Phonetics and Phonology March 14
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Transcript of Phonetics and Phonology March 14
PHONETICS AND PHONOLOGY
Claudia Yuliana Ramírez
B. A Modern languages as a foreign language
March 14th, 2014
PHONETICS
Phonetics is a scientific description of what
speech sounds exist in a language. It
represents how they are produced and
perceived and what acoustic properties they
have.
Phonetics essentially seeks to trace the
processes physiologically involved in sound
production. It describes the ways the sounds
are produced and the points at which they
are articulated.
(Daniel, 2005, p.1)
PHONOLOGY
Phonology is concerned with the regularities that
govern the phonetic realisations of sounds in
words of a language. It looks at and tries to
establish a system of sound distinctions
relevant to a particular language.
It then seeks to determine how the elements of
this abstract system behave in actual
speech. Phonology actually delineates the
functioning of sounds in particular
contexts.
(Daniel, 2005, p.1)
Forget letters we are talking sounds
“…it is important to bear in mind,…, that we are
interested in the sounds which make up words,
not the letters with which they are spelled.
The word fought, for example has 6 letters, but
only three sounds: the /f/, followed by a single
vowel sound (written with 2 letters ou, in this
word), and the final /t/. The gh is of course,
“silent”… (Kirchner, no year, p.2)
CONSONANTS: INTERNATIONAL PHONETIC
ALPHABET (IPA)
IPA
Symbo
l
Example wordsIPA
SymbolExample words
p Pat, hippy, trip ʃ Ship, pressure, rash
t Top, return, pat ʒ Jacques, measure, rouge
k Cat, biker, stick m Mice, lemon, him
b Bat, rubber, snob n Nick, funny, gain
d Day, adore, bad ŋ Singer, bang, bank
g Guts, baggy, rig l Light, yellow, feel
f Photo, coffee, laugh r Rice, arrive, very
v Voice, river, live w Winter, away
θ Think, author, teeth j Yell, onion
ð This, weather, teethe h Hill, ahead
s Sit, receive, bass tʃ Chop, nature, itch
z Zoom, fuzzy, maze dʒ Judge, region, age
(kirchner, no year,p.3)
CONSONANTS
Consonants are often classified by being given so-
called VPM-label.
V= Voicing
P= Place
M= Manner
(Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.6).
VOICING
This term refers to the vibration of the vocal
folds. (Roach, 2009, p.98)
Eg. Dance (voiceless)
Television (voiced)
Voiced consonants: b, d, g, v, ð, z, ʒ, l, r, j, w,
dʒ, m, n, ŋ
Voiceless consonants: p, t, k, f, θ, s, ʃ, h, tʃ
(Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.7).
PLACES OF ARTICULATION
Consonants are made by producing an
obstruction to the flow of air at some point in the
vocal tract, and when we classify consonants one
of the most important things to establish is the
place where this obstruction is made. (Roach,
2009, p.66)
BILABIAL
A sound is made with both (Forel & Puskás,
2005, p.8).
Eg: /p/ =put
/b/ =best
/m/ =many
Image 2
LABIODENTAL
Sounds are made when the lower lip is raised
towards the upper fron teeth (Forel & Puskás,
2005, p.8).
Eg. /f/= far
/v/= vest
Image 3
DENTAL
Sounds are produced by touching the upper
teeth with the tip of the tongue (Forel & Puskás,
2005, p.8).
Eg. /θ/= thanks
/ð/= other
Image 4
ALVEOLAR
Sounds are made by raising the tip of the tongue
towards the ridge that is just behind the upper
front teeth (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.9).
Eg: /t/= ten /s/= say
/d/ =dice /z/= zipper /n/= never /l/= lazy /r/=ring
Image 5
PALATOALVEOLAR
Sounds are made by raising the blade of the
tongue towards the part of the palate just behind
the alveolar ridge (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.9).
Eg. /ʃ/= she /tʃ/=cheese
/ʒ/= vision /dʒ/= jump
Image 6
PALATAL
Sounds are very similar to palato alveolar ones,
they are just produced further back towards the
velum (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.9).
