Phosphorus Regulations of the Nitrates Directive What is the scientific basis ?
Transcript of Phosphorus Regulations of the Nitrates Directive What is the scientific basis ?
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Phosphorus Regulations of the Nitrates Directive
What is the scientific basis ?
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Overview of presentation1. Water quality in Ireland
• Rivers
• Groundwater
• Estuaries
• Summary
2. Teagasc P-research
• Historic research
• Agronomic research
• Environmental Research
3. New P-regulations
• New Index System
• Note on tillage
• Peat
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Monitoring water qualityWater quality in Ireland is monitored by the
Environmental Protection Agency
Latest report: Lucey et al., 2006.
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Rivers
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RiversCauses of serious pollution
Source: Toner et al., 2005.
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Rivers
Causes of slight and moderate pollution
“In regard to the moderate and slight pollution detected in the period, the bulk of this was suspected to be caused by municipal and agricultural sources in approximately equal measure.”Source: Toner et al., 2005.
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RiversWhat is eutrophication?
• Nutrients allow algae to grow rapidly
• While growing, algae produce oxygen
• Late summer: algae start dying and rotting
• Rotting consumes oxygen
• Low oxygen affects fauna
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GroundwaterDistribution of nitrate concentrations
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Estuarine waters
Source: Lucey et al., 2006.
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Summary
1. Surface waters: rivers and lakesMain concern: eutrophication (phosphorus)
2. GroundwaterMain concern: drinking water quality (nitrogen)
3. Estuarine waterMain concern: eutrophication(nitrogen & phosphorus)
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Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3
0 3 6 10
Teagasc P-research
1. Build up P soil reserves to Target IndexTarget Index: 2 for extensive, 3 for intensive
2. Maintain soil P by replacing offtakes
3. Regular soil P testing for verification
P-Advice 1997:
yield
soil P
Ris
k of
P-lo
ss
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Teagasc P-research
Resulted in large reduction in P-fertiliser use,without loss of productivity
P-Advice 1997:
35
40
45
50
55
60
65
'94 '95 '96 '97 '98 '99 '00 '01 '02 ,03 '04 '05
Year
Ch
emic
al
fert
ilis
er P
use
*10
00 t Frequency distribution of soil test P
0
5
10
15
20
25
0-1 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5 5-6 6-7 7-8 8-9 9-10 >10Soil Test P (Morgan's) (mg/l)
per
cen
tag
e o
f so
il
sam
ple
s
Index 1: 15% Index 2: 36% Index 3: 25%Index 4:
23%
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Teagasc P-research
Agronomic:
Do different soils need different P-advice ?
New P-research
Environmental:
Do different soils show different risks of P-loss ?
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Agronomic P-research
P-advice:
1. Build up soil P reserves to target index (either 2 or 3);
2. Maintain Soil Test P at target index by replacing offtakes in milk and meat.
The Irish P-index system for mineral soils using Morgan’s extractant
Soil P Index Soil test P (mg l-1) Description
1 0.0 – 3.0 P-deficiency
2 3.1 – 6.0 Target Index: no early grass, herbage not fully utilised
3 6.1 – 10.0 Target Index: early grass, full herbage utilisation
4 > 10.0 No further response to P-fertiliser
Source: Coulter et al., 2004
P-Index:
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Agronomic P-researchFine-tuning P-advice:
1. Interactions between fertiliser efficiency and Soil Test P:Holford et al. (1985); Slaton et al. (2005)
Large response to fertiliser in Index 1; no response in Index 4
2. Dietary P-requirements of grazing ruminants:Drive towards grass-only dietsUp to 4 g kg-1 P required in herbageP-concentration response ≠ Herbage yield responseMorton et al. (1999); Quintero et al. (2003)
3. Positive relationship between Soil Test P and P loss to waterSharpley et al. (1981); Pote et al. (1999); Daly et al., (2002); McDowell & Condron (2004); Kurz et al. (2005a); Kurz et al. (2005b); Jordan et al. (2005)
4. Differences between soils?
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Agronomic P-research
Major research programme
32 sites:
8 representative soils
4 P-Indices per soil
4 years
4 cuts / year
9 fertiliser P treatments / site:0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75, 100 kg/ha
Association-13
Clonroche
Association-15
Castlecomer
Baggotstown
Kinvarra
Elton
Howardstown
Publications:
Herlihy et al., 2004
Herlihy et al., 2006
Herlihy & McGrath, 2006
Herlihy & McCarthy, 2006
Schulte & Herlihy, 2007
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Objectives
1. Quantify herbage yield and herbage P-content as functions of:- soil-test P- fertiliser Pfor a range of contrasting soils;
2. Establish fertiliser rates required to produce:- 95% of potential yield- a range of herbage P-contentsfor each combination of soil series and soil P-index;
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Materials & MethodsLay-out:
• Eight soil series / associations:
Classification and selected characteristics of the soils used in this study (Brennan, 2002; Herlihy et al., 2004). Series/association No. Principle soil Parent material Drainage pH range Location Association-13
13 Acid brown eaths Sandstone-limestone diamicton Good 5.0-6.4 Waterford
Clonroche
14 Acid brown eaths Ordovician shale diamicton Good 5.8-6.5 Wexford
Association-15
15 Brown Podzolics Sanstone-shale diamicton Good 5.7-6.6 Cork
Castlecomer
22 Gleys Upper Carboniferous (Silesian) shale diamicton
Poor 5.2-6.0 Kilkenny
Baggotstown
30 Grey brown podzolics Calcareous fluvio-glacial gravel
Good 5.6-6.9 Offaly
Kinvarra
33 Shallow brown earths and rendzinas
Limestone diamicton (shallow) Good 5.6-7.3 Galway
Elton
34 minimal grey brown podzolics Limestone diamicton Good 4.8-6.5 Tipperary
Howardstown
39 gleys Limestone diamicton Poor 4.9-6.3 Limerick
Source: Gardiner and Radford (1980)
• Four P-indices per soil
• Within each site: fertiliser P treatments:0, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 75 and 100 kg ha-1.
• Two reps, four for controls
• Four years (1997-2000); plots re-randomised each year on different location within each site.
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Materials & Methods
Measurements:
• Soil samples:- spring and autumn- 10 cm- Morgan’s extract: Soil Test P
• Herbage yield (kg DM ha-1)
• Herbage P-concentration (g kg-1)
• (texture, pH, Hadley Fractions, Al, Fe, botanical composition, …)
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Materials & MethodsAnalysis:
• Herbage response to STP is non-linear
• Herbage response to fertiliser P is non-linear
Holford et al. (1985); Cayley and Hannah (1995); Morton et al. (1999); Quintero et al. (2003); Slaton et al. (2005)
• Interactions between STP and fertiliser P
Slaton et al. (2005)
Non-linear multiple regression equation (SAS: NLIN):
M
i
F
ii
K
M
K
FYY
1
1
1
11max,
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Materials & Methods
M
i
F
ii
K
M
K
FYY
1
1
1
11max,
M = <<
M = >>
Y
F
M = <<
M = >>
Y
F
Y
M
F = <<
F = >>
Y
M
F = <<
F = >>
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ResultsP-concentration
Soil 13
Soil 14
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ResultsP-concentration
Soil 30
Soil 39
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Results
P-concentrations in herbage:
• All regressions significant (p < 0.0001)
• 73 % of variation (59 % - 86 %) explained by STP, fertiliser and year
Herbage Yield:
• All regressions significant (p < 0.0001)
• Only 34 % of variation (9 % - 66 %) explained by STP, fertiliser and year
Explanation:
• STP and Fertiliser P are good predictors of P-uptake by grass. However, nutrient utilisation and herbage production depend on many more factorse.g. Bailey (2000); Burke et al. (2004)
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P - requirementsYield criterion:criterion: 95% of potential yield
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3Soil P Index
P f
erti
liser
req
uir
emen
t(k
g /
ha)
Soil13
Soil14
Soil15
Soil22
Soil30
Soil33
Soil34
Soil39
criterion: herbage P-content of 3 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3Soil P Index
P f
erti
liser
req
uir
emen
t(k
g /
ha)
criterion: herbage P-content of 3.5 g/kg
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
1 2 3Soil P Index
P f
erti
liser
req
uir
emen
t(k
g /
ha)
P-concentration criterion:
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Agronomic P-researchResults:
1. Yields:Target Index 2 adequate for 7 out of 8 soils
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Yield
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Agronomic P-researchResults:
2. Herbage P-content:Low - medium (0.30% - 0.35% P):Target Index 2 for all soils
