Phoenix Az Energy Office Getting Ee Done Right The First Time
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Transcript of Phoenix Az Energy Office Getting Ee Done Right The First Time
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Charlie Gohman & Ken PancostArizona Department of Commerce
Energy Office
Energy Efficient Housing
Homes That Work
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Importance of Energy Use
• Energy use in your operations is going to grow in importance for one simple reason.
Energy is going to get even more expensive!
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How Much Will This Family Impact the Cost of Energy in the Furture?
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What Can You Do?
• Supply your own power.• Reduce the demand for energy.
– Today we will be talking about how you can maximize the savings you can get with your limited resources.
Report on DSM programCost to save a kWh
Less then $.01
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Here Is How You Do It!
• Demand the right thing done right.• Get the right thing done right.• Verify that the right thing was done right.
– Do not expect performance if you do not inspect for performance.
How do you determine what the right thing is?
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Energy Efficiency Yesterday & Today
What if you don’t feel right and go see a doctor.
You walk in his office and the first thing he says is…
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Take these pills and call me in the morning
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What is wrong with that approach
• No diagnostic to determine what is making you sick so...– Some pills may help– Some pills may do nothing– Some pills may make you worse– Some pills may combine to kill you
This is how we use to do deal with homes!(some still are)
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Old Approach• Measures are recommended/installed on
homes with no real understanding of impact on energy or other areas.– Lists of measures applied to all homes!
• Limited testing to determine problems in individual homes.
• Limited commissioning/inspection to make sure measures really work.
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My First Bit of Advice
• If someone come in and says ”I can solve all your energy problems” without a detailed audit/inspection plan, show them the door.
• They may end up doing the wrong thing right.– I will review some of the aspects of what a
detailed audit should include.
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Today’s Approach
• Gather complete data on existing characteristics of the home.– Need information on all the characteristic that
may impact your decision making process.• Based on data about the house, develop a
scope of work.• Inspection of work to insure it is competed
per scope.
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General SpecificationIf you take one thing away today, this
should be it!
• New construction – EPA Energy Star (+ room pressures)
• Existing - EPA’s Home Performance with Energy Star Program – An auditor/contractor should be certified by the
Building Performance Institute.
Work is inspected
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Home Performance with ENERGY STAR
A whole-house program with contractor participation and quality
assurance.
AZ HPwES(602) 532-2976 ext. 1
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Building Performance InstituteBPI
• The Building Performance Institute, Inc. (BPI) is a recognized global leader, supporting the development of a highly professional building performance industry through individual and organizational credentialing and a rigorous quality assurance program.
• Foundation for Senior Living Home Improvement is the local affiliate of BPI and trains and certifies local technicians at the Southwest Building Science Training Center.
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Southwest Building Science Training Center
• Operated by Foundation for Senior Living Home Improvement.
• Funded through the Department of Commerce Energy Office and Local Utilities.
• Goal to provide building trades with the knowledge and skills needed to successfully perform diagnostic and repairs on Arizona’s housing stock.
If there is any interest in having your staff trained, let me know!
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The Right Thing
• Details on the key “right things” that must be looked at in each building.
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Why Do We Build Homes?
• Our housing stock should be:– Healthy – Safe– Durable– Comfortable– And Energy Efficient
Making a home more energy efficientbut less safe is the right thing done wrong!
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Energy is #5• Energy was number five on the list.• Never do anything to save energy that will
negatively impact health, safety, durability or comfort.
• As you take energy out of a house (energy efficient) it becomes much less tolerant to:– Heath and safety issues– Durability issues– Comfort issues
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The Good News• You can achieve all five if you use applied
building science when building or retrofitting a house.
• Understand how to take energy out without the increasing the potential for problems.
Again, if someone does not talk about all of these issues, only talks about all the energy you will save, they do not know
what they are doing!
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Things are changing• The introduction of Building Science is changing the
way homes are built & retrofitted.
$.25 per sq. ft. per year
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Phoenix Home Energy Efficiency Study
• Baseline Homes– R-30 attic– R-19 wall– 56% low-e– 12 SEER
• Performance Guarantee– R-30 attic– R-19 wall– 100% low-e– 11.9 SEER
Study sponsored by the EPA, performed by Advanced Energy Corporation
The Performance Guarantee homes out performed the Baseline by 33%.
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How is it done?
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Getting The Basics Right
All the right pieces, put together wrong.Is this safe?
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A House is a System
• A house is made up individual parts. • We keep adding more and more parts.• For it to operate properly, all of the parts
must work together.– This means you need to understand how any
new parts may impact a building!– This requires testing!
