Photochemistry can be dramatically different from “ordinary” chemistry See example below

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Photochemistry can be dramatically different from “ordinary” chemistr See example below

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Photochemistry can be dramatically different from “ordinary” chemistry See example below. Cl. Cl. Ar. Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example:. Cl. Cl. Ar. Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example:. . . . Cl. Cl. Ar. Ljósefnafræði ; Dæmi / photochemistry example:. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation

Transcript of Photochemistry can be dramatically different from “ordinary” chemistry See example below

Page 1: Photochemistry can be dramatically  different from “ordinary” chemistry See example below

Photochemistry can be dramatically different from “ordinary” chemistry

See example below

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Ar

ClCl

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Ar

ClCl.

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ClCl

Ar

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ClClAr

+-

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ClCl

Ar

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* Sjá: http://www.hi.is/~agust/

Ljósmyndun efnahvarfa; Nóbelsverðlaunin í efnafræði, 1999

* Sjá: http://www.hi.is/~agust/

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Gangur og hraði efnahvarfa:

A + B C + D

Hr.efnahv.

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Ljósmyndun efnahvarfa; Nóbelsverðlaunin í efnafræði, 1999

Gangur og hraði efnahvarfa:

A + B C + D

Hr.efnahv.

Hraði = k[A] [B]; k = Aexp(-Ea/RT); k <= [A] vs t mælingar

Hr.efnahv.

Arrheníus: Nóbelsverðlaun 1903

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1930-1940: Kenning um skammlíft milliástand:Henry EyringMichael Polanyi

A + B

A..B

C + D

#

# Skammlíft milliástand:Líftími » tími tengjasveiflu, dæmigert 10-13 – 10-12 sek

1 2

1: 2:

Kenning

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1975-1990: Tilraunir með sameindabunur:

Hreyfanlegurskynjari

Árekstur

Sameinda-buna

Skynjunmyndefna/hvarfefna

-Ráðið í eiginleika milliástanda út frá dreifingu / endurkasti sameinda

Bunur

John C. PolanyiNóbelsverðlaun, 1986: Dudley Herzbach

Yuan Lee

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1985 - “Ljósmyndun efnahvarfa”

Þ.e. Gleypnimælingar milliástanda vs tími fyrir tíma(bil) £ 10-12 s:

A + B

C + D

ABA . .B

C ..D

CDGleypnimælingar með ljósleiftrum 10-15 s

0,000000000000001 s

“Femtósekúndu litrófsgreining”

Ljosm.

Nóbelsverðlaunin í efnafræði 1999:Próf. Ahmed Zewail, Caltech.

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Verðl.

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http://www.its.caltech.edu/~femto/

Femtol.

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Hvernig / Hvað?

A + B C + D

Öll stig hvarfsins koma fyrir samtímis, þ.e.:

Of margbreytilegt/flókið

Hvernig?

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Skapa þarf “samhæfðar aðstæður”:

Dæmi: “½ hvarf”, sbr.: ICN# I + CN, Þ.e.:

ICN#

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Skapa þarf “samhæfðar aðstæður”:

I

ICN#

ICN

I + CN

ICN# Myndað með femtó-sekúndu LASER-púlsgleypni

Gleypnimælingar

½ hvarf

Dæmi: “½ hvarf”, sbr.: ICN# I + CN, Þ.e.:

CN

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Framkvæmd:

ICN-Tilr.

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Nánar:

Gleypni-Mælingar:

Niðurstöður:

ICN-niðurst.

ICN# I + CN

ICN

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NaI

NaI

[NaI# Na..I# ] Na + I(b)(a)

(b)(a) NaI# Na

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Stilbene(1)

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Stilbene(2)

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Spýtt-kæling

Sameinda-buna

Van derWaals“Sameindir”

IH..OCO [I..H..O..CO] I +HO+CO

IH+OCO

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C4H8 C4H8# C2H4 + C2H4

???

Cyclob.

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C2F4I2 C2F4 + 2I:

C CFF

FF

I

I

C CF

FF

I

F

C CFF

FF

I

I

C CFF

FF

I

I..

I.

.

C CF

FF

I

FI.

.

?(1)

?(2)

Rofnun tetrafluordijoðetans:

C2F4I2

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mynataka

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A + M ???M1 + M2 ???A + B C + D

Reaction cross section:

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A + M ???M1 + M2 ???A + B C + D

Cross section = s = <d>2p

d

But ions:

Reaction cross section:

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A+ + B C + D

But ions:

---

-++

++

F µ 1/r2

Reaction cross section:

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+

A+ + B C + D

But Ions:

---

-++

++

Reaction cross section:

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A+ + B C + D

But ions:

Collision frequency much larger

Reaction cross section:

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A + M ???M1 + M2 ???A + B C + D

d

+

Ions:

Collision crosssection = s >> <d>2p

Reaction cross section: