PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological...
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PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSES Phonetics and Phonology Andy BayuNugroho
Transcript of PHONOLOGICAL PROCESSESstaff.uny.ac.id/sites/default/files/pendidikan/Andy Bayu...Phonological...
PH
ON
OLO
GIC
AL
PR
OC
ES
SE
S
Ph
on
eti
cs a
nd
Ph
on
olo
gy
An
dy
Ba
yu
Nu
gro
ho
Ph
on
olo
gic
al
Pro
cess
•In
co
nn
ect
ed
sp
ee
ch,
the
usu
al
aim
is
for
ea
se
of
com
mu
nic
ati
on
ra
the
r th
an
co
mp
lete
acc
ura
cy.
Th
ere
fore
, sp
ea
ke
rs
un
con
scio
usl
y
dra
w o
n a
nu
mb
er
of
ph
on
olo
gic
al
pro
cess
es
to a
id t
ha
t e
ase
of
com
mu
nic
ati
on
. T
he
re a
re
a g
oo
d n
um
be
r o
f su
ch p
roce
sse
s.
•S
pe
ech
pro
du
ctio
n i
s n
ot
a s
eri
es
of
iso
late
d
eve
nts
. T
he
p
roce
ss
of
art
icu
lati
on
is
a
com
ple
x o
ne
. T
he
a
rtic
ula
tory
org
an
s a
re
op
era
tin
g
ind
ep
en
de
ntl
y
of
ea
ch
oth
er,
a
nd
ma
ny
fin
e a
dju
stm
en
tsa
re c
arr
ied
ou
t v
ery
rap
idly
a
s w
e
spe
ak
. A
s a
co
nse
qu
en
ce,
spe
ech
p
rod
uct
ion
o
fte
n
resu
lts
in
the
art
icu
lati
on
o
f o
ne
so
un
d
aff
ect
ing
th
at
of
an
oth
er.
•A
rtic
ula
tory
ad
just
me
nts
th
at
occ
ur
du
rin
g t
he
pro
du
ctio
n
of
spe
ech
a
re
call
ed
p
roce
sse
s.
Th
eir
cu
mu
lati
ve
e
ffe
ct
oft
en
re
sult
s in
ma
kin
g w
ord
s e
asi
er
to a
rtic
ula
te,
an
d i
n t
his
sen
se
the
y
are
sa
id
to
ma
ke
sp
ee
ch
mo
re
eff
icie
nt.
•S
om
e p
roce
sse
s a
pp
ea
r to
ma
ke
art
icu
lati
on
le
ss,
no
t m
ore
eff
icie
nt.
En
gli
sh s
pe
ak
ers
, fo
r e
xam
ple
, o
fte
n
len
gth
en
co
nso
na
nts
a
nd
v
ow
els
wh
en
th
ey
are
ask
ed
to
re
pe
at
a w
ord
th
at
som
eo
ne
ha
s n
ot
he
ard
cle
arl
y.
“It’
s F
red
.”
“Did
yo
u s
ay
, ‘I
t’s
red
’?”
“No
, I
said
, ‘I
t’s
Fff
ree
ed
!’”
Ass
imil
ati
on
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n i
s re
sult
ed
fro
m t
he
in
flu
en
ce o
f
on
e
seg
me
nt
on
a
no
the
r.
It
alw
ay
s re
sult
s
fro
m
a
sou
nd
b
eco
min
g
mo
re
lik
e
an
oth
er
ne
arb
y s
ou
nd
in t
erm
s o
f o
ne
or
mo
re o
f it
s
ph
on
eti
c ch
ara
cte
rist
ic
(e.g
. a
ssim
ila
tio
n
of
pla
ce,
ass
imil
ati
on
o
f m
an
ne
r,
an
d/o
r
ass
imil
ati
on
of
vo
ice
).
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n o
f p
lace
can
be
de
mo
nst
rate
d b
y
ratb
ag
(th
at
is,
[‘ræ
pb
æg
]) o
r o
atm
ea
l (t
ha
t is
,
[‘əʊ
pm
i:ɫ
]) w
he
re t
he
/t/
so
un
d i
s re
pla
ced
by
a
/p/
sou
nd
. T
his
is
b
eca
use
th
e
alv
eo
lar
plo
siv
e
/t/
is
sim
pli
fie
d
into
th
e
/p/
sou
nd
wh
ich
is
clo
ser
to t
he
bil
ab
ial
plo
siv
e /
b/.
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n o
f m
an
ne
rre
fers
to
wh
en
tw
o
dif
fere
nt
ma
nn
ers
o
f a
rtic
ula
tio
n
infl
ue
nce
ea
ch o
the
r to
fo
rm a
dif
fere
nt
typ
e o
f m
an
ne
r
of
art
icu
lati
on
. E
xam
ple
s o
f th
is
are
th
e
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
[In
dia
n]
as
[‘ɪ
nʤə
n]
or
the
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
[’səʊ
lʤə
(r)]
. T
his
is
be
cau
se
the
p
losi
ve
/d
/ co
mb
ine
s w
ith
th
e
ap
pro
xim
an
t /j
/ to
fo
rm t
he
aff
rica
te /ʤ
/.
•A
ssim
ila
tio
n
of
vo
ice
is
illu
stra
ted
b
y
the
pro
nu
nci
ati
on
of
"ha
ve
to
" w
ith
an
/f/
so
un
d
rath
er
tha
n t
he
/v
/ so
un
d (i
.e.,
[‘
hæ
ftə
]) a
s
the
vo
ice
d f
rica
tiv
e i
s fo
llo
we
d b
y a
vo
ice
less
con
son
an
t.
