ,++ GE( DFB<TK;4)9 in #uropean Conference and

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Communication 0#CC19 Paper Th$?$B$.9 ep$ *+,+$

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./9 no$ A9 pp$ ,.,+M,.,/9 4!g$ ,??@$

],.*^ $ )$ F!ster9 $ )arti9 $ &$ 6orral9 5$ Polo9 and F$ Ramos9 Generali(ed st!dy of dispersion<

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of the optical millimeter<0a"es generated !sing &3<)) intensity mod!lation9C J. ightw.

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$hotonics 0,W$19 post<deadline paper9 2ct$ *++?$

],.=^ R$ 4$ Griffin9 P$ )$ &ane9 and $ $ 2ZReilly9 Dispersion<tolerant s!%carrier data mod!lation

of optical millimetre<0a"e signals9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ -*9 no$ *.9 pp$ **/AM**=+9 ,??=$

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no$ ,,9 pp$ --@*M--A+9 3o"$ *+,+$

],.A^ R$ am%ara>!9 D$ i%ar9 4$ 6a%allero9 I$ Taf!r )onroy9 R$ 4lemany9 and $ Eerrera9

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**9 pp$ ,=/+M,=/*9 3o"$ *+,+$

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A?/9 4!g$ *++,$

],/+^ 4$ )$ $ Hoonen9 and )$ Garcia &arrode9 Radio<o"er<))F techni:!es Part II# )icro0a"e

to millimeter<0a"e systems9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *=9 no$ ,/9 pp$ *-?=M*.+A9 4!g$ *++A$

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compensation and %it<loading algorithms9 in #uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical

Communication 0#CC19 Paper Ke$@$6$/9 ep$ *+,,$

],/.^ 4$ Hanno9 H$ Inaga1i9 I$ )orohashi9 T$ a1amoto9 T$ H!ri9 I$ Eosa1o9 T$ Ha0anishi9 J$ Joshida9

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],//^ F$<)$ H!o9 6$<B$ E!ang9 $<K$ hi9 3$<K$ 6hen9 E$<P$ 6h!ang9 $ Bo0ers9 and 6$<&$ Pan9 Remotely

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],/@^ R$<K$ Ridg0ay9 D$<K$ 3ippa9 and $ Jen9 Data transmission !sing differential phase<shift

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3o"$ *+,+$

],/A^ R$ EYlsermann9 D$ Bre!er9 and 6$ &ange9 Impact of net0or1 relia%ility on net0or1 costs

in next generation access net0or1s9C in "nternational Conference on !ransparent ptical

etworks 0"C!19 Paper T!$4-$,9 !n$ *+,+$

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http#LL000$corning$comLopticalfi%erLprod!ctsLinfinicor|fi%ers$aspx

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Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 Paper -$/$-9 ept$ *++?$

],=*^ 6hromis Fi%eroptics9 Inc$9 6hromis GigaP2FO perfl!orinated plastic optical fi%ers$

]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$chromisfi%er$comLprod!cts$htm

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http#LL000$l!cina$>pLeg|fontexL

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optical fi%ers deployed in a ,+G%ps small officeLhome office net0or19 pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,=9

no$ ,/9 pp$ ,,*==M,,*@.9 !l$ *++A$

],=/^ $ R$ 3!ccio9 &$ 6hristen9 $ K!9 $ Hhaleghi9 2$ Jilma(9 4$ ;$ Killner9 and J$ Hoi1e9

Transmission of .+ G%Ls DPH and 22H at ,$// jm thro!gh ,++ m of plastic optical fi%er9C in

#uropean Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 pp$ A-MA.9 ep$ *++A$

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FTTE9C in ptical 2iber Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper PDP,+9 Fe%$ *++A$

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assisted %end<insensiti"e fi%ers# Performances and deployment aspects9 in ptical 2iber

Communication Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 3ThB-9 )ar$ *+,+$

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)c6!rdy9 Bend insensiti"e fi%er for FTT applications9 in ptical 2iber Communication

Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2T!&.9 )ar$ *++?$

],=?^ H$ )!1asa9 H$ Imam!ra9 I$ himota1ahara9 T$ Jagi9 and H$ Ho1!ra9 Dispersion

compensating fi%er !sed as a transmission fi%er# in"erseLre"erse dispersion fi%er9C J. pt.