Medium – high (0.35% - 0.40% P):Low Target Index 2 inadequateHigh Index 2 – Low Index 3 required
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Yield
Lo P
Hi P
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Agronomic P-researchResults:
3. Ryegrass and white clover:At least high Index 2 required
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Yield
Lo P
Hi P
clover
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Implications
1. P-requirements correspond largely to P-rates advised by Coulter et al. (2004) (“Green Book”)
2. P-requirements dictated by herbage P-concentration:P-concentration of 3.5 g kg-1 guarantees 95% of potential yieldQuintero et al. (2003): wheatMorton et al. (1990): grass
3. P-requirements largely similar across soils, except for soil 22:Castlecomer = poorly-drained, high OM-content
4. [P] is easily measured in first cut silage ~ annual average
Implications for fertiliser advice:
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Environmental P-researchEnvironmental Research:
1. Laboratory
2. Field
3. Catchment
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Environmental P-researchConcept:
1. P tied to soil particles (top cms): “sorption”
PP
P
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Environmental P-researchConcept:
1. P tied to soil particles (top cms): “sorption”
2. Reversible: available for plant uptake “desorption”
PP
P
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Environmental P-researchConcept:
PPP
1. P tied to soil particles (top cms): “sorption”
2. Reversible: available for plant uptake “desorption”
3. Loss through overland flow (rainstorm events)
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Environmental P-research2 main factors:
P
P
1. Soil P status
P PP
P
P
P
PPP
Low risk High risk
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Environmental P-research2 main factors:
P
P
1. Soil P status
2. Drainage pathway: infiltration v overland flow
P P
P
Low risk High risk
P P
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Environmental P-researchResults:
1. Well-drained soils:Losses negligible on Indices 1, 2, 3
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Well-drainedWell-drained
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Environmental P-researchResults:
1. Well-drained soils:Losses negligible on Indices 1, 2, 3
2. Poorly-drained soils:Losses negligible on Indices 1, 2Risk of P-loss at upper half of Index 3
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Well-drained
Poorly-drained
Well-drained
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New P-regulationsCombining agronomic and environmental results
0 3 6 10 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Well-drained
Poorly-drained
Well-drainedYield
Lo P
Hi P
clover
Options:
• Different Target Index for different soils
• Change Index system
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New P-regulationsCombining agronomic and environmental results
1. New index 3: Morgan’s 5-8:- max yield- hi P- ok for clover- minimum risk of loss
2. New index 2: Morgan’s 3-5:- max yield- lo P- botanical composition ?
0 3 5 8 Index 4Index 1 Index 2 Index 3 soil P
Well-drained
Poorly-drained
Well-drainedYield
Lo P
Hi P
clover
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New P-regulationsNotes:
1. Only the grassland P index has been changed
2. P-index for tillage remains same
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New P-regulationsPeat:
1. High in organic matter
2. Organic matter blocks build-up
3. Apply maintenance rates only (no index system)
4. Long-term consequences ?
OMOM
OMOM
OMOM
OM
OM
OM
OM
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Take home messagesRiver Quality:
• Water quality of rivers is generally good
• 30% affected by eutrophication
• Half attributed to loss from agriculture
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Take home messagesEstuaries:
• Concerns about eutrophication
• Only 40% unpolluted
• Contribution from agriculture ?
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Take home messagesP research (agronomic):
• Target Index 2 sufficient for yield
• But Target Index 3 needed for high P-content and botanical composition
• Few differences between soil types
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Take home messagesP research (environmental):
• P-loss depends on Soil P Status and drainage pathway
• Well-drained soils: low risk of loss on Index 1, 2, 3
• Poorly-drained soils: risk at upper half of Index 3
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Take home messagesNew P-regulations:
• New Indices:Index 1: 0-3Index 2: 3-5Index 3: 5-8Index 4: >8
• Tillage:No change
• Peat:Maintenance rates only