Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
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Phonetics: The Sounds of Language
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Phonetics and Phonology Phonetics: The physical manifestation of
language in sound waves.◦ How sounds are articulated (articulatory
phonetics)◦ How sounds are perceived (auditory phonetics)
Phonology: The mental representation of sounds.
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English orthography (writing system) is not accurate in representing sounds:
Did he believe that Caesar could see the people seize the seas?
The silly amoeba stole the key to the machine
We need a more accurate representation of sounds: IPA
Spelling and Sounds in English
(Fromkin, Rodman, Hyams p.223)
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The smallest units of language. Every language has its own inventory of
linguistic sounds. Phonemes can be divided into 2 types:1. Consonants2. Vowels Keep in mind: We are not talking about
letters here!
Phonemes
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How are phonemes produced? Consonants are produced by obstructing the
flow of air as it passes from the lungs through the vocal tract.
When we describe a consonant, one of the features we use is its place of articulation.
The other feature is the manner of articulation.
Consonants
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Place of articulation
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Examples of obstructing airflow to produce a consonant:
To form the initial [p] sound in “pill”, we put our lips together to shut off the flow of air before releasing it.
Sounds that are created by obstructing the flow of air with both lips are called bilabial
Compare the [p] sound with the [f] in “fill”. How is it produced?
Sounds like [f] are called labiodental
Place of articulation
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Going further back in the mouth: Pronounce the “th” sound as in “thin”. How is it
produced? The [θ] sound is called interdental (inter=
between, dental= teeth) Consider the [s] sound as in “soup”. How is it
produced? By putting the tip of the tongue right behind
the upper front teeth. This part of the mouth is called alveolar ridge. Sounds like /s/ are called alveolar.
Place of articulation
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Compare the [s] sound to the [ʃ] sound in “shell”. Where does the tongue move?
Sounds produced in this area are called palatal sounds.
The soft area further back is called velum. Sounds produced in this area are called velar sounds. Sounds in this area are produced by touching the heel of the tongue on the velum.
Examples of these sounds are: [g] and [k]
Place of articulation
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Finally, we arrive at the glottis –the end of the vocal tract and beginning of your throat. There is only one glottal sound: /h/
Place of articulation
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Place of articulation of English Consonants
Place of Articulation Consonant
Bilabial [p] [b] [m]
Labiodental [f] [v]
Interdental [θ] [ð]
Alveolar [t] [d] [n] [s] [z] [l] [r]
Palatal [ʃ] [ʒ] [tʃ] [dʒ]
Velar [k] [g] [ŋ]
Glottal [h]
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Describing the features of Consonants. What distinguishes [p] from [b] or [b] from
[m]? All three are bilabial sounds… Speech sounds vary in the way the
airstream is affected as it flows from the lungs up and out of the mouth and nose.
Manner of Articulation
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Voiced and voiceless sounds◦ When the vocal cords are apart when speaking,
air flows freely through the glottis. Sounds produced in this way are voiceless.
◦ If the vocal cords are together, the airstream forces its way through and causes them to vibrate
Try it out: put your hand toyour throat and produce a [z]sound as in “buzz”. Now do thesame with [s] as in “bus”.
Manner of Articulation
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The distinction is very important in English as it may change the meaning of the word:
rope/robe fate/fade rack/rag choke/joke
Voiced and Voiceless sounds
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Quick exercise:Of the sounds discussed so far, which are voiced and which are voiceless. Pronounce them with your hand at your throat.
[p] [s] [m] [tʃ] [h] [θ] [l] [t][d]
[z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [dʒ] [b]
Voiced and Voiceless sounds
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[b] and [p] sounds are distinguished as voiced/voiceless. But how is [b] different from [m]?
When the uvular blocks the airway through the nose, the sound is oral. When the uvular is not raised, air escapes through the nose and the mouth. This is called a nasal sound.
If [m] is a nasal, what other nasals can you identify?
[m] [n] [ŋ]ew
Nasal and Oral sounds
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To produce the [t] sound, you place the tongue on the alveolar ridge and obstruct the flow of air. The [s] sound is produced at the same place of articulation. What is different about them?
Test for yourself: produce the sounds and observe what is happening to the airflow.
When the airflow is completely stopped, the sound is a stop.
When the airflow is only partially stopped, it’s a fricative.
Stops and Fricatives
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Quick exercise:Of the sounds discussed so far, which are stops and which are fricatives? Pronounce each and decide.
