Phonological Processes 2

8/6/2019 Phonological Processes 2

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DR. RICELI C. MENDOZA

University of Southern Mindanao

PHILIPPINES


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PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES

1.Aspiration is characteristic of voiceless stops

consonants /p/,/t/, /k/ in English. Aspirated andunaspirated versions are positional variants.Substituting one for the other does not causechange of meaning of a word- it is merely anincorrect pronunciation.

In some languages the difference between theaspirated and unaspirated can cause adifference in meaning just like Vietnamese:

[tua] tassel [thua] lose

[tu] repair [thu] mackerel[tin] smart [thin] silent

Hence, aspirated and unaspirated sounds inVietnamese are contrastive sounds (perceivedas different sounds)


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2. Flapping- the tongue touches the tooth ridgeand is quickly pulled back. The phonetic symbol

used for a flap is /D/. When /t/ is pronounced asa flap, it is a positional variant of the /t/ sound. Itonly occurs between vowels when the precedingvowel is stressed: patio, platter The flap is also a

positional variant of /d/ sound when it occursbetween the stressed and an unstressed vowel:

Flapped /t/ flapped /d/

putting pudding

latter ladderwriter rider

litre leader

bitter bidder


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3. Vowel Lengthening.A vowel is longer

when it occurs before a voiced consonant

than it is before a voiceless one.

shorter vowel longer vowel

beat b e a d

back b a g

bat b a d

race r a i s eloose l o z e

cap c a b


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4. Velarization- light and dark /l/. The /l/before a vowel is light; the tip of the

tongue should be the touching the toothridge. The /l/ before a vowel is dark; the tipof the tongue need not touch the toothridge. The back of the tongue is raised sothat it is near the soft palate.

Leaf-feel

leak-pull

late-pal

plate-milk


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5. Assimilation causes a sound to become

more like a neighboring sound with

respect to some feature. Ex: vowel

nasalization [~] , liquid and glide

devoicing. LIQUIDS [l,r] and glides [w,w,y]

become voiceless when they occurfollowing a voiceless OBSTRRUENTS [ p,

t, k, ?, f, s, h, c, s,].

pang + dikdik+pandikdik; pang+basa=pambansa; pang + luto +panluto


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6. Insertion is the addition of one or more sounds

to a word.

Prothesis the addition of a sound to the start of

a word or the prepending ofphonemes at the

beginning of a word without changing its

morphological structure. This often happens in

language learning when the language which is

being learned has different combinations of

vowels or consonant from the learners first

language. For example, Spanish learners of

English often say /espi:k/ for speak as Spanish

does not have words starting with the

consonant cluster /sp/.


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Epenthesis is the addition of a vowel or

consonant between sounds. It is divided into

two types: excrescence (if the sound added isa consonant) and anaptyxis (if the sound

added is a vowel).

In English, a stop consonant is often added to

break a nasal + fricative sequence

English "hamster" often pronounced with an

added "p" sound as [hmpst]

English "warmth" often pronounced with anadded "p" sound as [wrmp]

English "fence" often pronounced [fnts]


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Many speakers of other languages do notuse combination like the /Im/ or /Ip/ of

English and add an epenthetic vowel, forexample [ film] for film, and [help] for[help]; realtor-realator

Paragoge: the addition of a sound to theend of a word.

slack and slacken (no change inmeaning)

toward-towards anyway-anyways


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7. Deletion/Elision (sound loss)eliminatesa sound. This applies more frequently to

unstressed syllables and in casualspeech.

Aphesis/aphaeresis:is the loss of one

or more sounds from the beginning of aword, especially the loss of anunstressed vowel.

Ex : /h/ may be deleted in unstressed

syllables: He handed her his hat (the h inher and his is deleted). Arithmetic-rithmetic (the 3Rs)


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Apocope: is the loss of one or more

sounds from the end of a word, and

especially the loss of an unstressed vowel.

photograph >photo

ractionnaire >rac"reactionary

animation > Japanese anime-

synchronization >sync

better

there


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8.Apophony (also ablaut, gradation,alternation, internal modification, stem

modification, stem alternation, replacivemorphology, stem mutation, internalinflection) is the alternation of sounds within aword that indicates grammatical information(often inflectional). Apophony is exemplified inEnglish as the internalvowel alternations thatproduce such related words as

sing, sang, sung, song

rise, raise

bind, bound

goose, geese


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The difference in these vowels marks

variously a difference in tense oraspect

(e.g. sing/sang/sung), transitivity

(rise/raise), part of speech (sing/song,

bind/bound), orgrammatical number

(goose/geese). Similarly, there areconsonant alternations which are also

used grammatically:

belief, believehouse (noun), house (verb) (phonetically:

[has] (noun), [haz] (verb))


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The vowel alternation between iand a

indicates a difference between present

and past tense in the pairsing/sang. Here

the past tense is indicated by the vowel a

just as the past tense is indicated on the

verbjump with the past tense suffix -ed.Likewise, the plural suffix -s on the word

books has the same grammatical function

as the presence of the vowel ee in theword geese (where ee alternates with oo

in the pairgoose/geese).


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9. Metathesis is a sound change that alters the order ofphonemes in a word. The most common instance ofmetathesis is the reversal of the order of two adjacentphonemes, such as "foilage" forfoliage. Many languageshave words that show this phenomenon, and some use itas a regular part of their grammar.

A spoonerism is an error in speech or deliberate play

on words in which corresponding consonants, vowels, ormorphemes are switched. It is named after the ReverendWilliam Archibald Spooner(18441930), Warden ofNewCollege, Oxford, who was notoriously prone to thistendency.While spoonerisms are commonly heard asslips of the tongue resulting from unintentionally gettingone's words in a tangle, they can also be usedintentionally as a play on words.


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"Three cheers for our queer old dean!" (dear old queen,referring to Queen Victoria)

"Is it kisstomary to cuss the bride?" (customary to kiss)

"The Lord is a shoving leopard." (a loving shepherd)

"A blushing crow." (crushing blow)

"A well-boiled icicle" (well-oiled bicycle)

"You were fighting a liar in the quadrangle." (lighting afire)

"Is the bean dizzy?" (dean busy)

"Someone is occupewing my pie. Please sew me toanother sheet." (occupying my pew...show me to another

seat) "You have hissed all my mystery lectures. You have

tasted a whole worm. Please leave Oxford on the nexttown drain." (missed...history, wasted...term, down train)

Phonological Processes 2

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