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optical %road%and access e"ol!tion# a >oint article %y operators in the IT net0or1 of

excellence e<PhotonL2ne9C "### Commun. ,ag.9 "ol$ ..9 no$ A9 pp$ *?M-/9 4!g$ *++=$

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"### 9 "ol$ ?.9 no$ /9 pp$ ?,,M?-.9 )ay *++=$

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],@.^ D Uniphase 6orporation9 Triple<Play er"ice Deployment9C *++@$

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"ol$ ,?9 no$ */9 pp$ *.A-AM*.A.A9 3o"$ *+,,$

],A,^ Balanced Photorecei"er 0ith &imiting TI49 Teleoptix9 2ptical Di"ision of &in1ra srl9

6ornate dZ4dda9 Italy$ ]2nline^$ 4"aila%le# http#LL000$lin1ra$it

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and systems for m!lti<G%Ls 0ireless comm!nication9C "### J. %olid-%tate Circuits9 "ol$ .*9 no$ /9pp$ ,,.-M,,/@9 )ay *++@$

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d!ality in chirped fi%er gratings9C "### J. Quantum #lectron.9 "ol$ -=9 no$ /9 pp$ /,@M/*=9 )ay *+++$

],A.^ $ U$ Hang9 )$ J$ Fran1el9 and R$ D$ ;sman9 Demonstration of micro0a"e fre:!ency

shifting %y !se of a highly chirped mode<loc1ed fi%er laser9C pt. ett.9 "ol$ *-9 no$ ,/9 pp$

,,AAM,,?+9 4!g$ ,??A$

],A/^ F$ 6oppinger9 4$ $ Bh!shan9 and B$ alali9 Time re"ersal of %road%and micro0a"e

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0ireless signals !sing a single )ach<ehnder mod!lator and a fi%re Bragg grating9 in #uropean

Conference and #xhibition on ptical Communication 0#CC19 pp$ *,-M*,.9 ep$ *++A$

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lasers !sing car%on nanot!%es9C pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,?9 no$ @9 pp$ =,//M=,=-9 )ar$ *+,,$

],?,^ 4$ &i!9 &$ &iao9 D$ R!%in9 $ Basa19 J$ 6hetrit9 E$ 3g!yen9 R$ 6ohen9 3$ I(ha1y9 and )$

Paniccia9 Recent de"elopment in a high<speed silicon optical mod!lator %ased on re"erse<

%iased pn diode in a silicon 0a"eg!ide9C %emicond. %ci. !echnol.9 "ol$ *-9 pp$ ,M@9 *++A$

],?*^ $ Ji9 6$ &!9 $ Jang9 K$ hong9 F$ Kei9 &$ Ding9 and J$ Kang9 6ontin!o!sly t!na%le

micro0a"e<photonic filter design !sing high %irefringence linear chirped grating9C "### $hoton.

!echnol. ett.9 "ol$ ,/9 no$ /9 pp$ @/.M@/=9 )ay *++-$

],?-^ R$ ha!9 )$ 2rtsiefer9 $ Ross1opf9 G$ Bvhm9 6$ &a!er9 )$ )a!te9 and )$<6$ 4mann9

&ong<0a"elength InP<%ased 56;&s 0ith %!ried t!nnel >!nction# Properties and applications9C5ertical<6a"ity !rface<;mitting &asers 5III9 $roc. %$"# 9 "ol$ /-=.9 pp$ ,M,/9 *++.$

],?.^ B$ Kedding9 4nalysis of fi%re transfer f!nction and determination of recei"er fre:!ency

response for dispersion s!pported transmission9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ -+9 no$ ,9 pp$ /AM/?9 an$,??.$

],?/^ B$ hang9 $ hao9 &$ 6hristen9 D$ Pare1h9 K$ Eofmann9 )$ 6$ K!9 )$<6$ 4mann9 6$ $

