Photo-Identification Catalogue 2014 Killer whales of the ... · PDF filePhoto-Identification...

Killer whales of the Crozet IslandsPhoto-Identification Catalogue 2014

Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Christophe Guinet

Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRS

79360 Villiers en Bois

Réserve Naturelle des Terres Australes Françaises

Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises

Rue Gabriel Dejean – 97458 St Pierre Cedex

In collaboration with:

Institut Polaire Français Museum National d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris

Killer whales of the Crozet Islands

Austral and Antarctic French TerritoriesPhoto-Identification Catalogue 2014

Paul Tixier, Nicolas Gasco, Christophe Guinet

Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé - CNRS

79360 Villiers en Bois

CEBC-CNRS 2014

Réserve Naturelle des Terres Australes Françaises

Terres Australes et Antarctiques Françaises

Rue Gabriel Dejean – 97458 St Pierre Cedex

Study Area

The Crozet archipelago – French Southern Territory. The three main islands are presented as well as the limit of the french EEZ (dashed line). Encounters of killer whales occur both from Possession Island

and from licensed fishing vessels within the EEZ.

4

Killer whales (Orcinus orca) are top marine predators that feed on a wide range of prey items

and are also known to interact with fisheries worldwide (Dahlheim, 1988; Purves et al., 2004;

Hucke-Gaete et al., 2004). Killer whales around the Crozet Archipelago (Southern Indian

Ocean S 46°25′; E 51°59′) have been the focus of field studies since the 1970s. Two distinct

morphotypes exist in the area: type D killer whales (Pitman et al., 2011) and the “Crozet killer

whales”, which both interact with fisheries. This photo-identification catalogue focused on the

Crozet killer whales, which are the most commonly encountered type. Individuals from the

Crozet killer whales belong to stable and long-lasting social units and appear to be generalists

as they feed on fish, seabirds, pinnipeds and whales (Guinet, 1992).

Preface

5

In 1996, both legal and illegal Patagonian toothfish (Dissotichus elegenoides) longline fisheries

started in Crozet waters. Within the first year, killer whales were observed depredating longlines

and the degree to which each social unit interacted with the longlines greatly varied (Tixier et

al., 2010). While some social units were involved in most depredation events, others were

never observed interacting with longlines and were only photographed from Possession Island.

This heterogeneity had great implications in the demography of the population. For instance,

social units involved in depredation have undergone a period of increased mortality between

1996 and 2002 attributed to negative interactions with illegal fishers in the area rather than

entanglement with the lines (Poncelet et al., 2010). The presence of French navy vessels in the

Crozet EEZ since 2003 ended the poaching of toothfish as well as the incidental mortality of

killer whales. Nevertheless whales continue to interact with seven licensed longliners operating

in the Crozet EEZ.

Preface

6

This catalogue was achieved using photo-identification data collected from both Possession

Island and from fishing vessels. It is organized in two main parts. Part I provides an update of

all killer whales that belong to frequently encountered social units and that were known to be

alive past 2012. Part II presents all killer whales that were photographed at least once in the

Crozet waters since 2003 but that are not frequently encountered. Pictures were taken and

analyzed according to the photo-identification protocol developed in the NE Pacific by Bigg

(1982). Priority was on left sides of the dorsal fin and saddle patch but for some individuals

there were good pictures of the right side only. The edition of this catalogue was greatly based

on catalogues produced by Bigg and colleagues (Bigg et al., 1987; Ford and Ellis, 1999; Ford

et al., 2000) over the past 30 years. Social units were determined through extensive

association analyses (Whitehead, 2009). This catalogue intends to assist in identification the

different people encountering these whales.

Preface

7

BAILLEUL Frédéric; BARRETT-LENNARD Lance; BELBEYC'H Bruno; BERTHET Philippe;BLANCHARD Pierrick; BOITEAU Christophe; BONNET Joël; BOST Charles-André; BURLE Marie-Hélène; CARCAILLET Christopher; CARDOT Gilles; CHEREL Yves; CHEVRIER Claude; DESTEPHANIS Renaud; DERVAUX Antoine; DESMARET Rolland; DESPIN Bernard; DONDELINGERCaroline; DOREMUS Ghislain; DUFRENE Rémy; FERNANDEZ Éric; FOURNIER Jean-Charles;GAUTHIER-CLERC Michel; GOUEDARD Yvon; GUINET Christophe; HANDRICH Yves; HANUISENicolas; LANGUENOU Roger; LEGRAND Jérôme; LEQUETTE Benoît; LERIDON Jean; LEROUX Éric;LESCAROUX Jean-Michel; LOUBON Maxime; MAISON Jérôme; MANGIN Stéphane; MANILEVEPatrick; MARECHAL Pierre; MELLEE Jean-Luc; MOURIES Jacques; NOORKHAN Alain; NOYANPatrick; PAULIN Rémy; PAWLOWSKI Frédéric; PERROT Yohann; PETER Jean; POUPART Timothée;PRUDOR Aurélien; RIDOUX Vincent; RINGOT Frédéric; SCHWEBEL Luc; SORIN Dominique;STENBERGER Ludovic; THERON Franck; TIXIER Paul; VERLAND Henri; VILLEMIN Catherine;WEIMERSKIRCH Henri

Photographers

AUBERT Anthony, AUBERT Fabien, AUBERT Jean-Luc, AUGER Thomas, BEAUFILS David,BEAUJEAN Alain, BEILLOEIL Michel, BERTRAND Geoffrey, BOCHARD Romain , BODIGERGwenaël, BOUTAIN Jérome, CADET Jean-Fred, CANTÉ Stephen, CAPEDEVILLE Didier,CASCADE Sophie, CAUVIN Gilles, CHARREYRE Benjamin, COROUGE Ewen, DELORMEQuentin, DERVAUX Antoine, DISS Quentin, FABIEN Moullec, GASCO Nicolas, GASPARDPatrick, GRANAUD Olivier, GUILLOTIN Olivier, HOARAU Eric, HOUILLOT Grégoire, HUILLIERJean-Tristan, LE BARZIC Franck, LE BERRIGAUD Patrice, LE CORRE Yann, LE PETITCORPSJean-Marie, LEMARCHAND Christian, MOIROUX Nicolas, PERE Anthony, RICHARD Emilie,ROCHARD Denis, SERVERA Nicolas , SIMIAND Frederic, TIXIER Paul, VERMANDE Hugues,VICINATI Eric

Possession Island

Fishery observers

© Paul Tixier: cover, p. 8, p. 28, back cover

8

AcknowledgmentsWe wish to thank all photographers involved in this study, whether they are fishery observers on

longliners or field workers on the Possession Island.

Special thanks are due to Pr. Guy Duhamel, C. Chazeau, P. Pruvost and A. Martin (Muséum national

d’histoire naturelle de Paris, Département des Milieux et Peuplements Aquatiques) for providing part of

the data (PECHEKER database - see Martin & Pruvost, 2007).

We are grateful to all the people that have inspired this work especially the following: Mike Bigg,

Graeme Ellis, John Ford, Kenneth Balcomb, Craig Matkin, Eva Saulitis, Lance Barrett Lennard, Paul

Spong and Helena Symonds.

We thank all the partners who have contributed to the monitoring of the Crozet killer whale population

for many years: Cédric Marteau, Axel Falguier, Antoine Dervaux (Réserve Naturelle des Terres

Australes Françaises), Thierry Clot (TAAF), Henri Weimerskish (CEBC-CNRS Programme 109), Yves

Frénot (IPEV),

We thank all the interns that have contributed to the analysis of photo-identification data: Eric Poncelet,

Cécile Roche and Eve Jourdain.

