Ph.L., S.S.L., S.Th.D. Corruption in the Bible....The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible....

Corruption in the Bible 1

RELIGIOSAE OECUMEacuteNICAE DE GUADALUPE wwwecumenicasdeguadalupeorg

Humanorum Jura

Rev Dr Isidorus Puente Ochoa jr PhL SSL SThD

Censor Ecclesiasticus Archidioecesanus

Corruption in the Bible

Paolo VI in sedia gestatoria in conclusione dellultima sessione del Concilio Vaticano II

Sotto a sinistra Monsignore Isidro Puente diciottenne lettore nella cerimonia (Wikipedia Photo public domain)

GLORIA DEI HOMINUMQUE SALUS

Tigiuanae in California Inferiori Septentrionali Mexicanae Ditionis

die 27 Octobris AD MMXIV


1 Limits of our investigation

In our study of corruption in the Bible we will confine ourselves to the concept of

corruption as the ldquoperversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of public duties

by bribery or favourrdquo 1 as confirmed by Schenone and Gregg 2

This is the juridical notion (crimen repetundarum) at the time of Christ ldquoqui cum

aliquam potestatem haberet pecuniam ob iudicandum vel non iudicandum

decernendumve acceperit hellip vel quo magis aut minus quid ex officio suo faacuteceret hellip Qui

munus publice mandatum accepta pecunia ruperuntrdquo ldquowhosoever having some public

power receives money in order to judge or not to decide hellip or to do something more or

do something less than which is required by his duty hellip whosoever breaks the public

office and mandate by receiving moneyrdquo 3

We will take bribery as ldquomaking a gift to a person in authority especially a judgerdquo4 in

order to obtain advantages to induce that person ldquowhile under the obligation of acting

without any view to private emolument to act as the briber shall prescriberdquo5 Bribe is a

ldquogift or favor given or promised for the purpose of influencing the official decisions or

conduct of a person in a position of trustrdquo6 Imposed fear on the Public Official as well

as his desire to please other persons obtains the same effect as bribery7

Our task here is only to show the facts the texts and derive from them some

conclusions in the same factical level No elaboration more than the apodictic one will

be exercised

1 The Oxford English Dictionary v 2 (1933) p 1025a cf Schenone O- Gregg S A Theory of Corruption Christian

Social Thought Series Acton Institute Grand Rapids Michigan 2003 Passim 2 Cf Schenone O- Gregg S A Theory of Corruption Christian Social Thought Series Acton Institute Grand

Rapids Michigan 2012 passim 3 Lex Julia repetundarum Justinianus Dig 48113 4 6 9

4 Cohn HH Bribery Encyclopaedia Judaica v 4 Jerusalem Macmillan Co 1971 col 1367

5 Slater T Bribery in The Catholic Encyclopedia v 2 New York The Gilmary Society 1913 p 778b

6 Cranny T Bribery in New Catholic Encyclopedia v 2 New York McGraw-Hill 1967 p 796a

7 Cf Mt 2718-26 Mk 1515


2 Method to find the texts

In the study of the vocabulary we must go to the versions of the Bible to see the

equivalences given to the terms in their historical and cultural background because the

old translations reflect a richness of interpretation that is very interesting for it was the

Synagogue or Church rendering it thus We will follow this order in the Old Testament

King James Douay-Rheims Vulgate Masoretic Text Septuaginta and one Targum In

the New Testament King James Douay-Rheims Greek Vulgate and Syriac usually

Peshitto We use the Textus Receptus8

The Concordances of the Bible give us the words that have to do with corruption in

the sense above determined which are broadly Bribery Civil administration Civil

service Corruption Court of Law Government Injustice Judge Justice Rulers etc

and their equivalent in other languages 9

Here are some words as an example because we cannot be exhaustive

A The first word is ldquogift reward bribes cupido muacutenerum in latin שחד in Hebrew

rdquoשוחדא

B Then the expression ldquowrest judgment go aside to either part in alteram partem

declinent תטה משפט σ ίσ תצלי דיןrdquo

8 Cf for the Hebrew the Mamre Institute httpwwwmechon-mamreorgabouthtm for Latin and Greek The

scholarly Bible portal of the German Bible Society at httpwwwacademic-biblecomenonline-biblesbiblia-sacra-

vulgataread-the-bible-text and httpwwwacademic-biblecomenonline-biblesseptuagint-lxxread-the-bible-text

and httpwwwacademic-biblecomenonline-biblesnovum-testamentum-graece-na-28read-the-bible-text for the

Aramaic and Syriac the Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project at the Hebrew Union College and Jewish Institute

of Religion Cincinnati USA httpcalhuceduindexhtml 9 Strong J The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Nashville Abingdon 1981 Strong J-Kohlenberger JRiii-

Swanson A The Strongest Strongrsquos Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Grand Rapids Michigan Zondervan

2001 Thompson N-Stock R Complete Concordance to the Bible (Douay Version) St Louis MO B Herder Book

Co 1957 De Raze De Lachaud et Flandrin Concordantirum SS Scripturae Manuale Barcelona ed LibRelig

1958 Mandelkern S Veteris Testamenti Concordantiae Hebraicae atque Chaldaicae Graz Akademische Druck-

u Verlagsanstalt 1955 Hatch E- Redpath HA A Concordance to the Septuagint and the other Greek Versions of

the Old testament Graz Akademische Druck- u Verlagsanstalt 1954 Moulton WF- Geden AS A Concordance

to the greek testament Edinburgh T amp T Clark 1970


C Another one is ldquorespect persons accept person personarum acceptio תכיר פנים

and משא פנים π γ ώσ τ π όσ π θ μάσ π όσ π ומיסב תשתמודע אעין

ldquoאפין

D Then comes ldquoturned aside after lucre declinaverunt post avaritiam וטחו אחרי

rdquoואתפניאו בתר ממון דשקר πίσ τ σ τ ί הבצע

E The list goes on with ldquoperverted judgment perverterunt judicium וטחו משעט

ώμ τ וצלו דינאrdquo

F Now we have ldquofolloweth after reward run after rewards sequuntur retributiones

אמרין גבר לחבריה עביד לי בדיני דאשלים ואנא ώ τ ἀ τ πό μ ורדף שלמנים

rdquoאישלם לך בדינך

G Another is ldquojustify the wicked for reward justify the wicked for gifts justificatis

impium pro muneribus מצדיקי רשע עקב שחד τ τὸ ἀσ ώ

rdquoמזכן ליה לחייבא חלף דמקבלין מניה ממון דשקר

H The complement is this ldquotake away the righteousness of the righteous from him

take away the justice of the just from him justitiam justi aufertis ab eo τὸ ί τ

ί τ וזכות זכאיא ברשע מעדן מינהוןrdquo

I We have another Hebrew word that is translated as bribe munus and is כפר

ἀ άγμ τ ממון דשקרrdquo

J The attitude of the Public Official is described well ldquoThe prince requireth and the

judge is for giving and the great man hath uttered the desire of his soul princeps

postulat et judex in reddendo est et magnus locutus est desiderium animaelig suaelig השר

ἀ τ ὶ τὴ ὺ όγ שאל והשפט בשלום והגדול דבר הות נפשו

ά σ τ θ μ τ שלטונא שאיל ודינא אמר עביד לי בדיני דאשלים לך

rdquoבדינך ורבא ממליל בתחמודי נפשיה

K True judgment ldquohave omitted the weightier matters of the law judgment have

left the weightier things of the law judgment ἀυή τ τὰ ύτ τ ῦ όμ τὴ

ίσ reliquistis quae graviora sunt legis iudicium ܘܢ ܪ ܗ ܘܭܒ ܬ ܘܩܐ ܝܪܝܬ ܦܤ ܝܧܐ ܕ ܕ rdquo

L Another expression is ldquopass over judgment praeligteritis judicium π έ σθ τὴ

ίσ ܕܝܧܐ ܥܢ ܐܦܮܘܢ ܘܥܒܪܝܨ rdquo


We are consciuous that there may be perhaps more expressions or words related to

Corruption in the Bible10 but these are more than enough to give us the whole picture

