Photography and its applications
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Transcript of Photography and its applications
• Using celluloid film as a Light Catcher Medium and alsoStorage Medium
• Type of Film depending on measurement
a. Small format (35mm)
b. Medium format (100-120mm)
c. Large format
• Format 35mm most popular (a.k.a. Film 135)
Analogue CameKamera Analog (Filem)
CELLULOID FILM
THE PRINT (PHOTO PAPER)Darkrooms: Creating Images with Chemistry
• Films that have been exposed go through a process called “developing”.
• Developing film-dropping off rolls of 35mm film, and getting back prints and negatives.
Analogue Kamera Analog (Filem)
Instant Camera (Polaroid) Kamera Segera (Polaroid)
Instant Camera (Polaroid)
• Generates a developed film image (a.k.a. self-developing film) by Polaroid Corporation.
• American scientist Edwin Land, who unveiled the firstcommercial instant camera, the Land Camera, in 1948,Camera and portable darkroom in a single compartment,Invented in 1923 by Samuel Shlafrock.
• Using Zink Photo Paper as a Light Catcher Medium andalso Storage Medium. It is cheap and suitable those wholike to collect picture.
Digital Camera (Memory Card)Kamera Digital (Filem)
Using Image-sensor atau Picture Sensor as a Light CatcherMedium and Memory Card also Storage Medium
• Pixels = Picture elements
• Resolution: number of pixels captured by the image sensor.
Higher Resolution Image300 ppi
Lower Resolution Image72 ppiPixels
Types of CameraJenis-jenis Kamera Utama
• SLR/DSLR
• Viewfinder/Rangefinder Camera
• Lomo Camera
• Mirrorless Camera
• Twin Lens Reflex Camera
• Digital Compact Camera
• View Camera
DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera - Profesional Type Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)
DSLR/SLR CAMERASingle-lens Reflex Camera
(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Tunggal)
• SLR –Single Lens Reflect
• Light directed through a hingedmirror/viewfinder (pembidik)
• DSLR – Digital SLR
• Interchangeable lenses
• Greater depth of field
• Accurate composition
• Better image quality
• lens + CCD or CMOS (Light Sensor)
Profesional• Designed for professionals and
advanced amateurs.• Often based on a SLR design & feature
resolutions between 8 and 12 millionpixels (or more).
• One huge advantage ‐ most of thefeatures (such as exposure controls)and accessories (such as lenses)designed for the film versions alsowork with the digital versions
DSLR/SLR Mechanism
Kamera pantulan lensa tunggal yang mempunyai sebuah
cermin yang memantulkan cahaya yang diperoleh
daripada lensa dan melalui pentaprisma (No.7) dan imej
dapat dilihat melalui viewfinder (No.8). Semasa merakam,
cermin (No.2) akan terangkat dan mendedahkan sensor
(No.4) dan merakam imej yang diperoleh daripada lensa.
A cross-section (or 'side-view') of the optical components of a typical SLRcamera shows how the light passes through the lens assembly (1), isreflected by the mirror (2) placed at a 45-degree angle, and is projected onthe matte focusing screen (5). Via a condensing lens (6) and internalreflections in the roof pentaprism (7) the image appears in the eyepiece(viewfinder) (8). When an image is taken, the mirror (2) moves upwardsfrom its resting position in the direction of the arrow, the focal planeshutter (3) opens, and the image is projected onto the film or sensor (4) inexactly the same manner as on the focusing screen.
Universal standard or 35 mm:
The sensor’s size is 24×36 mm (when is
Full Frame). This is the most used by
photojournalists, photographers of nature,
weddings and many advanced amateurs, due
to its combination of acceptable weight and
price with high quality and versatility.
Moreover, among the DSLRr we have all the
formats described in the section “The Sensor”,
with virtually the same characteristics but
with different sizes for the sensor, which
enhances the final quality of the file, as
the quality increases when the size is bigger.