• If not, lawyers may get involved.
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Is a dryer a good addition?
• Yes, BUT– Dryers exhausts about 200CFM to the outside.– In one hour that is 12,000 cubic feet (total
volume of a 1500 sq. ft. home).– This air must be replaced by outside air.
• One CFM out = One CFM in– Where does the air come from?
• The attic, the garage or maybe down a chimney or vent?
– What is in the air? • Moisture, heat, cold, car exhaust, combustion by-
products….
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The dryer hasbeen pulling the flame out of the heater.
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Carbon monoxide(CO)
• CO is colorless and odorless.• It can be produced by a furnace, water
heater, fireplace, oven, car, anything that burns fuel.
• At elevated levels, carbon monoxide causes headaches, fatigue, queasiness, and at very high levels, brain and heart damage and death.
YES - DEATH
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CO Testing is Standard Practice in This Field
• As standard practice, someone who does not test is open to higher risk.
• Testing is simple!
If you have combustion appliances, they should be
tested
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Basic of Heating/Cooling Driven by Three Mechanisms
• Convection – Air flow into, out of and within the building (high to low pressure).
• Conduction – Heat, moving through materials (hot to cold)
• Radiation – Hot surfaces radiate heat to cooler surfaces.
This is it, it is this simple!
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Must gain control of these flows
• Appling building science to address the key issues that impact all buildings.– Convection (Air flow) – Conduction (Heat flow)– Radiation– HVAC (adding or removing heat from
convection, conduction & radiation)
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Infrared Camera
White is hotter 93.6°
Dark is cooler 86.6°
The shirt is insulating his body.
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Uninsulated attic hatch is hot (white)
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A Primer on Air Flow(Convection)
• Air flow is the most important flow!• For air to flow you need a hole and a pressure.
– No hole, no flow– No pressure, no flow
We have spent billions of dollars sealing holes with mixed results, when was the last time
someone talked to you about controlling pressures?
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What Will Create Pressures
• Natural Forces (can’t control)– Wind– Stack (hot air rises, cold air falls)
• Fans (can control)– Exhaust (range, dryers, bath)– Air handlers
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Wind Resources
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It is not verywindy in Arizona
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Stack• What does an AZ home look like to cool air? • Block or stucco walls, slab. How about your
house?
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Cool Air Will Pool
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Wind and Stack
• Natural pressures, wind and stack, just are not that strong in Arizona’s low desert.
• They do not cause very much pressure and will not force much air flow into or out of buildings.
• High country, wind and stack are more of an issue.
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Pressures in Buildings• New studies are finding that on average
pressure created by fans cause 3 to 10 timesthe amount of air leakage then wind and stack.
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Fans
• Exhaust Fans– Dryers - 200+ CFM– Range hoods and other kitchen exhaust are
getting bigger and bigger – 100 to 1000 CFM– Bathroom fan
• Air handler - 1000’s of CFM.
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Fans
One out (negativepressure)
Equals one in
Where is it coming in and what is in it?
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Attached or tuck under garage
A negative pressure created by a fan can:
Impact of Pressure Created by Fans on Your Health
Cause back drafting
Flame roll out
Carbon Monoxideand other fumes from a attached garage
Any fan
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Fans
Where is the make up air coming from?
Do you have them in your housing?(Dryers, range hoods, bath fans)
All homes should be tested for potential back drafting, flame rollout
and issues with attached garages
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Duct Leakage• National studies find an average of 300
CFM of duct leakage (1 ton = 400 CFM). On a 2000 sq. ft. home, that’s 15% of rated air flow. (AZ 371 CFM)
• Studies (80’s) from Florida estimate that 10% of Florida’s electrical generation capacity was duct leakage.
I would say this is the #1 issue in homesand can easily increase heating and cooling by
100%, 200%....
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We take duct sealing very seriously
These holes are under a lot of pressure
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How Not To Design Ducts
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This is more common than you may think.
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High Tech Duct Test
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Do your ducts look like this?
If you think this is bad, wait!
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That is the roof deck!
SO?
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Roof Deck at 140ºWhat impact does 140º air have on AC SEER
140°
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15% return leak pulling in 115º airreduces capacity by 50% (ac runs twice as long)
So what happens at 50% leak at 140º
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Supply Leak
1,000 CFMreturn flow
200 CFM supply leak
800 CFM supply flow
What will happen with the house pressure?