3 The main texts

A Forms of corruption

1 Lies and absence of truth τεςδομαπηςπία falsum testimonium 11 סהדא דשוקרא

Mt 2659-62 59 Now the chief priests and elders and all the council sought false

witness against Jesus to put him to death 60 But found none yea though many false

witnesses came yet found they none At the last came two false witnesses 61 And said

This fellow said I am able to destroy the temple of God and to build it in three days 62

And the high priest arose and said unto him Answerest thou nothing what is it which

these witness against thee

[59] And the chief priests and the whole council sought false witness against Jesus

that they might put him to death [60] And they found not whereas many false witnesses

had come in And last of all there came two false witnesses

[61] And they said This man said I am able to destroy the temple of God and after three

days to rebuild it [62] And the high priest rising up said to him Answerest thou nothing

to the things which these witness against thee

59 ἱ ὲ ἀ ῖ ἱ π σ ύτ ὶ τὸ σ έ ὅ ζήτ μ τ ί τὰ

τ ῦ Ἰ σ ῦ ὅπ θ τώσ σ τὸ 60 ὶ ὗ ὶ π ῶ μ τύ

π σ θό τ ὗ ὕστ ὲ π σ θό τ ύ μά τ 61 ἶπ

10

The main entries are followed in the Concordances cited above discarding those not directly pertinent to the

theme 11

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1576c


Οὗτ ἔυ ύ μ τ ῦσ τὸ ὸ τ ῦ Θ ῦ ὶ ὰ τ ῶ ἡμ ῶ μῆσ

τὸ

59 principes autem sacerdotum et omne concilium quaerebant falsum testimonium

contra Iesum ut eum morti traderent 60 et non invenerunt cum multi falsi testes

accessissent novissime autem venerunt duo falsi testes 61 et dixerunt hic dixit possum

destruere templum Dei et post triduum aedificare illud

ל ישוע סהדא איך דנמיתוניהירבי כהנא דין וקשישא וכנושתא כלה בעין הוו ע 95

ולא אשכחו ואתו סגיאא סהדא דשוקרא אחרית דין קרבו תרין 06

ואמרין הנא אמר דמשכח אנא דאשרא היכלא דאלהא ולתלתא יומין אבניוהי 06

2 Money gain lucre μ ζ ος merces מחיר כסף pecunia

Public Officials corrupt what is right12

Mic 39-11 9 Hear this I pray you ye heads of the house of Jacob and princes of

the house of Israel that abhor judgment and pervert all equity 10 They build up Zion

with blood and Jerusalem with iniquity 11 The heads thereof judge for reward and the

priests thereof teach for hire and the prophets thereof divine for money yet will they

lean upon the LORD and say Is not the LORD among us none evil can come upon

us

[9] Hear this ye princes of the house of Jacob and ye judges of the house of Israel

you that abhor judgment and pervert all that is right [10] You that build up Sion with

blood and Jerusalem with iniquity [11] Her princes have judged for bribes and her

priests have taught for hire and her prophets divined for money and they leaned upon

the Lord saying Is not the Lord in the midst of us no evil shall come upon us

9 Audite hoc principes domus Jacob et judices domus Israeumll qui abominamini

judicium et omnia recta pervertitis 10 qui aeligdificatis Sion in sanguinibus et Jerusalem in

iniquitate 11 Principes ejus in muneribus judicabant et sacerdotes ejus in mercede

docebant et prophetaelig ejus in pecunia divinabant et super Dominum requiescebant

dicentes Numquid non Dominus in medio nostrum non venient super nos mala

12

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1604a


הישרה -המתעבים משעט ואת כל--נא זאת ראשי בית יעקב וקציני בית ישראל-שמעו גט

ם בעולה גייעפשו ראשיה בשחד ישעטו וכהניה במחיר יורו גיאבנה צטון בדמים וירושל

תבוא עלינו רעה-יהוה ישענו לאמר הלוא יהוה בקרבנו לא-ונביאיה בכסף יקסמו ועל 39 ἀ σ τ ὴ τ τ ἱ ἡγ μ ὶ ἱ τά π σ ἱ

σσόμ ίμ ὶ πά τ τὰ θὰ στ υ τ 310 ἱ μ τ

ἱ μ σ ὶ σ μ ἀ ί 311 ἱ ἡγ μ τ μ τὰ ώ ὶ ἱ

ἱ τ μ τὰ μ σθ ἀπ ί τ ὶ ἱ π υ τ τ μ τὰ ἀ γ ί

μ τ τ ὶ πὶ τὸ π π τ γ τ ὶ ἡμ στ μὴ

π θ υ ἡμ ά

ב ושלטוני בית ישראל דמקלקלין אורחתאורח דינא וית כל שמעו כען דא רישי בית יעק

9כוניתא

מעמקין

10דבנן בתיהון בציון בדם אשיד וירושלם בנכלין

ין רישהא בשחדא דינין וכהנהא בממון מורן ונבייהאונביי שיקרהא בכספא מלפין מקסמ

11ועל

מימרא דיוי מסתמכין רחיצין למימר הלא שכינתא דיוי ביננא אמרין לא תיתיתעול עלנא

בשתא

munus μαηα כפר 3

Brives are money of lies13

Am 512 For I know your manifold transgressions and your mighty sins they afflict

the just they take a bribe and they turn aside the poor in the gate from their right

Because I know your manifold crimes and your grievous sins enemies of the just

taking bribes and oppressing the poor in the gate

Quia cognovi multa scelera vestra et fortia peccata vestra hostes justi accipientes

munus et pauperes deprimentes in porta

כפר ואביונים בשער החו כי ידעתי רבים עשעיכם ועצמים חחאתיכם צררי צדיק לקחי

13

Lohse E Prosopolemsiacutea in Kittel G Theologisches Woumlrterbuch zum Neuen Testament v 6 Stuttgart

Kohlhammer Verlag 1959 p 780

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1630b


τ γ π ὰ ἀσ ί μ ὶ σ ὶ ἱ μ τί μ τ π τ τ

ί μ ά τ ἀ άγμ τ ὶ π τ π ί τ

ובתכון חובתכון מעיקין ליה לזכאה חלף דמקבלין ארי גלי קדמי דסגיאין מרדיכון ותקיפן תי

בדיל לקבלא מיניה ממון דשקר ודין חשיכיא בבית כנישתכון מסטן

4 Seek the face of the prince שאו ππόζυπα פני ת

αμβ νεηε אפי תסבון

Corrupted Tribunals14

Pr 2926 Many seek the rulers favour but every mans judgment cometh from the

LORD

Many seek the face of the prince but the judgment of every one cometh forth from

the Lord

Multi requirunt faciem principis et judicium a Domino egreditur singulorum

איש-מושל ומיהוה משעט-ים מבקשים ענירב

πολλοὶ θεραπεύουσιν πρόσωπα ἡγουμένων παρὰ δὲ κυρίου γίνεται τὸ

δίκαιον ἀνδρί

סגיעי דבעין אפי שליטא ומן קדם אלהא דיניה דגברא

Respect of persons is to be condemned in any circumstance

Just as in God there is no respect of persons so the Judges must be incorruptibles

to give a right sentence15

Dt 117 Ye shall not respect persons in judgment but ye shall hear the small as well

as the great ye shall not be afraid of the face of man for the judgment is Gods and the

cause that is too hard for you bring it unto me and I will hear it

There shall be no difference of persons you shall hear the little as well as the great

neither shall you respect any man s person because it is the judgment of God And if

any thing seem hard to you refer it to me and I will hear it

14

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1576c 15

Cf Scholz F Bestechung In Houmlfer J-Rahner K ed Lexikon fuumlr Theologie und Kirche v 2 Freiburg 1958 p 303s