We are also thankful to collaborators working on the Marion island killer whales: Ryan Reisinger and

Nico de Bruyn (Mammal Research Institute, U. of Pretoria)

9

Partners and funding

10

Alpha-numeric individual code

Years of first and last observations

* First year = year of birth

History of social unit

Gender (when known)

Social relationship

Map

probability of encounterfrom fishing vessels

Social unit iD

C067

C069

2000

High

Low

Individualsencountered from:

Possession Island

Fishing vessels(depredation on longlines)

2008

NB

Year of first observation

Missing individual – presumely dead

Year of last observation

Live individual

Newborn with no given iD

Constant associations(social unit)

Non observed

Casual associations or uncertainty due to limited data

Mother to offspring

Key

Part I: frequently encountered killer whales

Crozet killer whales 2014

12

C068

C161

C069C128

2007-2014

1998-2014 2003-20142003-2014 ♂♀♀

C116 2003-2014♀

2012*-2013

C128

C067C069 C035C068 C038

2008 20102010

C161

C128 C037

1977

C116

NB

♂


2000 19711968

2009

13

C063 C0641989-2014 1987-2014♂♀

C063

C062 C064S029 C063C066

1988 19801987


1998 20021998

14

C018 C019C020

C148

2003-2014

2005*-2014

2003-20142003-2014 ♂ ♀


♀

♀

C018

C018C015

C148

C019

NB

C020C014

1999 1999

20112009 2008

2012

15

2005-2012C012 C137

2009*-2014

2005-2014♀

C187

C012

C012 C132

C187C131

2005

2005

♀

C133 C137

2005

♀


2009 2009

2010

M023 in Reisinger & De Bruyn, (2013)