Medium Format
The sensor (or film) measures are
6×4.5 cm or up to 6×7 cm. This kind
of camera is widely and mostly used
in fashion and advertisement
photography, and for portraits. These
cameras are a little bit heavy, but
their quality makes up for it, albeit their
prices don’t help much to make them
popular
Rangefinder/Boutique Camera Kamera Penjulat/Butik
Rangefinder Camera
• These are called "rangefinder" cameras becausethey focus using a dual-image range finding device.You turn a ring, and when two superimposedimages line up, you're in perfect focus.
• Leica M9 is the most prestige rangefinder camerathat be used by the street photographer.
• Price: RM25K (Body) dan RM50K (lens 50mm f0.95)
The photograph is takenthrough the main lenshowever the view fromthe lens and theviewfinder is slightlydifferent, this differenceis called parallax error.
Lomo Camera (Kamera Lomo)
• Kamera Lomo pula merupakan kamera filem yang direkauntuk memberi kesan khas seperti gambar di atas.
• Kesan2 khas ini memberi impak dramatik pada gambaryang dirakam. kamera ini menggunakan filem dan perludicuci di kedai gambar.
• A Lomo Camera or lens usually gives photos highcontrast, twisted colors, and a noticeable vignette (ashading of the outer edges of the picture).
Advantages and Disadvantages
Viewfinder/Rangefinder
Advantages of the viewfinder camera:• Simple viewfinder cameras are cheap.• There are fewer moving parts, so less chance of equipment failure.• Higher light levels to the viewfinder.• High-quality rangefinder cameras provide excellent focusing,
especially in low light.• Quieter operation than SLR cameras.
Disadvantages of the viewfinder camera:• Parallax error (unless compensated for).• The viewfinder image may be quite small.
Mirrorless Camera Kamera Tanpa Cermin
• Kamera jenis ini pula merupakan kamera yang tidak menggunakan cerminsebagaimana yang digunakan DSLR/SLR. jadi sensor terletak betul-betul dibelakang lensa dan kaedah elektronik shutter digunakan bagi menggantikankaedah mechanical shutter yang digunakan oleh DSLR.
• Kebanyakan kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang lebih kecil dan antara saizsensor yang terkenal ialah micro 4/3. Kamera jenis ini juga membolehkan kitamenukar lensa sebagaimana yang dilakukan oleh DSLR.
• Mirrorless cameras, as the name suggests, don't need a mirror. Instead, the lightpasses through the lens and falls right onto the image sensor, as it does in point-and-shoot and phone cameras.
• To preview the image before you press the shutter button, you look at a screen onthe back of the camera, or into a viewfinder with an electronic screen
Twin Lens Reflex Camera(Kamera Pantulan Lensa Kembar)
SLR
TLR
Twin Lens Reflex Camera
• A twin-lens reflex camera (TLR) is a type of camera with two objectivelenses of the same focal length.
• One of the lenses is the photographic objective or "taking lens" (the lensthat takes the picture), while the other is used for the viewfinder system,which is usually viewed from above at waist level.
• Kamera jenis ini pula mempunyai pantulan 2 lensa yang mana lensapertama bertindak sebagai "viewfinder" dan lensa yang kedua bertindaksebagai perakam.
• kamera jenis ini masih menggunakan filem dan ia merupakan kamera yangamat popular bagi penggemar kamera lama dan kamera filem.
Pocket-size/Point and Shoot/Consumer
Pro-consumer or Prosumer
Digital Compact CameraSLR-Style Camera
Kamera Kompak Digital
Digital Compact Camera
• Kamera kompak digital ini adalah kamera yang paling ringkas, mudah digunakan sertadimiliki oleh kebanyakan orang biasa. ia mempunyai lensa yang kekal. terdapat jenislensa yang boleh di zoom atau ada juga yang mempunyai lensa fokus tunggal (fix focallength).
• Biasanya kamera jenis ini mempunyai sensor yang kecil dan kualiti gambarnya adalahrendah berbanding dengan kamera jenis DSLR atau Mirror less yang mempunyai lensayang lebih besar. namun ia merupakan pilihan ramai orang kerana cukup untukdigunakan untuk rakaman harian dan mode auto yang mesra pengguna.