Th
e r
ea
son
s fo
r a
ssim
ila
tio
n
(a)
the
to
ng
ue
ca
nn
ot
alw
ay
s m
ov
e
qu
ick
ly
en
ou
gh
to
ge
t fr
om
on
e p
osi
tio
n t
o a
no
the
r
in
ord
er
to
art
icu
late
th
e
ne
xt
sou
nd
, o
r
be
cau
se
(b)
the
m
ou
th
is
too
b
usy
a
nti
cip
ati
ng
th
e
foll
ow
ing
so
un
d.
In
eit
he
r ca
se,
it
ap
pro
xim
ate
s th
e s
ou
nd
be
fore
mo
vin
g o
n
to t
he
ne
xt s
eg
me
nt
of
sou
nd
.
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: A
n
Intr
od
uct
ion
to
Ph
on
eti
cs:
13
2;
Co
nte
mp
ora
ry L
ing
uis
tics
: 5
3.)
Dis
sim
ila
tio
n
•D
issi
mil
ati
on
is
the
op
po
site
of
ass
imil
ati
on
. It
resu
lts
in t
wo
so
un
ds
be
com
ing
le
ss a
lik
e i
n
art
icu
lato
ryo
r a
cou
stic
te
rms.
Th
e r
esu
ltin
g
seq
ue
nce
of
sou
nd
s is
ea
sie
r to
art
icu
late
an
d
dis
tin
gu
ish
. It
is
a
m
uch
ra
rer
pro
cess
th
an
ass
imil
ati
on
.
•O
ne
co
mm
on
ly
he
ard
o
f d
issi
mil
ati
on
in
En
gli
sh
occ
urs
in
w
ord
s e
nd
ing
w
ith
th
ree
con
secu
tiv
e
fric
ati
ve
s,
such
a
s fifths.
M
an
y
spe
ak
ers
dis
sim
ila
te t
he
fin
al
[fθ
s] s
eq
ue
nce
to [
fts]
, a
pp
are
ntl
y,
to b
rea
k u
p t
he
se
qu
en
ce
of
thre
e f
rica
tiv
es
wit
h a
sto
p.
De
leti
on
•D
ele
tio
n i
s a
pro
cess
th
at
rem
ove
s a
se
gm
en
t
fro
m
cert
ain
p
ho
ne
tic
con
text
s.
It
occ
urs
in
eve
ryd
ay
ra
pid
sp
ee
ch i
n m
an
y l
an
gu
ag
es.
In
En
gli
sh,
a s
chw
a [ə
] is
oft
en
de
lete
d w
he
n t
he
ne
xt v
ow
el in
th
e w
ord
s is
str
ess
ed
.
•D
ele
tio
n
als
o
occ
urs
a
s a
n
alt
ern
ati
ve
to
dis
sim
ila
tio
n
in
wo
rds
such
a
s fi
fth
s.
Ma
ny
spe
ak
ers
de
lete
th
e [
θ]
of
the
fin
al
con
son
an
t
clu
ste
r a
nd
sa
y
[fif
s].
In
ve
ry
rap
id
spe
ech
,
bo
th
the
se
con
d
[f]
an
d
[θ]
are
so
me
tim
es
de
lete
d,
resu
ltin
g i
n [
fis]
.
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: A
n I
ntr
od
uct
ion
to
Ph
on
eti
cs:
13
4;
Co
nte
mp
ora
ry L
ing
uis
tics
: 5
5.)
Ep
en
the
sis
•E
pe
nth
esi
s is
a p
roce
ss t
ha
t in
sert
s a
sy
lla
bic
o
r a
no
n-s
yll
ab
ic s
eg
me
nt
wit
hin
an
exi
stin
g
stri
ng
of
seg
me
nts
.
•F
or
exa
mp
le,
in
care
ful
spe
ech
, th
e
wo
rds
wa
rmth
a
nd
so
me
thin
g
are
p
ron
ou
nce
d
[wɔː
mθ
] a
nd
[ˈ
sʌm
.θɪ
ŋ].
It
is
co
mm
on
in
ca
sua
l sp
ee
ch
for
spe
ake
rs
to
inse
rt
a
[p]
be
twe
en
th
e [
m]
an
d [
θ],
an
d p
ron
ou
nce
th
e
wo
rds
[wɔː
rmp
θ]
an
d [
ˈsʌ
mp
θɪ
ŋ].
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: C
on
tem
po
rary
Lin
gu
isti
cs:
55
-56
.)
Me
tath
esi
s
•M
eta
the
sis
is
a
pro
cess
th
at
reo
rde
rs
a
seq
ue
nce
o
f se
gm
en
ts.
Me
tath
esi
s o
fte
n
resu
lts
in a
se
qu
en
ce o
f p
ho
ne
s th
at
is e
asi
er
to a
rtic
ula
te.
•It
is
com
mo
n t
o h
ea
r m
eta
the
sis
in t
he
sp
ee
ch
of
chil
dre
n,
wh
o o
fte
n c
an
no
t p
ron
ou
nce
all
the
co
nso
na
nt
seq
ue
nce
s th
at
ad
ult
s ca
n.
Fo
r
exa
mp
le,
En
gli
sh-s
pe
ak
ing
ch
ild
ren
m
ay
pro
no
un
ce s
pa
gh
ett
ia
s p
esg
he
tti[pə
ske
ti:]
.
•(F
urt
he
r re
ad
ing
: C
on
tem
po
rary
Lin
gu
isti
cs:
56
.)