Nulla erit distantia personarum ita parvum audietis ut magnum nec accipietis

cuiusquam personam quia Dei iudicium est quod si difficile vobis aliquid visum fuerit

referte ad me et ego audiam

איש כי המשפט לאלהים - לא תגורו מפני - תכירו פנים במשפט כקטן כגדל תשמעון - לא

והדבר אשר יקשה מכם תקרבון אלי ושמעתיוהוא

π γ ώσ π όσ π ίσ τὰ τὸ μ ὸ ὶ τὰ τὸ μ γ μὴ

π στ ί π όσ π ἀ θ ώπ τ ἡ ίσ τ θ στ ὶ τὸ μ ὰ σ ὸ

ἀυ μ ἀ ίσ τ τὸ π μ ὶ ἀ σ μ τό

לא תדחלון מן קדם גברא ארי דינא --לא תשתמודעון אעי בדינא מלי זעירא כרבא תשמעון

ואשמעניהדיי הוא ופתגמא דיקשי מנכון תקרבון לותי

Lev 1915 Ye shall do no unrighteousness in judgment thou shalt not respect the

person of the poor nor honour the person of the mighty but in righteousness shalt thou

judge thy neighbour

Thou shalt not do that which is unjust nor judge unjustly Respect not the person of

the poor nor honour the countenance of the mighty But judge thy neighbour according

to justice

Non facies quod iniquum est nec iniuste iudicabis nec consideres personam

pauperis nec honores vultum potentis iuste iudica proximo tuo

דל ולא תהדר פני גדול בצדק תשפט עמיתך -תשא פני -לא -תעשו עול במשפט -לא

ἀ σ τὸ π σί ὶ πάσ ὶ μὴ μ θ σ τ μ σθὸ τ

μ σθ τ π ὰ σ ὶ π ί

אפי מסכינא ולא תהדר אפי רבא בקושטא תדיניה לחברך לא תעבדון שקר בדין לא תיסב

Jms 219 1 My brethren have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ the Lord of

glory with respect of personshellip 9 But if ye have respect to persons ye commit sin and

are convinced of the law as transgressors

[1] My brethren have not the faith of our Lord Jesus Christ of glory with respect of

persons hellip [9] But if you have respect to persons you commit sin being reproved by the

law as transgressors


1 Fratres mei nolite in personarum acceptione habere fidem Domini nostri Jesu

Christi gloriaelig hellip 9 si autem personas accipitis peccatum operamini redarguti a lege

quasi transgressores

1 Ἀ υ ί μ μὴ π σ π ί ἔ τ τὴ πίστ τ ῦ Κ ί ἡμῶ Ἰ σ ῦ

Χ στ ῦ τῆ ό hellip 9 ὲ π σ π πτ ῖτ μ τί γάζ σθ γ όμ πὸ

τ ῦ όμ ὡ π άτ

ܢ ܝܬܘܥ 1ܗ ܕܣܪ ܘܚܮ ܫܒ ܐ ܕܬ ܝܨ ܠܗܝܤܧܘܬ ܗܘܘܢ ܐܚܝܕ ܐ ܬ ܐܦ ܐ ܒܤܪܒ ܒ

ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ

ܝܨ ܐܦܮ 9 ܐ ܦܪܒ ܐܦ ܝܨ ܒ ܢ ܕ ܨ ܦܤܘܩܐ ܐ ܘܢ ܣ ܘܦܝܨ ܐܦܮ ܮܟ ܘܢ ܘܣ ܝܨ ܐܦܮ ܐ ܥܒܕ ܝܮܘܢ ܚܜ

ܝ ܥܢ ܦܤܘܩܐ ܐܝܟ ܥܒܪ

5 Putting fear on a Public Official

Menacing a public oficial to corrupt him16

J 1912-16 12 And from thenceforth Pilate sought to release him but the Jews cried

out saying If thou let this man go thou art not Caesars friend whosoever maketh

himself a king speaketh against Caesar 13 When Pilate therefore heard that saying he

brought Jesus forth and sat down in the judgment seat in a place that is called the

Pavement but in the Hebrew Gabbatha 14 And it was the preparation of the passover

and about the sixth hour and he saith unto the Jews Behold your King 15 But they cried

out Away with him away with him crucify him Pilate saith unto them Shall I crucify

your King The chief priests answered We have no king but Caesar 16 Then delivered

he him therefore unto them to be crucified And they took Jesus and led him awa y

[12] And from henceforth Pilate sought to release him But the Jews cried out saying

If thou release this man thou art not Caesar s friend For whosoever maketh himself a

king speaketh against Caesar [13] Now when Pilate had heard these words he brought

Jesus forth and sat down in the judgment seat in the place that is called Lithostrotos

and in Hebrew Gabbatha [14] And it was the parasceve of the pasch about the sixth

hour and he saith to the Jews Behold your king [15] But they cried out Away with him

away with him crucify him Pilate saith to them Shall I crucify your king The chief

16



priests answered We have no king but [16] Then therefore he delivered him to them to

be crucified And they took Jesus and led him forth

12 Et exinde quaeligrebat Pilatus dimittere eum Judaeligi autem clamabant dicentes Si

hunc dimittis non es amicus Caeligsaris Omnis enim qui se regem facit contradicit

Caeligsari 13 Pilatus autem cum audisset hos sermones adduxit foras Jesum et sedit pro

tribunali in loco qui dicitur Lithostrotos hebraice autem Gabbatha 14 Erat autem

parasceve Paschaelig hora quasi sexta et dicit Judaeligis Ecce rex vester 15 Illi autem

clamabant Tolle tolle crucifige eum Dicit eis Pilatus Regem vestrum crucifigam

Responderunt pontifices Non habemus regem nisi Caeligsarem 16 Tunc ergo tradidit eis

illum ut crucifigeretur Susceperunt autem Jesum et eduxerunt

12 τ ύτ Π ᾶτ ζήτ ἀπ ῦσ τό middot ἱ ὲ Ἰ ῖ ύγ σ έγ τ middot

ὰ τ ῦτ ἀπ ύσῃ ἶ υί τ ῦ Κ ίσ middot πᾶ σ έ τὸ π ῶ ἀ τ έγ

τῷ Κ ίσ

13 ὖ Π ᾶτ ἀ ύσ τῶ όγ τ ύτ ἤγ γ ἔ τὸ Ἰ σ ῦ ὶ άθ σ πὶ

ήμ τ τόπ γόμ Λ θόστ τ ϊστὶ ὲ Γ θ 14ἦ ὲ π σ ὴ

τ ῦ πάσ ὥ ἦ ὡ ἕ τ ὶ έγ τ ῖ Ἰ ί middot ἴ σ ὺ μῶ

15 ύγ σ ὖ ῖ middot ἆ ἆ στ ύ σ τό έγ τ ῖ Π ᾶτ middot τὸ

σ έ μῶ στ ώσ ἀπ ίθ σ ἱ ἀ ῖ middot ἔ μ σ έ μὴ Κ ίσ

16Τότ ὖ π έ τὸ τ ῖ ἵ στ θῇ Π έ ὖ τὸ Ἰ σ ῦ

21 ܝܕܥܧܐ ܠܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܣܪ ܗܘ ܘܐܝܡܟܐ ܠܗ ܐܣܪܝܨ

21 ܦܪܝܬܐ ܠܘܬ ܘܐܝܮܝܘܗܝ ܕܐܬܐܩܝ ܠܗܘ ܕܒܪܘܗܝ

21 ܗܘܬ ܫܒܮܐ ܝܘܣܐ ܗܦܐ ܘܗܘ

21 ܐܦܝܨ ܘܦܮܚ ܥܡܝܗܝܨ ܛܭ ܛܝܧܐ ܠܗܘܢ ܐܣܪ ܥܝܧܝܟ ܐܬܦܮܚ ܧܐܐܝܟ ܦܪܝܬܐ ܫܐܠܘܗܝ ܘܬܘܒ

ܘܐܬܦܮܚ ܠܝ ܘܐܫܝܔܮ 21

ܦܜܪ ܠܐ ܫܒܮܐ ܣܜܢ ܗܘܐ ܠܐ ܐܠܗܐ ܣܨ ܓܒܪܐ ܗܦܐ ܕܐܣܪܝܨ ܦܪܝܬܐ ܣܨ ܣܧܗܘܢ ܘܗܘܝܨ ܐܬܘܬܐ ܗܠܝܨ ܚܜܝܐ ܓܒܪܐ ܣܬܟܚ ܐܝܟܧܐ ܗܘܘ ܐܣܪܝܨ ܕܝܨ ܐܚܪܦܐ ܛܝܧܐ ܗܘ ܘܓܒܢ

ܠܤܥܒܕܕܚܡܐ ܕܗܦܐ ܚܕ ܥܢ ܚܕ ܗܘܘ ܘܦܡܔܝܨ


Fearing and pleasing the crowd is as bribery17

Manipulating the crowd to induce fear upon the public oficial is as bribery νέζε ζαν