As you loss air out of the leak, you are pulling air in through all of the holes in the house.
_
100º outside
140ºAttic
Suck
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Return Leaks
800 CFMreturn flow
200 CFM return leak
1000 CFM supply flow
What will happen with the house pressure?As you pull air in the leak, you are forcing air
out through all of the holes in the house.
+
100º outside
140ºAttic
Blow
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Common example are platform returns, a woodenbox with the air handler sitting on it. In most cases it is located in the hallway.
If you can see studs, you may have large amounts of duct leakage.
The air handler will suckair down these walls fromthe attic.
DO NOT USE A PART OF THE BUILDING
TO MOVE AIR!
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This will not leak!
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Ducts must be sealed withmastic, not duct tape
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At least the air you are blowing through the tape and into the attic is filtered
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Mastic
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Mastic
Get the hintWe like mastic!
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Boot to sheetrock, easy to get at
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Boot to sheetrock, easy to seal
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Leaks are expensive
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Mastic is cheap
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The patented ArizonaHigh Tech MasticApplicator
Five year, five thousand duct system warrantee
Ducts should be sealed with a water based mastic –Not Duct Tape!!!
Of any kind!!!!!
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Duct leakage in the Arizona• APS study in early 90’s found 17% duct
leakage.• Today, new systems are consistently under
5%.• Systems should be tested!
StandardNew construction – 3 to 6 CFM/100 sq. ft.Existing – If you can reach a hole, seal it,
If you can’t, depends (need a trained technician)
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Existing Ducts
• Weatherization program: We routinely get ducts close to if not beyond the new construction standard.
• Multi family example: We got the ducts so tight we could not get an accurate reading with a duct blaster (no leaks, no flow).
Goal for ducts should be leak free!
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Duct Blaster testPressurizes ducts to
25 PascalsMeasures CFM leakage
Duct Blaster testNew construction, good at verifyingthat ducts meet standard Existing – Blower door or duct blaster
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Doors and Energy Use
• What doors in your home account for the most heating and cooling costs?– Front and back doors– Patio doors– Doggie doors– Interior doors
In some homes this can be as big of an issue as
duct leakage
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Doors Open
1000 CFMreturn flow
1000 CFM supply flow
100º outside
140ºAttic
1000 CFM flow through the house and is under neutral pressure
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Doors Closure
1000 CFMreturn flow
1000 CFM supply flow
140ºAttic
Close a door and blockthe flow back to the return.
Return side will go negative.
Supply side will go positive
Now the home sucks and blows at the same time
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DOOR CLOSURERated PG-13
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Impact of Room Pressure(Door Closure)
Fixture (light out) 81.4 °.
Ceiling 75.8 °.Fixture (light out) 82.3°.
Fixture (light out) 87.9°
Ceiling 77.7 °.Fixture (light out) 85.5°.
What about the sheetrock temperature?
Fixture (light out) 87.9°
Ceiling 77.7°
Fixture (light out) 85.5°
Doors open Doors closed 20 minutes
Increased infiltration, hot air coming in the can lights.
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The following video is a time lapse infrared of a homeunder negative 3 Pa pressure for 40 minutes.
Note starting temperatures.
80.8°
80.0°
82.7°
80.7°
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88.9°
87.3°
90.9°
92.5°
Temperatures after 40 minutes.8 to 12 degree increase in surface temperatures.
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Cheap Pressure ReliefProblems with light and sound
Don’t install vents in the door
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Less issues with light and sound
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Bedroom
Hall
link
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Room pressure standardNo pressures greater then + -3 Pascal created by
the air handler (duct leakage or door closure)
Both APS and TEP includethis standard in their new home programs. EPA Energy Star Plus Room Pressures. Also part of AZ Tax Credit.
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Closing doors can do this!!!!!
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What About Holes
• Most of the holes in Arizona’s building are between the conditioned space and the attic.– Slab floors– Stucco/block walls– Doors and windows do not leak much.
• Each year you are told to seal them, weatherstripthem…
#1 rule on holes, seal the big ones
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.
How big is this hole?All of the “interior wall” cavities that it is connected
to are really outside and uninsulated.How big is this hole?
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This big!
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Looks good, right
A Flag!
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Opps, That is one big hole.
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Pretty basic!
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Can lights, 1 sq. in. hole per light
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The air moving from the attic into the house is at least filtered
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right wrong
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Sealing hole is a good idea butcan we build a home too tight?