Point and Shoot (Compact)• “consumer” digital cameras.• All‐in‐one with lens, flash, etc.• Automatic. Ready to go. User
friendly.• Small, compact and lightweight• Usually don't provide you with a lot
of creative control.
Professional Consumer (Prosumer)• Combination of professional and
consumer cameras.• High‐quality built‐in zoom lens, high
quality sensor & settings.• Interchangeable lenses.• Quality without the hassle of lugging
other kit.
OPTICAL BENCH OR LARGE FORMAT CAMERA This kind of cameras is used mostly forstudy portraits, advertising photography ofbig size objects (for instance, cars) andarchitecture photography. Its formats rangefrom 9×12 cm to 20×25 cm, usually arevery heavy, big and cumbersome, but theyoffer a superb quality. Apart from theobvious quality, we have seen that a bigsurface in the sensor we get better quality,we have to take into consideration a highlyimportant factor: they can manipulate theperspective according to the ScheimflugPrinciple and the depth of field (keepingon focus the objects both behind and aheadof that focused on).
SLR Demonstration
A single-lens reflex camera (SLR)
typically uses a mirror and prism
system (hence "reflex", from the
mirror's reflection) that permits
the photographer to view
through the lens and see exactly
what will be captured (WYSWIG)
The camera has a viewfinder thatsees through the lens by way of a45°-angled mirror that flips upwhen the shutter fires and allowsthe light to strike the imagesensor (or film).
The Negative (35mm Film )
135 is photographic film in a film format used for still photography. It
is a cartridge film with a film gauge of 35 mm, typically used for
hand-held photography in 35 mm film cameras.
The size of the 135 film frame has been adopted by many high-
end digital single lens reflex cameras, referred to as full frame digital
SLRs.
• Color negative film, also called print film, is what most people are
familiar with; the stuff you can still buy almost anywhere (and what non-
specialists will generally assume you want if you ask for "film"). The
image you see on a developed negative is orange-tinted, and the colors
are inverted. The process used to develop these is called C-41, and so
these are sometimes called "C-41 films".
Color negatives have their
colors inverted, and are
orange-tinted.
• Slide film, more properly called reversal film, gives
a positive image; in other words, when you look through it, it looks
like a photograph. Nearly all slide films today use the E-6 process,
which is a completely different process to that used for negative
films.
Slide films, typically
mounted in plastic or
cardboard mounts, give a
positive image that looks
just like your photograph.
• Traditional black-and-white films are usually negative films, but they're
black-and-white.
There's a special subset of black-and-white films: those that can be
developed in the same C-41 process used for color negatives. Ilford XP2
and Kodak BW400CN are two of them. These have all the properties of
color negatives, except for the color part, so most of what is written below
about the latter applies to these films as well.
• A low ISO (100-400) rating means the film will be less sensitive to
light and therefore would be better to use in brighter conditions to
prevent over exposure.
• A high ISO rating (400-1600) means the film is far more sensitive to
light and therefore better suited to use in lower light conditions to
prevent under exposure.
Summary :
The "faster" the film, the more sensitive it was.
The "slower" it was, the less sensitive it was.
ISO numbers start from 100-200 (Base ISO) and increment in
value in geometric progression (power of two). So, the ISO
sequence is: 100, 200, 400, 800, 1600, 3200, 6400 and etc.
The difference is clear – the image on the right hand side at ISO 3200 has
a lot more noise in it, than the one on the left at ISO 200.
Comparison
ISO Film Description
Slow film speed
200 and Below
For bright lighting conditions
and outdoor photography
Recommendation
not be used for dimly lit areas
and fast-moving subjects.
Using tripod or has an extremely
steady hand
best used to photograph
outdoor landscapes, inanimate
objects, and outdoor events on
a bright day.