ηὸν ὄσ ον seeking to please the crowd is corruption βος όμενορ ηῷ ὄσ ῳ ηὸ ἱκανὸν

πο ῆζα

Mk 1510-15 10 For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him for envy 11 But

the chief priests moved the people that he should rather release Barabbas unto them

12 And Pilate answered and said again unto them What will ye then that I shall do unto

him whom ye call the King of the Jews 13 And they cried out again Crucify him 14 Then

Pilate said unto them Why what evil hath he done And they cried out the more

exceedingly Crucify him 15 And so Pilate willing to content the people released

Barabbas unto them and delivered Jesus when he had scourged him to be crucified

[10] For he knew that the chief priests had delivered him up out of envy [11] But the

chief priests moved the people that he should rather release Barabbas to them [12] And

Pilate again answering saith to them What will you then that I do to the king of the

Jews [13] But they again cried out Crucify him [14] And Pilate saith to them Why what

evil hath he done But they cried out the more Crucify him [15] And so Pilate being

willing to satisfy the people released to them Barabbas and delivered up Jesus when

he had scourged him to be crucified

10 Sciebat enim quod per invidiam tradidissent eum summi sacerdotes 11 Pontifices

autem concitaverunt turbam ut magis Barabbam dimitteret eis 12 Pilatus autem iterum

respondens ait illis Quid ergo vultis faciam regi Judaeligorum 13 At illi iterum

clamaverunt Crucifige eum 14 Pilatus vero dicebat illis Quid enim mali fecit At illi

magis clamabant Crucifige eum 15 Pilatus autem volens populo satisfacere dimisit illis

Barabbam et tradidit Jesum flagellis caeligsum ut crucifigeretur

10 γί σ γὰ ὅτ ὰ υθό π ώ σ τὸ ἱ ἀ ῖ 11 ἱ ὲ

ἀ ῖ ἀ έσ σ τὸ ὄ ἵ μᾶ τὸ Β ᾶ ἀπ ύσῃ τ ῖ 12 ὲ

Π ᾶτ ἀπ θ ὶ πά ἶπ τ ῖ Τί ὖ θέ τ π ήσ έγ τ τὸ σ έ τῶ

Ἰ ί 13 ἱ ὲ πά ἔ τ ύ σ τό 14 ὲ Π ᾶτ ἔ γ τ ῖ Τί

γὰ π ί σ ό ἱ ὲ π σσ τέ ἔ τ ύ σ τό 15 ὲ Π ᾶτ

17



όμ τῷ ὄ ῳ τὸ ἱ ὸ π ῆσ ἀπέ σ τ ῖ τὸ Β ᾶ ὶ π έ

τὸ Ἰ σ ῦ υ γ ώσ ἵ στ θῇ

ܥ 66 ܝܬ ܗܘܐ ܝܕ ܝܡܛܘܣ ܓ ܨ ܦ ܣ ܘܗܝ ܚܪܤܐ ܕ ܝ ܐܭܡܤ ܒ ܗܦܐ ܪ ܟ

ܝ 66 ܒ ܗܦܐ ܪ ܝܨ ܟ ܕ ܐܝ

ܝܬ ܛܘ ܝ ܐ ܚܦ ܧܮ ܬ ܠܟ ܠܒ ܐ ܕ ܐ ܐܒ

ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ

ܘ 61 ܝܨ ܗ ܝܡܛܘܣ ܕ ܣܬ ܦ ܘܢ ܐ ܝܢ ܣܧܐ ܠܗ ܝܨ ܗܟ ܘܢ ܨܒ ܕ ܐܦ ܥܒ ܝܨ ܠܗܦܐ ܐ

ܩܬ ܘܢ ܕ ܐ ܐܦ ܣܡܟ

ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ

ܦܘܢ 61 ܝܨ ܗ ܘܒ ܕ ܝܗܝ ܩܥܘ ܬ ܘܦ ܙܩ

ܘ 61 ܝܨ ܗ ܝܡܛܘܣ ܕ ܣܬ ܦ ܘܢ ܐ ܝܬ ܣܧܐ ܠܗ ܝܯ ܓ ܒ ܕ ܕ ܦܘܢ ܥܒ ܘܗ ܐܝܝܬ ܝܨ ܝ ܝܗܝ ܗܘܘ ܩܥ ܘܦ ܙܩ

ܝܡܛܘܣ 69 ܝܨ ܦ ܐ ܕ ܕ ܨܒ ܥܒ ܦ ܝܧܐ ܕ ܒ ܐ ܨ ܧܮ ܐ ܠܟ

ܘܢ ܘܭܬ ܬ ܠܗ ܐ ܠܒ ܥ ܐܒ

ܘܢ ܘܐܭܡ ܘܥ ܠܗ ܮ ܕ ܠܝ ܟ

ܕ ܣܧܔ ܦ ܩ ܦܙܕ ܕ

Threat to the Public Official and desire to please is tantamount to

bribery ἰδὼν ὅτι μᾶλλον θόρσβος γίνεται 18

Mt 2724-26 24 When Pilate saw that he could prevail nothing but that rather a

tumult was made he took water and washed his hands before the multitude saying I

am innocent of the blood of this just person see ye to it 25 Then answered all the

people and said His blood be on us and on our children 26 Then released he Barabbas

unto them and when he had scourged Jesus he delivered him to be crucified

[24] And Pilate seeing that he prevailed nothing but that rather a tumult was made

taking water washed his hands before the people saying I am innocent of the blood of

this just man look you to it [25] And the whole people answering said His blood be

upon us and our children [26] Then he released to them Barabbas and having scourged

Jesus delivered him unto them to be crucified

24 ὼ ὲ Π ᾶτ ὅτ ὲ ὠυ ῖ ἀ ὰ μᾶ θό γί τ ὼ ὕ

ἀπ ί τ τὰ ῖ ἀπέ τ τ ῦ ὄ έγ Ἀθῷό μ ἀπὸ τ ῦ ἵμ τ τ ῦ

ί τ ύτ μ ῖ ὄ σθ 25 ὶ ἀπ θ ὶ πᾶ ὸ ἶπ Τὸ ἷμ τ ῦ υ

ἡμᾶ ὶ πὶ τὰ τέ ἡμῶ 26 τότ ἀπέ σ τ ῖ τὸ Β ᾶ τὸ ὲ Ἰ σ ῦ

υ γ ώσ π έ ἵ στ θῇ

18



4 videns autem Pilatus quia nihil proficeret sed magis tumultus fieret accepta aqua

lavit manus coram populo dicens innocens ego sum a sanguine iusti huius vos videritis

25 et respondens universus populus dixit sanguis eius super nos et super filios nostros

26 tunc dimisit illis Barabban Iesum autem flagellatum tradidit eis ut crucifigeretur

עילטוס דין כד חזא דמדם לא מותר אלא יתיראית רובא הוא שקל מטא אשיג אידוהי לעין 11

נא זדיקא אנתון תדעון כנשא ואמר מחסי אנא מן דמה דה

וענו כלה עמא ואמרו דמה עלין ועל בנין 19

הידין שרא להון לבר אבא ונגד בפרגלא לישוע ואשלמה דנזדקף 10

B Active and passive Subjects of corruption

6 Public Officials

Sometimes they are friends of thieves חברי גנבים socii furum ὶ πτῶ

לגנביןשותפין lovers of bribes אהב שחד diligunt munera ἀγ πῶ τ ῶ רחמין

רדף שלמנים retributiones νηαπόδομα19 שלמנים run after rewards לקבלא שוחדא

sequuntur retributiones ώ τ ἀ τ πό μ The Aramaic is explicit אמרין גבר

a man says to his friend make me win לחבריה עביד לי בדיני דאשלים ואנא אישלם לך

the trial and I will pay you

Bribed Kings

1 Ki 1518-19 18 Then Asa took all the silver and the gold that were left in the

treasures of the house of the LORD and the treasures of the kings house and

delivered them into the hand of his servants and king Asa sent them to Benhadad the

son of Tabrimon the son of Hezion king of Syria that dwelt at Damascus saying 19

There is a league between me and thee and between my father and thy father behold

