Phonetics = The study of human speech sounds 3 branches of Phonetics - Articulatory Phonetics: how...
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Transcript of Phonetics = The study of human speech sounds 3 branches of Phonetics - Articulatory Phonetics: how...
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Phonetics= The study of human speech sounds
3 branches of Phonetics
- Articulatory Phonetics: how speech sounds are articulated (made). It deals with the training of the lips
- Acoustic Phonetics: deals with the transmission of the speech sounds, how the sound waves are transmitted from the speaker to the hearer
- Auditory Phonetics: deals with the reception of speech wave via the ear
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How speech sounds are produced The air pushed out by the lungs up to
the windpipe (trachea) to the voice box (larynx). This said to be “pulmonic airstram machenicsm.” The air is shaped in various ways by the vocal tract.
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http://www.ims.uni-stuttgart.de/phonetik/EGG/page4.htm
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics 1. State of the vocal folds
The vocal folds are inside the larynx (voice box).
If they are pressed together, creating a vibration => Voiced
If they are apart and stationary => Voiceless
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Vocal cords http://singingmiracle.com/articles/10-steps-to-vocal-health-for-singers.html
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics 2. Airstream mechanism and direction of
airstream
-involves a cavity in the vocal apparatus which changes in size due to the contraction so initiating the air movement
a. Pulmonic airstream (muscles of the rib cage --- very common)
b. Glottalic airstream (closed glottis -- )c. Velaric airstream (tongue back -> click
sounds – quite rare)
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Airstream mechanism and direction of airstream
- Airstream moves inward and outword.
English => outward (egressive) => pumulnic air
Click sounds => inward (ingressive) => velaric air
Glottalic => ingressive or egressive
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics 3. Velic closure and the cavities in which
the sound resonates- The 2 common cavities which cause the
sounds to resonate are oral cavity and nasal cavity
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics Velic closure and the cavities in which the
sound resonates- When the passageway in the nose and mouth
is open => velic opening (the air flows through nose and the mouth) => nasals
- When there is velic closure (the velum is raised against the pharygeal wall => velic closure (the air flows through the mouth => oral sounds
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Basic Phonetics Characteristics 4. Manner of articulation - Speech sounds involve a moving and vibrating
airstream- The air is completed impeded (blocked) =>
stops - The air is greatly impeded (blocked only a
bit not completely) creating a turbulence => fricatives
- The air is slightly impeded (hardly blocked at all) => vowels , approximants
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics 5. Articulators - Active articulators (moveable parts of
the vocal apparatus). The ones that move to touch the passive articulators
- Passive articulators (fixed part of the mouth that the active ones move and get close to)
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http://www.sil.org/mexico/ling/glosario/e005bi-organsart.htm
Face Diagram
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Basic Phonetic Characteristics 6. Place of articulation- The joining of active and passive
articulators as they impede the airstream.
- The sounds are described according to the place of articulation
(*See page 6: Articulatory Phonetics)