6hang<Easnain9 and 4$ ;$ Killner9 4d>!sta%le chirp in>ection<loc1ed ,$//<jm 56;&s for

enhanced chromatic dispersion compensation at ,+<G%LsC9 in ptical 2iber Communication

Conference and #xposition 02C19 Paper 2KT@9 )ar$ *++A$

],?=^ B$ Boffi9 4$ Boletti9 4$ Gatto9 and )$ )artinelli9 56;& to 56;& in>ection loc1ing for

!ncompensated .+<1m transmission at ,+ G%LsC9 in ptical 2iber Communication Conference

and #xposition 02C19 Paper Th4-*9 )ar$ *++A$

],?@^ $ J!9 P$ 3$ i9 $ ia9 T$ Kang9 $ heng9 J$ )ats!i9 D$ )ahgerefteh9 H$ )c6allion9 $ F$ Fan9

and P$ Taye%ati9 .*$A G%itLs chirp<managed signal transmission o"er *+1m standard )F at

,//+nm 0itho!t D6F9C #lectron. ett.9 "ol$ .-9 no$ *-9 3o"$ *++@$

],?A^ I$ Gon('le( Ins!a9 D$ Plettemeier9 and 6$ G$ chwffer9 imple remote heterodyne radio<

o"er<fi%er system for giga%it per second 0ireless access9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *A9 no$ ,=9

pp$ **A?M**?/9 4!g$ *+,+$



Bi%liography

],??^ P$ $ Delfyett9 $ Gee9 )$ MT$ 6hoi9 E$ I(adpanah9 K$ &ee9 $ 2(harar9 F$ [!inlan9 and T$

Jilma(9 2ptical fre:!ency com%s from semicond!ctor lasers and applications in

!ltra0ide%and signal processing and comm!nications9C J. ightw. !echnol.9 "ol$ *.9 no$ @9 pp$

*@+,M*@,?9 !l$ *++=$

]*++^ E$ an>oh9 E$ Jasa1a9 J$ a1ai9 H$ ato9 E$ Ishii9 and J$ Joshi1!ni9 )!lti0a"elength light

so!rce 0ith precise fre:!ency spacing !sing a mode<loc1ed semicond!ctor laser and an arrayed

0a"eg!ide grating filter9 "### $hoton. !echnol. ett.9 "ol$ ?9 no$ =9 pp$ A,AMA*+9 !n$ ,??@$

]*+,^ 4$ Bellemare9 )$ Harase19 )$ Rochette9 $ &aRochelle9 and )$ Tet!9 Room temperat!re

m!ltifre:!ency er%i!m<doped fi%er lasers anchored on the ITU fre:!ency grid9 J. ightw.

!echnol.9 "ol$ ,A9 no$ =9 pp$ A*/MA-,9 !n$ *+++$

]*+*^ )$ P$ Fo1 and 6$ h!9 pacing<ad>!sta%le m!lti<0a"elength so!rce from a stim!lated

Brillo!in scattering assisted er%i!m<doped fi%er laser9 pt. #xpress9 "ol$ ,.9 no$ @9 pp$ *=,AM

*=*.9 4pr$ *++=$

]*+-^ $ iang9 D$ ;$ &eaird9 and 4$ )$ Keiner9 2ptical processing %ased on spectral line<%y<line

p!lse shaping on a phase<mod!lated 6K laser9C "### J. Quantum #lectron.9 "ol$ .*9 no$ @9 pp$

=/@M===9 !l$ *++=$

]*+.^ I$ )orohashi9 T$ a1amoto9 E$ oto%ayashi9 T$ Ha0anishi9 and I$ Eosa1o9 Broad%and

0a"elength<t!na%le !ltrashort p!lse so!rce !sing a )achMehnder mod!lator and dispersion<

flattened dispersion<decreasing fi%er9C pt. ett.9 "ol$ -.9 no$ ,/9 pp$ **?@M**??9 4!g$ *++?$

]*+/^ J D d 3 6hi G i i i d h d i f ,, * T%L

Photonic Techniques for Next Generation Integrated Optical Networks Based on Ultrawideband Radio

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