19



I have sent unto thee a present of silver and gold come and break thy league with

Baasha king of Israel that he may depart from me

[18] Then Asa took all the silver and gold that remained in the treasures of the house

of the Lord and in the treasures of the king s house and delivered it into the hands of

his servants and sent them to Benadad son of Tabremon the son of Hezion king of

Syria who dwelt in Damascus saying [19] There is a league between me and thee and

between my father and thy father therefore I have sent thee presents of silver and gold

and I desire thee to come and break thy league with Baasa king of Israel that he may

depart from me

18 Tollens itaque Asa omne argentum et aurum quod remanserat in thesauris domus

Domini et in thesauris domus regiaelig et dedit illud in manus servorum suorum et misit

ad Benadad filium Tabremon filii Hezion regem Syriaelig qui habitabat in Damasco

dicens 19 Fœdus est inter me et te et inter patrem meum et patrem tuum ideo misi tibi

munera argentum et aurum et peto ut venias et irritum facias fœdus quod habes cum

Baasa rege Israeumll et recedat a me

אוצרות בית מלך -יהוה ואת-הכסף והזהב הנותרים באוצרות בית-כל-וטפח אסא את א טויח

חזיון מלך ארם הטשב -טברמן בן-הדד בן-בן-עבדיו וטשלחם המלך אסא אל-וטתנם ביד

לך --ברית ביני ובינך בין אבי ובין אביך הנה שלחתי לך שחד כסף וזהב א טויט רבדמשק לאמ

ישראל ויעלה מעלי-בעשא מלך-בריתך את-הפרה את

1518 ὶ σ τὸ ἀ γ ὶ τὸ σί τὸ θὲ τ θ σ τ

τ σ ὶ τὰ π ί τ ὶ π στ τ ὺ

σ ὺ σ π ὸ ἱὸ ἱὸ Τ μμ ἱ ζ σ ί τ

τ τ μ σ γ 1519 άθ θ ἀ ὰ μ σ μ ὶ ἀ ὰ μ σ

σ ὶ ἀ ὰ μ σ τ π τ ό μ ὶ τ π τ ό σ ὺ π στ ά σ

ἀ γ ὶ σί σ σ τὴ θ σ τὴ π ὸ Β σ σ

σ ὶ ἀ σ τ ἀπ μ

18

ܒܐܝܕܐ ܘܝܗܒ ܣܡܟܐ ܕܒܝ ܘܒܔܙܐ ܕܣܬܝܐ ܒܒܝܗ ܕܐܭܚܬ ܘܕܗܒܐ ܟܪܦܐ ܟܡܗ ܐܩܐ ܘܦܪܒ

ܒܬ ܐܣܘܢ ܛܒܬ ܒܬ ܒܬܗܕܕ ܠܘܬ ܕܝܗܘܕܐ ܣܡܟܐ ܐܩܐ ܐܦܘܢ ܘܭܕܪ ܕܥܒܕܘܗܝ

ܠܤܐܣܬ ܒܕܪܣܪܘܩ ܕܝܒ ܕܐܕܘܡ ܣܡܟܐ ܚܙܝܘܢ

19


ܙܠ ܘܕܗܒܐ ܟܪܦܐ ܭܘܚܕܐ ܠܟ ܭܕܪܬ ܗܐ ܐܠܒܘܟ ܐܒܝ ܘܒܝ ܘܠܟ ܒܝܧܝ ܩܝܤܐ

ܣܧܝ ܘܦܮܪܘܠ ܕܐܝܪܬܝܢ ܣܡܟܐ ܒܥܮܐ ܕܥܥ ܩܝܤܟ ܕܒܛܢܒܛܢ

Wicked Governors20

Da 135 (Susanna) The same year were appointed two of the ancients of the

people to be judges such as the Lord spake of that wickedness came from Babylon

from ancient judges who seemed to govern the people

And there were two of the ancients of the people appointed judges that year of

whom the Lord said Iniquity came out from Babylon from the ancient judges that

seemed to govern the people

Et constituti sunt de populo duo senes judices in illo anno de quibus locutus est

Dominus Quia egressa est iniquitas de Babylone a senioribus judicibus qui videbantur

regere populum

ὶ ἀπ ί θ σ π σ τ τ τ ὶ τ τ ί π ὶ

ά σ σπότ τ θ ἀ μί Β π σ τ τ

ό τὸ ό

Corrupted Governors oppress the poor21

Ne 515 But the former governors that had been before me were chargeable unto the

people and had taken of them bread and wine beside forty shekels of silver yea even

their servants bare rule over the people but so did not I because of the fear of God

But the former governors that had been before me were chargeable to the people

and took of them in bread and wine and in money every day forty sides and their

officers also oppressed the people But I did not so for the fear of God

Duces autem primi qui fuerant ante me gravaverunt populum et acceperunt ab eis

in pane et vino et pecunia quotidie siclos quadraginta sed et ministri eorum

depresserunt populum Ego autem non feci ita propter timorem Dei

20

De Raze De Lachaud et Flandrin Concordantirum SS Scripturae Manuale Barcelona ed LibRelig 1958 p

385b 21



שקלים -העם וטקחו מהם בלחם ויין אחר כסף-ידו עללפני הכב -והעחות הראשנים אשר

עשיתי כן מעני יראת אלהים-העם ואני לא-גם נעריהם שלטו על--ארבעים

ὶ τὰ ί τὰ π ώτ π ὸ μ ά π τ ὺ ὶ ά σ π τ

ἀ τ ὶ σ τ ἀ γ ί μ τ σσ ά τ ὶ ἱ τ τ γμ

τ σ άζ τ πὶ τὸ ό ὶ γὼ π ί σ τ ἀπὸ π σώπ υό

θ

Bribed Public Officials 22

Isa 123 Thy princes are rebellious and companions of thieves every one loveth

gifts and followeth after rewards they judge not the fatherless neither doth the cause

of the widow come unto them

Thy princes are faithless companions of thieves they all love bribes the run after

rewards They judge not for the fatherless and the widow s cometh not in to them

Principes tui infideles socii furum Omnes diligunt munera sequuntur retributiones

Pupillo non judicant et causa viduaelig non ingreditur ad illos

-כלו אהב שחד ורדף שלמנים יתום לא ישעטו וריב אלמנה לא--שריך סוררים וחברי גנבים

יבוא אליהם

ἱ ἄ τέ σ ἀπ θ ῦσ ὶ πτῶ ἀγ πῶ τ ῶ ώ τ

ἀ τ πό μ υ ῖ ί τ ὶ ίσ ῶ π σέ τ

רברבך מרדין ושותפין לגנבין כולהון רחמין לקבלא שוחדא אמרין גבר לחבריה עביד לי בדיני

דאשלים ואנא אישלם לך בדינך דין יתמא לא דינין וקבילת ארמלתא לא עלא לקדמיהון

The Public Officials ask for a bribe23

Mic 73 That they may do evil with both hands earnestly the prince asketh and the

judge asketh for a reward and the great man he uttereth his mischievous desire so

they wrap it up

The evil of their hands they call good the prince requireth and the judge is for

giving and the great man hath uttered the desire of his soul and they have troubled it

22




Malum manuum suarum dicunt bonum princeps postulat et judex in reddendo est

et magnus locutus est desiderium animaelig suaelig et conturbaverunt eam

ויעבתוה--הרע כעים להיטיב השר שאל והשפט בשלום והגדול דבר הות נפשו הוא-על

πὶ τὸ ὸ τὰ τ τ μάζ σ ἀ τ ὶ τὴ ὺ

όγ ά σ τ θ μ τ στ ὶ μ

על מבאשין בידיהון ולא מוטבין שלטונא שאיל ודינא אמר עביד לי בדיני דאשלים לך בדינך

ויעליהון על דקלקלוהא ורבא ממליל בתחמודי נפשיה

Rulers and Judges are corrupted

They judge wickedly עול-תשעטו κπ νεηε δ κ αν judicatis iniquitatem

24תדונון שקר Zep 33 Her princes within her are roaring lions her judges are evening wolves they

gnaw not the bones till the morrow

Her princes are in the midst of her as roaring lions her judges are evening wolves

they left nothing for the morning

Principes ejus in medio ejus quasi leones rugientes judices ejus lupi vespere non

relinquebant in mane

שריה בקרבה אריות שאגים שפטיה זאבי ערב לא גרמו לבקר

ἱ ἀ τ τ τ ὡ τ ὠ όμ ἱ τ ὶ τ ὡ τ

ί π ίπ τ τὸ π ί

רברבהא בגוה כאריון נהמין דיינהא דיבי רמשא לא מורכין לצפרא

Corrupted judges who lie 25

Ecc 316 And moreover I saw under the sun the place of judgment that wickedness

was there and the place of righteousness that iniquity was there

I saw under the sun in the place of judgment wickedness and in the place of justice

iniquity

16 Vidi sub sole in loco judicii impietatem et in loco justitiaelig iniquitatem ועוד ראיתי תחת השמש מקום המשעט שמה הרשע ומקום הףדק שמה הרשע גטז