•Build as tight as possible•Pressure balance the home (less than +/-3 Pa)•Carbon Monoxide detector in homes with
combustion appliances or attached garage.•Ventilated right
–Continuous fresh air ventilation of (bedroom + 1) X7.5 CFM + 0.01 CFM per sq. ft.of conditioned space.–Spot ventilation in kitchen and baths
NO Here is the standard(new construction)
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Do You Need Ventilation in a Existing Home?
• Ventilation requirements depend on:– How much do you have (fans and leakage)?– What is in your home that needs to be vented
(pollution sources)?• Number one pollutant (causes the most problems) in
an average home is…
Moisture
It not how tight a house is but if additional ventilation is needed. But no one would seal up (decrease ventilaiton) a house without
testing, right?
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If this is not being using (by trained tech), you are not doing it right!
Blower Doormeasures how leaky a house is.
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Control of the Air
• Continuous (really tight) air barrier that keeps the inside air in and the outside air out.– Sealed ducts– Pressure balanced – Sealed envelope– Ventilated right
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Heat Flow (Insulation Performance)
• The approach to insulation has always been that more is better. At some point, this is wrong!
• The key to controlling conduction is not how much insulation (R-value) is installed, but how well the envelope slows heat flow.
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Insulation
Why not just require R-60?
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Heat Flow/R-ValueSq. Ft x Delta T x U-value = Heat Flow
• 1000 x 20 x 0.5 (none) = 10,000 Btus per hour• 1000 x 20 x 0.1 (R-10) = 2,000 Btus per hour • 1000 x 20 x 0.05 (R-20) = 1,000 Btus per hour• 1000 x 20 x 0.033 (R-30) = 660 Btus per hour• 1000 x 20 x 0.025 (R-40) = 500 Btus per hour
Will you ever be able to save8,000 Btus again?
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R-value vs. P-valueDesigned heat flow vs. real heat flow
100% R30• .033 (R30) x 1000 x 20 = 660
BTUs
95% R30 - 5% uninsulated•.033 (R30) x 950 x 20 = 627 BTUs•.5 (none) x 50 x 20 = 500 BTUs•Total BTUs (same as a R16) 1127 BTUs •Small defects can have a large impact, today’s complex
home design is tough on the insulators.
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R-Value
% defect0 5% 10% 20% 30%
R-30
R-20
R-10
R-16
R-12.5R-7.9
R-5.7
Impact of defects on effectiveR-values.R-30
#1 concern, quality or quantity?
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Is there enough insulation? (insulated to code-R-30)
Does it work?
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Attic With No Insulation
Stud (R-4)
R-0
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Stud R-4
R-30 Batt
Why do the last two pictures look the same?
Insulated Attic - R-30 Batt
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Why is the wood (R-4)cooler than the R-30batt?
Wood is letting lessheat in thanthe batt.
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If it’s insulated, why isn’t it insulating?
• Defects are allowing hot or cold air to pass through or around the insulation.– Air is a fluid (just like water). If water would
pour through a material, air can also pass through it.
• This will drastically impact the effectiveness of the insulation.
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Insulation Problems• Voids (area with no insulation)• Gaps (part of an area not insulated)• Wind intrusion• Compression (not installed at full thickness)• Misalignment (must touch the air barrier)
Insulation stops air flow based on its porosity.
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Yes, this is a void.
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Void
Stud (R-4)Dry wall only (R-0.5)
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Gap
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Gap
Will be there for the life of the building!
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Wind intrusion, what’s that?
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Perimeter radiant heating?No, wind intrusion.
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High tech solution, cardboard
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Compression
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Compression
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So if the stud is an R-4, what R-value is the insulation?
R-4 stud
R-???
What is happening? Misalignment
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Misalignment
• The house must have a continuous air barrier. (Stops air flow)
• The house must have a continuous thermal barrier. (Stops heat flow)
• The air barrier and thermal barrier must be in 100% contact.
• If not, hot/cold air will pass through or around the insulation.
We have missed this one!
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Misalignment
Air barrier
Insulation
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Insulation is placed here
But the heat is getting here
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Knee-wall insulation attached to the back of the stud.
The Sheetrock, cooled by the conditioned space will cool the air between the Sheetrock and insulation.This cool air will fall and be replaced byhot attic air. In heating season, just reverse the arrows.
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Knee-wall insulation attached to the back of the stud.
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The Key to Insulation PerformanceStop Air Flow
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The insulation is suspended over the soffit and does not touch the
Sheetrock.
No air barrier
Allows air to flow through the insulation
Now these surfaces are uninsulated exterior surfaces(but the air is filtered)
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Air barrier installed by the framerNow the insulation is in contact
with an air barrier.