16

C006C004 2005-20141986-2014♀

2012*-2014

♀

C002

C002 C006C004C003C001

19701987 1987

C199

C005

C199

1987

S001

1987

NB

2010


20112000 1996 1998

1998 2010

17

C121 C1432007-2014 2006-2014

2009*-2014

♀

2011*-2014

C121

C121

C211

C143

C200

♀

C200 C211♀


18

C009

C156C022 2003-20141989-2014

2001*-2014

♀

♂

C022

C022C008 C156

C009

2003

♀


C053 C054 C055

C057

C056

1997 2002 1998 2000

1998

1988 1979 1987 1987 1987

1987

19

C138 2005-2014 2009-2014

2009-2014

C172♀♀

C186 2010-2014 C185 2010-2014

C184 2011*-2014

C138

C138 C185C172C186

♀

C212

♂


C212C184

20

C149

C023C017 2003-20142003-2011

2007*-2014

♂

C016

C023C016

C149

C017

2003 2003

♀


2010 2011

21

C025C119 2005-20142006-2014 2003-2014

2009*-2014

♂♀ ♀C127

C188

C119

C188

C119C127 C025






22

C140C139 2005-2014 2006-20142005-2014

C155 2007*-2014

C106♀

C139

♀ ♀

C155

C106C139 C140


23

C013

C173C087

C1222003-2014 2003-2014

2003*-2014 2007*-2014

♂♀

♀ 2012*-2014

C013

C013

C213C173C087

C213

C223 2013*-2014

C122

C223


24

C174

C142C111

2007*-2014

2003-2014 2006-2014♀

♀ 2014*-2014

C111

C111

NBC174

C142

♂


25

2009-2013C169 C086 1998-2013♂

C169

♀

C169 C086


26

2009-20132009-20132009-2013 2009-2013 2009-2013 C165 C166C167 C168 C170 ♂ ♂

C167


C167 C166C165C170C168

27

C151 2013-20132007-2014

C124

C151C124

2003

C027C129 C228

2003

C228C027 2005-2012♀


20092007

28

2009-2014♂C194 C195 C1962009-2014 2009-2014

2010*-2014

C195

C225

C201 2010-2014 C226 2010-2014♀


C194 C195 C196 C201 C226

C225

2010-20142010-20142010-2014 C220C221C224

29

2010-2014C193 ♂

C224


C224 C221 C220 C193

♂

30

2008-2014 2008-2014 2008-2014C189 C190 C191 C192 2008-2011♂

2010*-2014

C190

C202


C189 C190 C191 C192

C202

Part II: infrequently encountered killer whales


32

C024


C024 C032

C157

1988-2010 1983-2010

2007-2010

♂♀

33

C010


C010

C158

2003-2009

2007-2009

♀

34

C021


C021 2005-2008

2007*-2008

♀

35

C1642009-2010 2009-2010C171 ♂

C171


36

2009-2009 2009-2009♂C197 C198

C198


37

C083 C082C081 1997-2010 1997-20072003-2010♀

C154 2007-2010

C081


38

C147 C1502007-2008 2007-2008♂

C147


39

C152 C153 2007-20082007-2008

C152


40

C134 C159 C1602005-2008 2008-2008 2008-2008♂

C160





41

C163C162

C101

2008-20082008-2008

2003-2008♀

C101


42

C099 C100 C103 C104

C102

2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003 2003-2003

2003-2003

♀

C099


43

2010-2013C204

C206

C204

♀

2009*-2013

2010-2014C210

2013*-2013


44

2010-20112010-2011 2010-2010

C203

C207 C208 C209C203 2010-2011 2010-2011♂C205


45

C227

2013-2014 2013-2014C227 C222


♂

46

2013-20142013-2014 2013-2014

2013*-2014

C214

C214 C215 C216 C218 C2192013-2014

2013-2014

2010-2014


♂♀

♀

47

References

Bigg, M.A. 1982. An assessment of killer whale (Orcinus orca) stocks off Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 32: 655–666.

Bigg M.A., Ellis G.M., Ford J.K.B. and Balcomb K.C. 1987. Killer whales. A study of their identification, genealogy & natural history in British Columbia andWashington State. Phantom Press, Nanaimo, BC, 79pp.

Bigg, M.A., Olesiuk P.F., Ellis G.M., Ford J.K.B., Balcomb K.C. 1990. Social organization and genealogy of resident killer whales (Orcinus orca) in the coastal waters of British Columbia and Washington State. Report of the International Whaling Commission, Special Issue 12: 383–405.

Dahlheim, M.E. 1988. Killer whale (Orcinus orca) depredation on longline catches ofsablefish (Anoplopoma fimbria) in Alaskan waters. NWAFC Processed Report, Northwest and Alaska Fisheries Center, Seattle, Washington. pp. 88-14.

Ford J.K.B. and Ellis G.M. 1999. Transients: Mammal Hunting Killer Whales. UBC Press, Vancouver, 97pp.

Ford J.K.B., Ellis G.M. and Balcomb K.C. 2000. Killer whales. The natural history and genealogy of Orcinus orca in British Columbia and Washington.Second edition. UBC Press, Vancouver, 104pp.

Guinet, C. 1992. Predation behavior of killer whales around Crozet Islands. Can. J. Zool. 70, 1656-1667.

Hucke-Gaete, R., Moreno, C., Arata, J. 2004. Operational interactions of sperm whales andkiller whales with the Patagonian toothfish industrial fishery off southern Chile. CcamlrSci. 11, 127-140.


48Crozet killer whales 2014

Martin, A. and Pruvost, P. 2007. Pecheker, relational database for analysis and management of fisheries and related biological data from the French Southern Ocean fisheries monitoring scientific programs, Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle.

Pitman R.L., Durban J.W., Greenfelder M., Guinet C., Jorgensen M., Olson P.A., Plana J., TixierP. & Towers J.R. 2011. Observations of a distinctive morphotype of killer whale (Orcinus orca), type D, from subantarctic waters. Polar Biol. 34, 303-306.

Poncelet, E., Barbraud, C., Guinet, C. 2010. Population dynamics of killer whales in Crozet Archipelago, southern Indian Ocean: a mark recapture study from 1977 to 2002. J. Cet. Res. Manag, 11(1), 41-48.

Purves, M.G., Agnew, D.J., Balguerias, E., Moreno, C.A., Watkins, B. 2004. Killer whale(Orcinus orca) and sperm whale (Physeter macrocephalus) interactions with longline vesselsin the patagonian toothfish fishery at South Georgia, South Atlantic. Ccamlr Sci. 11, 111-126.

Reisinger R. R. and De Bruyn N. 2013. Photo-identification catalogue of Marion Island Killer whales. University of Pretoria. DOI: 10.6084/m9.figshare.971317

Tixier, P., Gasco, N., Duhamel, G., Guinet, C. 2010. Interactions of Patagonian toothfish fisheries with killer and sperm whales: an assessment of depredation levels and insights on possible mitigation solutions. CCAMLR Sci. 17, 179-195.

Whitehead, H. 2008. In: Analyzing Animal Societies. The University of Chicago Press.

References

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