24




ὶ τ πὸ τὸ ἡ τόπ τ ίσ ἀσ ὶ τόπ τ ί

ἀσ

ועוד חמית תחות שימשא בעלמא הדין אתר בית דינא דדייני שיקרא תמן יחובון

לזכאי למיפק חייבא בדיניה ואתר דמישתכח תמן גבר זכאי תמן מישתכח גברא

בישאחייבא למשלט ביה בגין חובי דרא

Corrupted judges favor the wicked26

Ps 822-4 2 How long will ye judge unjustly and accept the persons of the wicked

Selah 3 Defend the poor and fatherless do justice to the afflicted and needy 4 Deliver

the poor and needy rid them out of the hand of the wicked

[2] How long will you judge unjustly and accept the persons of the wicked [3] Judge

for the needy and fatherless do justice to the humble and the poor [4] Rescue the poor

and deliver the needy out of the hand of the sinner

2 Usquequo judicatis iniquitatem et facies peccatorum sumitis 3 Judicate egeno et

pupillo humilem et pauperem justificate סלה-עול ופני רשעים תשאו-מתי תשעטו-עד פבב דל ויתום עני ורש הצדיקו-שפטו פבג דל ואביון מטד רשעים הףילו-ועלט פבד

812 πότ ί τ ἀ ί ὶ π όσ π μ τ μ ά τ ά μ 813

ί τ υ ὸ ὶ πτ ό τ π ὸ ὶ π τ ώσ τ

2עד אימתי רשיעיא תדונון שקר ואפי רשיעיא תסבון לעלמין

מסכינא ויתמא ענייא ומסכינא אצדיקודונו 3

4שזיבו מסכן וחשוכא מן ידיהון דרשיעיא פצו יתהון

Here the Aramaic versioacuten adds that Public Officials must free and deliver the poor from

the hands of the wicked27 שזיבו מסכן וחשוכא מן ידיהון דרשיעיא פצו יתהון

The rulers sorrounded by corrupt people28

26

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1615a 27

Cf Jastrow M A Dictionary of the Targumim the Talmud Babli and Yerushalmi ad the Midrashic Literature

New York Pardes Publishing HOuse Inc1950 p1558s 28



Prov 255 Take away the wicked from before the king and his throne shall be

established in righteousness

Take away wickedness from the face of the king and his throne shall be established

with justice

Aufer impietatem de vultu regis et firmabitur justitia thronus ejus

מלך ויכון בףדק כסאו -הגו רשע לפני כהה

5κτεῖνε ἀσεβεῖς κ προσώπου βασιλέως καὶ κατορθώσει ν δικαιοσύνῃ

θρόνος α τοῦ

נתטרד רשיעא מן קדם מלכא ויתכן בצדקותא כורסיה

Gifts fill the hand of Public Officials29

Ps 2610 In whose hands is mischief and their right hand is full of bribes

In whose hands are iniquities their right hand is filled with gifts

in quorum manibus iniquitates sunt dextera eorum repleta est muneribus

בידיהם זמה וימינם מלאה שחד-אשר

σὶ ἀ μί ἡ ὰ τ π σθ ώ

די בידיהון עצת חטאין וימיניהון מלין שוחדא

Accepting lies for money and gifts

The aramaic version gives the sense30

Pr 1527 He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house but he that hateth gifts

shall live

He that is greedy of gain troubleth his own house but he that hateth bribes shall live

Conturbat domum suam qui sectatur avaritiam qui autem odit munera vivet

עכר ביתו בוצע בצע ושונא מתנת יחיה

ό σ τὸ μπτ ὲ μ σ ώ μ σώ ζ τ

מוכיר ביתיה מכנש ממון דשקר ודסטר מוהבותא דמגן ייחי

29

Thompson N-Stock R Complete Concordance to the Bible (Douay Version) St Louis MO B Herder Book Co

1957 p 643 30

Cf Comprehensive Aramaic Lexicon Project at the Hebrew Union College and Jewish Institute of Religion

Cincinnati USA httpcalhuceduindexhtml


Soldiers bribed

Mt 2812-15 12 And when they were assembled with the elders and had taken

counsel they gave large money unto the soldiers 13 Saying Say ye His disciples came

by night and stole him away while we slept 14 And if this come to the governors ears

we will persuade him and secure you 15 So they took the money and did as they were

taught and this saying is commonly reported among the Jews until this day

[12] And they being assembled together with the ancients taking counsel gave a

great sum of money to the soldiers [13] Saying Say you His disciples came by night

and stole him away when we were asleep [14] And if the governor shall hear this we will

persuade him and secure you [15] So they taking the money did as they were taught

and this word was spread abroad among the Jews even unto this day

12 καὶ ζςνασ ένηερ μεηὰ ηῶν ππεζβςηέπυν ζςμβού όν ηε αβόνηερ π ύπ α ἱκανὰ

ἔδυκαν ηοῖρ ζηπαη ώηα ρ έ ονηερ 13 Εἴπαηε ὅη Οἱ μα ηηαὶ αὐηοῦ νςκηὸρ ἐ όνηερ

ἔκ εταν αὐηὸν ἡμῶν κο μυμένυν 14 καὶ ἐὰν κοςζ ῇ ηοῦηο ἐπὶ ηοῦ ἡ εμόνορ ἡμεῖρ

πείζομεν αὐηὸν καὶ ὑμᾶρ μεπίμνοςρ πο ήζυμεν 15 οἱ δὲ αβόνηερ ηὰ π ύπ α ἐποίηζαν

ὡρ ἐδ δάσ ηζαν καὶ δ εθημίζ η ὁ ό ορ οὗηορ παπὰ Ἰοςδαίο ρ μέσπ ηῆρ ζήμεπον

12 et congregati cum senioribus consilio accepto pecuniam copiosam dederunt

militibus 13 dicentes dicite quia discipuli eius nocte venerunt et furati sunt eum nobis

dormientibus 14 et si hoc auditum fuerit a praeside nos suadebimus ei et securos vos

faciemus 15 at illi accepta pecunia fecerunt sicut erant docti et divulgatum est verbum

istud apud Iudaeos usque in hodiernum diem

12ואתכנשו עם קשישא ונסבו מלכא ויהבו כסעא לא זעור לקסטונרע

13 ואמרין להון אמרו דתלמידוהי אתו גנבוהי בלליא כד דמכין חנן

אשתמעת הדא קדם הגמונא חנן מעיסין חנן לה ולכון דלא צפתא עבדין חנן ואן 14

הנון דין כד נסבו כסעא עבדו איך דאלפו אנון ונפקת מלתא הדא בית יהודיא עדמא ליומנא

15


7 Corrupted Legislators און-החקקים חקקי condunt leges

iniquas γ άυ σ π ί רשמין רשמין דמינס

Corrupted Public Officials perverting judgments aganst the needy31

Isa 101-2 1 Woe unto them that decree unrighteous decrees and that write

grievousness which they have prescribed 2 To turn aside the needy from judgment and

to take away the right from the poor of my people that widows may be their prey and

that they may rob the fatherless

[1] Woe to them that make wicked laws and when they write write injustice [2] To

oppress the poor in judgment and do violence to the cause of the humble of my people

that widows might be their prey and that they might rob the fatherless

1 Vaelig qui condunt leges iniquas et scribentes injustitiam scripserunt 2 ut opprimerent

in judicio pauperes et vim facerent causaelig humilium populi mei ut essent viduaelig praeligda

eorum et pupillos diriperent

--להחות מדין דלים ולגזל משעט ענטי עמי יבאון ומכתבים עמל כתבו -הוי החקקים חקקי

יתומים יבזו-מנות שללם ואתלהיות אל

ὶ τ γ άυ σ π ί γ άυ τ γὰ π ί γ άυ σ 102 ί τ

ίσ πτ πάζ τ ίμ π τ τ μ ὡ στ τ

π γὴ ὶ υ ὸ π μ

ייווי דרשמין רשמין דמינס וכתב דליאו כתבין לאסטאה מדין מסכינין ולמינס מא דירען

מחשיכי עמי

בדינא למהוי דארמלן עדיהון וית נכסי עממיא יתמיא יבזון

Leaders perverting the judgment32

Lc 1142 But woe unto you Pharisees for ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of

herbs and pass over judgment and the love of God these ought ye to have done and

not to leave the other undone

31


Cf Buumlchsel F Krino in Kittel G Theologisches Woumlrterbuch zum Neuen Testament v 3 Stuttgart Kohlhammer

