PHONICSPHONICSPHONICSPHONICS

Grammar supportGrammar support

Richard ColeRichard Cole

SIMPLE VIEW OF READING

Gough and Tunmer (1986)

Language ComprehensionWord Recognition + =

READING

The Rose Cross

+

+

-

-

Word

Recog

nit

ion

Good language

comprehension poor word recognition

Good word recognition

good language comprehensio

n

Poor word recognition

poor language

comprehension

Good word recognition

poor language comprehensio

n

Language comprehension

The Road to Phonics

Phonological Awareness

PhonemicAwareness

Phonics

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

SIMPLE VIEW OF READING

Gough and Tunmer (1986)

Language ComprehensionWord Recognition + =

READING

The Rose Cross

+

+

-

-

Word

Recog

nit

ion

Good language

comprehension poor word recognition

Good word recognition

good language comprehensio

n

Poor word recognition

poor language

comprehension

Good word recognition

poor language comprehensio

n

Language comprehension

The Road to Phonics

Phonological Awareness

PhonemicAwareness

Phonics

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

The Rose Cross

+

+

-

-

Word

Recog

nit

ion

Good language

comprehension poor word recognition

Good word recognition

good language comprehensio

n

Poor word recognition

poor language

comprehension

Good word recognition

poor language comprehensio

n

Language comprehension

The Road to Phonics

Phonological Awareness

PhonemicAwareness

Phonics

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

+

+

-

-

Word

Recog

nit

ion

Good language

comprehension poor word recognition

Good word recognition

good language comprehensio

n

Poor word recognition

poor language

comprehension

Good word recognition

poor language comprehensio

n

Language comprehension

The Road to Phonics

Phonological Awareness

PhonemicAwareness

Phonics

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

The Road to Phonics

Phonological Awareness

PhonemicAwareness

Phonics

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Phonological awareness

One supona timeOnce up onatimeOnce upon a time

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

What words should we use

bull Letterbull Lower casebull Capitalbull Word

bull Phonemebull Graphemebull Digraphbull Trigraph

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Phonic terminologysome definitions

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Some definitions

A phoneme is the smallest unit of

sound in a word

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Some definitionsGrapheme

Letter(s) representing a phoneme

t ai igh

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Some definitionsDigraphTwo letters which make one sound

A consonant digraph contains two consonantssh ck th ll

A vowel digraph contains at least one vowelai ee ar oy

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Some definitionsTrigraph

Three letters which make one sound

igh dge

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Some definitionsSplit digraph

A digraph in which the two letters are not adjacent (eg make)

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Phonemes ndash hear isolate identify

cat dog pip finslip stop clip spotship chat think clockcow stain seat meet thiefhttp

wwwbigbrownbearcoukdemocounthtm

Vowel phonemes

bullabull e

bull ibull o

bullu

Vowel phonemesbull Catbull Pegbull Breadbull Pigbull Wantedbull Logbull want bull Plugbull Lovebull Painbull Daybull Gatebull Station

bull Sweetbull Heatbull Thiefbull Thesebull Triedbull Lightbull Mybull Shinebull Mindbull Roadbull Blowbull Bonebull Coldbull Moonbull Bluebull Grewbull Tune

Vowel phonemesbull Lookbull Wouldbull Putbull Cartbull Fast (regional)bull Burnbull Firstbull Termbull Heardbull work

bull Tornbull Doorbull Warn (regional)bull Haulbull Lawbull Callbull Woodenbull Circusbull Sisterbull Downbull Shoutbull Coinbull Boybull Stairsbull Bearbull Harebull Fearbull Beerbull here

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 1 bull hearing and discriminating general

sounds speech sounds and patterns

Exploring soundsProgression in phonics p13

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 2 bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g h in initial position

Knowledge of letterss m c t g h

Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Vowel phonemesbull Catbull Pegbull Breadbull Pigbull Wantedbull Logbull want bull Plugbull Lovebull Painbull Daybull Gatebull Station

bull Sweetbull Heatbull Thiefbull Thesebull Triedbull Lightbull Mybull Shinebull Mindbull Roadbull Blowbull Bonebull Coldbull Moonbull Bluebull Grewbull Tune

Vowel phonemesbull Lookbull Wouldbull Putbull Cartbull Fast (regional)bull Burnbull Firstbull Termbull Heardbull work

bull Tornbull Doorbull Warn (regional)bull Haulbull Lawbull Callbull Woodenbull Circusbull Sisterbull Downbull Shoutbull Coinbull Boybull Stairsbull Bearbull Harebull Fearbull Beerbull here

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 1 bull hearing and discriminating general

sounds speech sounds and patterns

Exploring soundsProgression in phonics p13

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 2 bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g h in initial position

Knowledge of letterss m c t g h

Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Vowel phonemesbull Lookbull Wouldbull Putbull Cartbull Fast (regional)bull Burnbull Firstbull Termbull Heardbull work

bull Tornbull Doorbull Warn (regional)bull Haulbull Lawbull Callbull Woodenbull Circusbull Sisterbull Downbull Shoutbull Coinbull Boybull Stairsbull Bearbull Harebull Fearbull Beerbull here

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 1 bull hearing and discriminating general

sounds speech sounds and patterns

Exploring soundsProgression in phonics p13

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 2 bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g h in initial position

Knowledge of letterss m c t g h

Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 1 bull hearing and discriminating general

sounds speech sounds and patterns

Exploring soundsProgression in phonics p13

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 2 bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g h in initial position

Knowledge of letterss m c t g h

Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 2 bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g h in initial position

Knowledge of letterss m c t g h

Pebble game

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 3bull hearing phonemes s m k

t g in final position

Knowledge of lettersss ck l n d k sh ch

Circle swap

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 4 bull 1048707 hearing phonemes a e

i o u in medial position bull 1048707 CVC segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters a e i o u

f qu b r j p th ng

Croaker

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 5 bull C(C)V(C)C segmenting and

blending reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters v w x y z

Fans

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 6 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters ai ee ie oa oo or ar ir

oi ou Silly questions

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

Progression in phonic skills and knowledge

Progression in phonics (1999) p 6

Step 7 bull C V C segmenting and blending

reading and spelling

Knowledge of letters bull ay a-e ea igh y i-e ow o-e oe

ew ue u-e oy ow er ur aw air ear oo

Bingo

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml

bull httpwwwnorthwoodorgukphonicshtm

bull httpwwwictgamescomletterlifterhtml