Eg: /j/ yesterday, newlyweds
Image 7
VELAR
Sounds are made by raising the back of the
tongue towards the soft palate , called the velum
(Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.9).
Eg: /k/ =kick
/g/= mug /ŋ/= song
Image 8
GLOTTAL
Sounds are produced when the air passes
through the glottis as it is narrowed (Forel &
Puskás, 2005, p.9).
Eg: /h/= huge
Image 9
MANNER OF ARTICULATION
One of the most important things that we need to
know about a speech sound is what a sort of
obstruction it makes to the flow of air (Roach,
2009, p. 53).
PLOSIVES
Sounds in which there is a complete closure in
the mouth, so the air is blocked for fraction of a
second and then released with a small burst of
sound (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.10 ).
Eg. bilabial /b/=Brain /p/=Power
Alveolar /t/=Train /d/=Dead
Velar /k/= Kill /g/=Gag
FRICATIVES
Have a closure which is not quite complete. This
means that the air is not blocked at any point,
and therefore there is no plosion. On the other
hand the obstruction is big enough for the air to
make a noise when it passes through it (Forel &
Puskás, 2005, p.10 ).
Eg: labiodental /f/ = Fine /v/=Vine
Dental /θ/=Thistle /ð/=This
Alveolar /s/= Sue /z/=Zoo
palato alveolar /ʃ/=Shore /ʒ/=Azure
Glottal /h/=Hot
AFFRICATES
Are a combination of plosive and fricative.they
begin like a plosive, with a complete closure, but
instead of a plosion, they have a very slow
release, moving backwards to a place where a
friction can be heard (Forel & Puskás, 2005,
p.11).
Eg. /tʃ/= chew, cello
/dʒ/= edge
NASALS
Resemble plosives, except that there is a
complete closure in the mouth, but as the velum
is lowered the air can escape through the nasal
cavity (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p.11 ).
Eg: bilabial /m/= meat
Alveolar /n/= knit, run
Velar /ŋ/=bring
LATERALS
Are sounds where the air escapes around the
sides of the tongue (Forel & Puskás, 2005, p. 11).
Eg: alveolar /l/= full, light
APPROXIMANTS
Are sounds where the tongue only approaches the
roof of the mouth, so that there is not enough
obstruction to create any friction (Forel &
Puskás, 2005, p.12 ).
Eg: alveolar /r/=red
Palatal /j/= year
Velar /w/= we
TABLE OF CONSONANTS
Bilabial Labiodent
al
Dental Alveolar Palato
alveolar
Palatal velar Glottal
Plosive p b t d k g
Fricative f v ð θ s z ʃ ʒ h
Affricate tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Lateral l
Approximant w r j
(Forel & Puskás, 2005, p. 12 ).
REFERENCES
Daniel, I. O. (2005). Introductory Phonetics and Phonology of English, Ibadan: Safmos Publishers.
Forel, C. & Puskás, G. 2005. Phonetics and Phonology. Geneva: University of Oldenburg.
Kirchner, R. (unknown). Phonetics and phonology: understanding the sounds of speech. University of Alberta.
Raoch, P. (2009). English phonetics and phonology: Glossary. Retrieved from http://www.cambridge.org/servlet/file/EPP_PED_Glossary.pdf?ITEM_ENT_ID=2491706&ITEM_VERSION=1&COLLSPEC_ENT_ID=7 on September 5, 2013
IMAGES
Image 1
http://www.docstoc.com/docs/73497916/THE-
ORGANS-OF-SPEECH
Image 2
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bilabial.s
vg
Image 3
http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Datei:Labiodental.pn
g
Image 4
http://emedia.leeward.hawaii.edu/hurley/Ling102
web/mod3_speaking/3mod3.5.2_place.htm
Image 5
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Alveolar.
png
Image 6
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retroflex_consonant
Image
7http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/
courses/122/Language/sound_chart.html
Image 8
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/co
urses/122/Language/sound_chart.html
Image 9
http://umanitoba.ca/faculties/arts/anthropology/co
urses/122/Language/sound_chart.html