Air barrier
Stops air flow through the insulationand brings that space “inside”.
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Installation of air barrier
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Thermo-Ply air barrier
Continuous air barrier made up of Thermo-Ply and Sheetrock
Now this space is inside the conditioned space
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No air barrierAir barrier and insulation aligned
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Home with no air barrier Home with air barrier
Same corner
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Home with no air barrier Home with air barrier
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A piece of insulation that is working!
Test, what is this?
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Insulation that works•No gaps•No voids
•No compression•No misalignment•No wind intrusion
Incorporate into specificationsImportant even in retrofit
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New Insulation Standards
• EPA Thermal Bypass Check List• These insulation standards are new.• If you housing stock has not been built
under a program that requires these standards (Energy Star, EFL, TEP Guarantee, AZ Tax Credit) there is a good chance you have problems.
• Can’t just look at R-value!
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Radiation
Guess what, we get a little bit of sun here
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Technical Break ThroughDirect From Researchers in Arizona
Shade
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Urban ShadeNeighbors Helping Neighbors
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Partial Shaded WallShaded - 108Sun - 148
Heat flow (delta T)on sun struck wall
is more than double shaded wall.
Shade reduces the Delta T
reduces heat flow.
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Reflective products
• EPA Cool Roofs – Reflective roofing products. Effectiveness based on product’s solar reflectance.
Any reflective product (paint) that claims an R-value is…
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Roof deck - 150ºAttic air - 120ºInsulation - 140º
Remember HS physics,Second law of thermo-dynamics says heat moves from high to low temperature.
How is heat flowingin an my attic at noon?
IR of my attic, summer at noon (105º)
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Before reflective roofcoating - 93 degree ceiling temperature
After reflective roofcoating – 87 degree ceiling temperature
Do not coat asphalt singles
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Radiant Barriersdeduce summer attic heat gain
16% to 42%
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Reflexive Coating/Radiant Barrier
• Saving for these products are directly related to the effective R-value of component used on.– Higher the R-value (that is working), less of an
impact on your bills.
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Attic FansHeat flow in an attic is driven by the roof deck temperature.Fan will not impact the roof deck (minimal impact on insulation temperature)!Fans will pull air out of the house!Fans consume power!
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Windows
• New construction – Low -E• Existing windows - It is very tough to justify
(energy savings) replacing existing single pane windows with new windows.
• Best approach, shade the windows (low desert).
• If you are replacing windows, go with Low-E. (EPA Energy Star)
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HVACThe 12/7 Rule
• Buy a 12 SEER you may only get a 7 SEER– Duct leakage (talked about this one) – Improper air flow– Over or under charge of a system– Improper sizing (bigger is not better)
www.advancedenergy.orgSEER Fact Bulletin
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Air flow
• Low air flow is often caused by:• Ducts that are too small (big problem for
returns).• Duct layout that restricts airflow.• Poorly selected or restricted grilles.• Mismatch of air handler with the other
equipment.
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Charge
• How common are improperly charged systems?• About 7 out of 10 systems have an improper charge.
While most systems are undercharged, some systems are overcharged by more than 100%.
• Systems with longer line sets tend to be much moreseverely undercharged than systems with shorter line sets.
• Mismeasurement of line set length is a commoncause in precharged systems.
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Sizing• Over sizing has a negative effect on energy use,
comfort, equipment life, and system costs:– Oversized system run for short period and do not reach
steady state efficiency (think of city vs. highway driving). Impacts both cost and life.
– Short run times means the air does not get mixed, causing hot spots.
– Short run time will not remove humidity, increasing comfort problems.
– Over sized equipment cost more to install.
Use Manual J
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Steady State Efficiency• Mechanical devises take time to go from
start up to their peak, steady state efficiency. Some, like AC units will take minutes. (SEER incorporates this start up time)
SEER
Time
Start-up
Steady State
Over sized system replaces steady state with start-up, loweringefficiency.
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Real Example• House built right, HVAC contractor want to
install 12 tons total. (peak demand around 10 kW)
• Installed 5 tons, monitors at 110°, used about 90% of capacity (peak demand about 4.5 kW)
This has a huge impact on the numberof power plants needed on the hottest days.
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Require ACCA Standards (new and retrofit)
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Start With a Solid Foundation
• No matter what type of home, what materials used or where you are located, you need to use a solid foundation of building science.
So you don’t get a big…
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Surprise!
Utility
Bill