Phonetics, part III: Suprasegmentals October 19, 2012.
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Transcript of Phonetics, part III: Suprasegmentals October 19, 2012.
![Page 1: Phonetics, part III: Suprasegmentals October 19, 2012.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0031a28abf838cc3aca/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Phonetics, part III: Suprasegmentals
October 19, 2012
![Page 2: Phonetics, part III: Suprasegmentals October 19, 2012.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062519/5697c0031a28abf838cc3aca/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
The Docket1. Morphology homeworks to hand back!
2. I have mid-term review sheets, as well.
3. Suprasegmentals!
• Plus: more phonetics practice.
4. Homework #2 is still due on Monday (October 22nd).
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Another Basic Distinction• Consonants and vowels together make up the class of segments in phonetics.
• Each segment is a configuration of articulations…
• ordered in time in an utterance.
• Languages also have phonetic features which can span across multiple segments.
• = suprasegmental features
• supra = “above” the segment.
• One basic example:
• Languages organize strings of segments into syllables.
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Syllabicity• Syllables are hard to define phonetically…
• But native speakers have an intuitive sense of what does and does not constitute a syllable.
• Normally, syllables will have:
• consonants (optionally) at beginning and end;
• a vowel in the middle.
• = the syllabic “peak”
• However, in English, nasals (/m/, /n/) and liquids (/l/, /r/) can form the peak of a syllable.
• = syllabic consonants.
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Syllabic Examples• Syllabic consonants are transcribed with a small vertical dash underneath them.
• Examples:
‘chasm’
‘ribbon’
‘eagle’
‘feature’
• The book wants you to believe that there are vowels in these syllables: [ər], [əl], etc.
• …but don’t believe it!
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Suprasegmentals• Other suprasegmental features include:
1. Stress
2. Length
3. Tone
4. Intonation
• These suprasegmental features are always defined in a relative manner.
• Some segments are longer than others,
• Some syllables are more stressed than others,
• etc.
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1. Stress• Stress makes a syllable sound more prominent.
• (due to increased articulatory effort)
• Stress may be denoted by an accent over the vowel in the stressed syllable.
• Examples of stress contrasts:
• “contrast”
• (N)
• (V)
• “insult”
• (N)
• (V)
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2. Length• Languages can distinguish segments on the basis of length.
• = some segments simply last longer than others.
• Italian contrasts both long and short vowels and consonants.
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Danish Vowels• Danish contrasts long and short vowels.
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3. Tone• In tone languages, speakers change the rate at which
their vocal folds vibrate to signal important differences in meaning.
• Note: we hear the rate of vocal fold vibration as the “pitch” of a speaker’s voice.
• In tone languages, each syllable is produced with a characteristic tone.
1. Register tone languages
• Pitch must hit a certain level on any given syllable.
2. Contour tone languages
• Pitch changes on a single syllable may form a complex pattern.
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Ibibio Tones• Ibibio is a register tone language spoken in southern Nigeria
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Mandarin Tone
ma1: mother
ma2: hemp
ma3: horse
ma4: to scold
• Mandarin (Chinese) is a classic example of a contour tone language.
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Mandarin Sentences
ma1-ma0 ma4 ma3. “Mother scolds the horse.”
ma3 ma4 ma1-ma0. “The horse scolds mother.”
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Intonation• English is not a tone language like Chinese or
Ibibio…
• but it has something called “intonation”
• English intonation:
1. High and Low accents attach to stressed syllables
• (transcribed with H* or L*)
2. High and Low tones appear at the ends of phrases and utterances.
• (transcribed with H% or L%)
• The important difference: English “tones” are specified by context, not by the lexicon.
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Intonation Examples• In English intonation, statements usually have:
• A high accented syllable (H*) within the sentence.
• A low tone (L%) at the end of the sentence.
H* L%
Manny came with Anna.
• Meanwhile, questions usually have:
• A low accented syllable (L*) within the sentence.
• A high tone (H%) at the end of the sentence.
L* H%
Manny came with Anna?