ISO Film Description
Medium film speed
400
all-purpose film that can be
used for most situations
Recommendation
best used to photograph
overcast outdoor images,
indoor portraits with natural
lighting, and when
photographing a combination of
indoor and outdoor images on
the same roll
not be used with fast motion
photography such as sporting
events, indoors without much
lighting, or in extremely bright
lighting
ISO Film Description
Fast film speed
800
ideal for sports and low light
photography without flash, and
extends the flash distance
compared to slower speeds.
How to Use Almost Any 35mm Film Camera
• Look for some basic controls on the camera.
• The shutter speed dial• The aperture ring• The ISO dial (marked as ASA)• The mode dial• The rewind release• The rewind crank
• Change your battery if your camera has one.
• Load your film• Rear-loading cameras• Bottom-loading
• Set the film speed
PREPARATION
SHOOTING
• Focus your shot.• Auto-focus• Manual-focus single-lens reflex cameras• Manual-focus rangefinder cameras• Viewfinder cameras
• Set your exposure.• Fully automatic exposure cameras• Fully-manual cameras
• Frame your shot and shoot
• Shoot till you hit the end of the roll.• Get your film developed• Check your film for exposure problems • Stick another roll of film in and go shoot some more
EXPOSURELens, Aperture, Shutter Speed, ISO
Dedahan – Lensa, Aperture, Kelajuan Shutter
----- En Amir
EXPOSURE
Exposure is the total amount of light allowed to fall on
the film/image sensor.
• Too much light creates an over‐bright
image with white spots
• Too little light creates an under‐bright
image with black spots
• Exposure also known as light exposure.• Exposure to too high will cause the image
to be too bright (overexposure) while lowexposure cause the picture is dark(underexposure).
EXPOSURE
Exposure can be controlled mainly through two lens settings:
Aperture…
… andShutter Speed
… and alsoISO
EXPOSURE
Aperture
• How much light gets in
Shutter Speed
• How long light is let in
ISO
• Sensitivity of image device
Aperture (IRIS IN YOUR EYE) Aperture is the opening lens to set the amount of light
coming into the camera.
The bigger shutter open, the more light can enter the
camera.
APERTURE RANGE Aperture size is labelled with a symbol f / [number] (Example: f
/ 2.4).
This measure, sometimes confusing because the larger f number,
the smaller shutter’s hole.
Instead, the smaller f number, the bigger shutter’s hole.
More light(Brighter image)
Less light(dark image)
Depth of field (DOF)
• Depth of field (DOF) tells how many images you want to be in focus.
• DOF is controlled by controlling the aperture.
Shallow(less dof)
Narrow(more dof)
Shutter Speed(LIKE YOUR EYE LID)
Shutter-speed refers to the length of time the
shutter is open to allow light coming into the
sensor.
The shutter speed is calculated by using the
second (seconds), and is usually lower than a
second.
ISO
• ISO refers to thesensitivity of the sensor tolight.
• Lower the ISO, the lowerresponse to the lightsensor, while the higherthe ISO, the morepowerful response tolight.
• A lower ISO number , More light is required• Either with a longer shutter speed, a larger aperture
opening, or both—to get the same effect that a higher ISOnumber would get with less light.
ISO
• HIGH ISO value means the sensor will be MOREsensitive to light, meaning it will take LESS LIGHTto get the right exposure.
• Low ISO indicates low sensitivity to light butgenerally higher resolution with less “noise” or“grain”.
• Indoor vs Outdoor ? ISO ?
• ISO (Light sensitivity)
• 50 outdoors/sunlight (low grain/noise)
• 1600 indoors/no flash (high grain/noise)
ISO
• Set the lowest settingpossible to avoid noise.
• ISO measures thesensitivity of the imagesensor. The lower thenumber the lesssensitive your camera isto light and the finer thegrain.
The lens of your camera and in modern cameras is adjusted via a control wheel or
dial. If you ever owned a manual film SLR you
will remember that the lenses had an ring that you set manually with a “Click-click” as
you turned it to alter the apertures