[p] [s] [θ] [t] [d] [z] [ʃ] [ʒ] [k]
Voiced and Voiceless sounds
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Affricates are produced by a stop which is followed immediately by gradual release of air. Stop + fricative = affricate◦ There are only two: [tʃ] and [dʒ]
Liquids◦ During the production of the sounds [l] and [r], there is no
real obstruction of the airflow that causes friction. Hence, these sounds are not stops, fricatives or affricates. They are called liquids
Glides◦ Are not causing significant obstruction and are always
followed by vowels.◦ [j] and [w]
Affricates,Liquids, and Glides
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Complete table of consonants
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IPA chart
[p] pit [b] bite [m] man [t] tool [d] dance [n] nice[k] cat [g] girl [ŋ]singer [f] foul [v]vote [s] side
[z] buzz [θ] thigh [ð] father [ʃ] shoe [ʒ] measure
[tʃ] choke
[dʒ] judge [l] loud [r] rooster
[j] yes [w] witch [h] hat
Consonants
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Vowel Qualities The placement of the body of the
tongue:◦ Vertical: high – mid – low◦ Horizontal: front – central – back
The shape of the lips: ◦ Rounded – Unrounded
The degree of the vocal tract contraction:◦ Tense – Lax
Vowels
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Experiment: Say the words “meet” and “mat”. What
happens to your jaw? Now say the word “mate” in between.
Vowel Qualities: Tongue Height
High [i] meetMid [e] mateLow [æ] mat
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Frontness is determining where the tongue is positioned horizontally.
Say the words hack [hæk] and hah in sequence: “hack, hah, hack, hah, hack, hah.
You should be able to observe the tongue movement.
front vowels: [i] [ɪ] [e] [ɛ] [æ] Central vowels: [ə] [ʌ] back vowels: [u] [o] [ɔ] [a] [ʊ]
Vowel Qualities: Frontness
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Vowels differ in roundness of the lips.
Vowel Qualities: Lip Rounding
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Vowel Chart
a
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In English, there are tense and lax vowels Compare “beat” and “bit”. Both sounds are
high, front vowels, but they differ in tenseness of muscles in the vocal tract.
Vowel Qualities: Tenseness
Tense Lax[i] beat [ɪ] bit[e] bait [ɛ] bet[u]boot [ʊ] put[o]boat [ɔ] bore
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The previously discussed vowels are also called monophthongs
Diphthongs are a combination of 2 vowel sounds.
In English, there are 3 (main) diphthongs. Consider following words: kite bout boy [aj] [aw] [ɔj]
Diphthongs
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IPA chart[p] pit [b] bite [m] man [t] tool [d] dance [n] nice[k] cat [g] girl [ŋ]singer [f] foul [v]vote [s] side
[z] buzz [θ] thigh [ð] father [ʃ] shoe [ʒ] measure
[tʃ] choke
[dʒ] judge [l] loud [r] rooster
[j] yes [w] witch [h] hat
[i] beat [ɪ] hit [e] gate[ɛ] bed [æ] pan [u] boot[ʊ] put [ʌ] cut [o] go[ɔ] talk [a] father [ə] alone
[aj] kite[aw] bout[ɔj] boy
Vowels Diphthongs
Consonants
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Quick exercise:Answer following questions
1. /wær du dɒktərs wərk?/2. /wʌt kʌlər ɪz ðə skai?/3. /wʌt ɪz θri taɪmz θri?/4. /wær ɪz mɪstər ijəns ɔfɪs?/
5. /hɔspɪtəl/ or /haspətəl/6. /blu/7. /najn/
Reading IPA
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Introduction to Phonology
The mental representation of sounds
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Phonology is concerned with the sound structure/patterns of languages.
What syntax is for grammar, phonology is for phonetics.
Knowledge of phonology determines how we pronounce morphemes depending on their context. Just as morphology has rules, phonology has its own rules.
What is Phonology?
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Phonetics vs. Phonology
both deal with speech sounds phonetics: deals with physical properties
of speech sounds phonology: deals with the organization of
speech sounds in a particular language◦ Which sounds are predictable? Which are
unpredictable?◦ What context allows us to predict the
occurrence of certain sounds?◦ Which sounds affect the meaning of words?
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Same sound or different sound?• Within a given language, some sounds are
considered to be the same sound, even though they are phonetically distinct.
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Same sound or different sound?• Within a given language, some sounds are
considered to be the same sound, even though they are phonetically distinct.• Same or different?• pool [pul] spool [spul]
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Same sound or different sound?
• Within a given language, some sounds are considered to be the same sound, even though they are phonetically distinct.• Same or different?• pool [phul] spool [spul]
• phonetically different (aspirated vs. unaspirated)• native speakers perceive the same sound
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Same same but different• mitt, Tim, metal, mitten
• phonetically different• all perceived as ‘t’ by English speakers
Allophone: • one of a set of non-distinctive realizations of
the same phoneme.
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Phonemes and Allophones• Phoneme:
• class of speech sounds judged by native speakers to be the same sound.
• a mental entity• E.g., The /t/ sounds in mitt, Tim, metal, mitten
corresponds to one phoneme.
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Phonemes and Allophones
• Allophone: • one of a set of non-distinctive realizations of the
same phoneme.• Corresponds to something physical produced by a
speaker• E.g., [th] and [t] are an allophone of /t/.• [p] and [ph] are allophones of the phoneme /p/.