Verlag p 943


But woe to you Pharisees because you tithe mint and rue and every herb and pass

over judgment (kriacutesis) and the charity of God Now these things you ought to have

done and not to leave the other undone

Sed vaelig vobis pharisaeligis quia decimatis mentham et rutam et omne olus et

praeligteritis judicium et caritatem Dei haeligc autem oportuit facere et illa non omittere

ἀ ὶ μῖ τ ῖ Φ σ ί ὅτ ἀπ τ ῦτ τὸ ἡ ύ σμ ὶ τὸ πήγ ὶ

πᾶ ά ὶ π έ σθ τὴ ίσ ὶ τὴ ἀγάπ τ ῦ Θ ῦ τ ῦτ ὲ ἔ

π ῆσ ἀ ῖ μὴ ἀυ έ

ܝܪܩܘܦܐ ܘܟܡܗܘܢ ܘܦܔܧܐ ܦܧܥܐ ܐܦܮܘܢ ܕܣܥܪܪܝܨ ܘܦܪܝܬܐ ܩܦܪܐ ܠܟܘܢ ܘܝ ܐܠܐ ܕܝܨ ܠܐ ܘܗܠܝܨ ܥܒܕܬܘܢ ܕܝܨ ܗܠܝܨ ܕܐܠܗܐ ܚܘܒܐ ܘܥܢ ܕܝܧܐ ܥܢ ܐܦܮܘܢ ܘܥܒܪܝܨ

ܫܒܩܮܘܢ

C Consequences of corruption

8 Blindnes of Public Officals caused by bribes

Bribery blinds the eyes of a Public Official33

1 Sa 123 Behold here I am witness against me before the LORD and before his

anointed whose ox have I taken or whose ass have I taken or whom have I

defrauded whom have I oppressed or of whose hand have I received any bribe to

blind mine eyes therewith and I will restore it you

Speak of me before the Lord and before his anointed whether I have taken any

man s ox or ass If I have wronged any man if I have oppressed any man if I have

taken a bribe at any man s hand and I will despise it this day and will restore it to you

Loquimini de me coram Domino et coram christo ejus utrum bovem cujusquam

tulerim aut asinum si quempiam calumniatus sum si oppressi aliquem si de manu

cujusquam munus accepi et contemnam illud hodie restituamque vobis

-מי עשקתי את-שור מי לקחתי וחמור מי לקחתי ואת-הנני ענו בי נגד יהוה ונגד משיחו את

מי לקחתי כפר ואעלים עיני בו ואשיב לכם-מי רףותי ומטד

33

Strong J The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Nashville Abingdon 1981 p 131b


ὺ γώ ἀπ ίθ τ τ μ ώπ ί ὶ ώπ στ τ μόσ

τί υ ἢ τί υ ἢ τί τ άστ σ μ ἢ τί πί σ ἢ

ὸ τί υ ί σμ ὶ πό μ ἀπ ίθ τ τ μ ὶ ἀπ ώσ μ

בי קדם יי וקדם משיחיה ית תורא דמן דברית וחמרא דמן שחדית ונא קיים אסהידהא עד דא

תיבוית מן עשקית וית מן אנסית ומיד מן קבילית ממון דשקר וכבשית עיני מניה בדינא וא

לכון

Bribes blind and close the mouth of Public Officials34

Sir 2029 (31) Presents and gifts blind the eyes of the wise and stop up his mouth

that he cannot reprove

Presents and gifts blind the eyes of judges and make them dumb in the mouth so

that they cannot correct

Xenia et dona excaeligcant oculos judicum et quasi mutus in ore avertit correptiones

eorum

ξ ν α καὶ δυ πα ποηςθ ο θ α μοὺρ ζοθυ ν καὶ ὡρ θ μὸρ ἐν ζηόμαη ποηπ πε

ἐ ε μο ρ

Even the wise are blinded by gifts

Dt 1619 Thou shalt not wrest judgment thou shalt not respect persons neither take

a gift for a gift doth blind the eyes of the wise and pervert the words of the righteous

And not go aside to either part Thou shalt not accept person nor gifts for gifts blind

the eyes of the wise and change the words of the just

Nec in alteram partem declinent non accipies personam nec munera quia munera

excaecant oculos sapientium et mutant verba iustorum

חכמים ויסלף דברי כי השחד יעור עיני -תקח שחד - תטה משפט לא תכיר פנים ולא - לא

צדיקם

σ ίσ π γ ώσ τ π όσ π ὲ μ τ τὰ γὰ

τ υ υθ μ ὺ σ υ ὶ ί όγ ί

34



ארי שחדא מעור עיני חכימין ומקלקיל --שחדאלא תצלי דין לא תשתמודע אעין ולא תקביל

עתגמין תריצין

Ex 238 And thou shalt take no gift for the gift blindeth the wise and perverteth the

words of the righteous

Neither shalt thou take bribes which even blind the wise and pervert the words of

the just

Nec accipias munera quae excaecant etiam prudentes et subvertunt verba iustorum

ושחד לא תקח כי השחד יעור פקחים ויסלף דברי צדיקי

Κ ὶ μ τὰ γὰ τ υ υθ μ ὺ πό τ ὶ μ ί τ

μ τ ί

ומקלקיל פתגמין תריצין ארי שוחדא מעוור עיני חכימין לא תקביל ושוחדא

An envelope wih money changes everything35

Pr 1723 A wicked man taketh a gift out of the bosom to pervert the ways of

judgment

The wicked man taketh gifts out of the bosom that he may pervert the paths of

judgment

Munera de sinu impius accipit ut pervertat semitas judicii

להחות ארחות משעט --יפחשחד מחק רשע

μ ά τ ό π ἀ ί τ τ ί ἀσ ὴ ὲ ί

ὺ σ

שוחדא מן עוביא רשיעא יסב למצלי אורחי דינא

The pubic official puts aside the truth for a piece of bread

The Latin Vulgate has ldquodeserit veritatemrdquo36

Pr 2821 To have respect of persons is not good for for a piece of bread that man

will transgress

35


472b 36


203b


He that hath respect to a person in judgment doth not well such a man even for a

morsel of bread forsaketh the truth

Qui cognoscit in judicio faciem non bene facit iste et pro buccella panis deserit

veritatem

גבר-לחם יפשע-עת-טוב ועל-ענים לא-הכר

σ ύ τ π όσ π ί ἀγ θό τ ῦτ μ ῦ ἄ τ

ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ

לא טב ועל פיתתא דלחמא יחוב גברא מיסב באפי

9 Greed and Perversioacuten of judgment

טחו אחרי הבצע turning aside after lucre ממון דשקר avaritia σ τ ί בצע

declinaverunt post avaritiam ἐξ κ ναν π ζυ ηη ρ ζςνηε ε αρ perversioacuten of judgment

perverterunt judicium ώμ τ וטחו משעט

Money corrupts Public Officials37

1 Sa 83 And his sons walked not in his ways but turned aside after lucre and took

bribes and perverted judgment

And his sons walked not in his ways but they turned aside after lucre and took


Et non ambulaverunt filii illius in viis ejus sed declinaverunt post avaritiam

acceperuntque munera et perverterunt judicium

וטחו משעט--שחד-בניו בדרכו וטחו אחרי הבצע וטקחוהלכו -ולא

ὶ π θ σ ἱ ἱ ὶ τ τ ὶ πίσ τ σ τ ί

ὶ άμ ὶ ώμ τ

בנוהי באורחתיה ואתפניאו בתר ממון דשקר וקבילו שוחדא וצלו דינאולא הליכו

10 Justification of the wicked and condemnation of the just 37



Qui justificat impium et qui condemnat justum ο ς מצדיק רשע ומרשיע צדיק

δίκαιον κρίνει το ν α δικον α δικον δε το ν δίκαιον

Corrupted court of law38

Pr 1715 He that justifieth the wicked and he that condemneth the just even they

both are abomination to the LORD

He that justifieth the wicked and he that condemneth the just both are abominable

before God

Qui justificat impium et qui condemnat justum abominabilis est uterque apud Deum

שניהם-תועבת יהוה גם --מצדיק רשע ומרשיע צדיק

ο ς δίκαιον κρίνει το ν α δικον α δικον δε το ν δίκαιον α κ θαρτος και

βδελυκτο ς παρα θεω

דמזכי לרשיעא ומחייב לצדיקא מרחקתיה דאלהא אף תרויהון

A bribe makes the Public Official to justify the wicked39

Isa 523 Which justify the wicked for reward and take away the righteousness of the

righteous from him

That justify the wicked for gifts and take away the justice of the just from him

qui justificatis impium pro muneribus et justitiam justi aufertis ab eo

וצדקת צדיקים יסירו ממנומצדיקי רשע עקב שחד

ἱ τ τὸ ἀσ ώ ὶ τὸ ί τ ί τ

מזכן ליה לחייבא חלף דמקבלין מניה ממון דשקר וזכות זכאיא ברשע מעדן מינהון

11 Judgments upside down

Condemning the innocent and releasing the guilty οςρ καηακπ νυν πο υν δὲ

ηοὺρ α η οςρ

Judges who change good for evil40

38




Da 1352-53 (Susanna) 52 So when they were put asunder one from another he

called one of them and said unto him O thou that art waxen old in wickedness now thy

sins which thou hast committed aforetime are come to light 53 For thou hast

pronounced false judgment and hast condemned the innocent and hast let the guilty go

free albeit the Lord saith The innocent and righteous shalt thou not slay

[52] So when they were put asunder one from the other he called one of them and

said to him O thou that art grown old in evil days now are thy sins come out which

thou hast committed before [53] In judging unjust judgments oppressing the innocent

and letting the guilty to go free whereas the Lord saith The innocent and the just thou

shalt not kill

52 Cum ergo divisi essent alter ab altero vocavit unum de eis et dixit ad eum

Inveterate dierum malorum nunc venerunt peccata tua quaelig operabaris prius

53 judicans judicia injusta innocentes opprimens et dimittens noxios dicente Domino

Innocentem et justum non interficies

52 ὡ ὲ ίσθ σ ἀπὸ τ ό ά σ τὸ τ ὶ π π ὸ

τό π π μ ἡμ ἡ σ ἱ μ τί σ π ί τὸ π ότ

53 ί ίσ ἀ ί ὶ τ ὺ μὲ ἀθώ τ ί ἀπ ὲ τ ὺ τί

γ τ τ ί ἀθ ὶ ί ἀπ τ

12 Delays in providing justice

Retardation of the duty of a public oficial expecting bribes41

Ac 2426 He hoped also that money should have been given him of Paul that he

might loose him wherefore he sent for him the oftener and communed with him

Hoping also withal that money should be given him by Paul for which cause also

oftentimes sending for him he spoke with him

simul et sperans quod pecunia ei daretur a Paulo propter quod et frequenter

accersens eum loquebatur cum eo

40


388b 41



26 ἅμ ὲ ὶ πίζ ὅτ ήμ τ θήσ τ τῷ πὸ τ ῦ Π ύ ὅπ ύσῃ

τὸ ὸ ὶ π ότ τὸ μ τ π μπόμ ὡμί τῷ

ܐ ܐܦ ܐܣܝܧܐܐܝܮ 10 ܢ ܗܕܜ ܘܣ ܣ

ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ

ܮ ܐ ܣ ܝܪ ܕܫܘܚܕ ܪ ܗܘܐ ܓ ܩܒ

ܗ ܐ ܠ ܪ ܗܘܐ ܣܝܮ ܗܣܬܕ ܢ ܥܤ

ܘܣܤܡ

Obstruction retardation and corruption of justice42

Hab 14 Therefore the law is slacked and judgment doth never go forth for the

wicked doth compass about the righteous therefore wrong judgment proceedeth

Therefore the law is torn in pieces and judgment cometh not to the end because the

wicked prevaileth against the just therefore wrong judgment goeth forth

4 Propter hoc lacerata est lex et non pervenit usque ad finem judicium quia impius

praeligvalet adversus justum propterea egreditur judicium perversum כן יצא משעט -הףדיק על-יצא לנצח משעט כי רשע מכתיר את-כן תפוג תורה ולא-על אד

מעפל ὰ τ τ σ στ όμ ὶ άγ τ τ ίμ τ ἀσ ὴ

τ στ τὸ ί τ τ σ τ τὸ ίμ στ μμ

על כין פגת אוריתא ולא נפיק לאפרש דינא ארי רשיעיא מסלעמין לצדיקיא על כין לא נפיק

דינא כיון

D Victims of corruption

13 Corruption damages the people

Corrupted leaders eat their own people43

Mic 31-4 1 And I said Hear I pray you O heads of Jacob and ye princes of the

house of Israel Is it not for you to know judgment 2 Who hate the good and love the

evil who pluck off their skin from off them and their flesh from off their bones 3 Who

42

Naveacutes Topical Bible Reference System in Strong J et al op cit p 1630b 43



also eat the flesh of my people and flay their skin from off them and they break their

bones and chop them in pieces as for the pot and as flesh within the caldron

[1] And I said Hear O ye princes of Jacob and ye chiefs of the house of Israel Is it

not your part to know judgment [2] You that hate good and love evil that violently pluck

off their skins from them and their flesh from their bones [3] Who have eaten the flesh

of my people and have flayed their skin from off them and have broken and chopped

their bones as for the kettle and as flesh in the midst of the pot

1 Et dixi Audite princeps Jacob et duces domus Israeumll numquid non vestrum est

scire judicium 2 qui odio habetis bonum et diligitis malum qui violenter tollitis pelles

eorum desuper eis et carnem eorum desuper ossibus eorum 3 qui comederunt carnem

populi mei et pellem eorum desuper excoriaverunt et ossa eorum confregerunt et

conciderunt sicut in lebete et quasi carnem in medio ollaelig 4 Tunc clamabunt ad

Dominum et non exaudiet eos et abscondet faciem suam ab eis in tempore illo sicut

nequiter egerunt in adinventionibus suis שנאי גבהמשעט -נא ראשי יעקב וקציני בית ישראל הלוא לכם לדעת את-ואמר שמעו גא

ואשר אכלו שאר עמי ועורם גגטוב ואהבי רעה )רע( גזלי עורם מעליהם ושארם מעל עצמותם

אז יזעקו גדעצמתיהם עףחו ופרשו כאשר בסיר וכבשר בתוך קלחת -מעליהם הפשיטו ואת

עו מעלליהם פיהוה ולא יענה אותם ויסתר עניו מהם בעת ההיא כאשר הר -אל

31 ὶ ἀ σ τ ὴ τ τ ἱ ἀ ὶ ὶ ἱ τά π σ

μ στ τ γ τὸ ίμ 32 ἱ μ σ τ τὰ ὰ ὶ ζ τ τ τὰ π ά

πάζ τ τὰ μ τ τ ἀπ τ ὶ τὰ σά τ ἀπὸ τ στ τ

33 τ όπ τ υ γ τὰ σά τ μ ὶ τὰ μ τ τ ἀπὸ τ

στ τ ὶ τὰ στ τ σ θ σ ὶ μ σ ὡ σά

τ ὶ ὡ τ 34 τ ά τ π ὸ ὶ σ σ τ

τ ὶ ἀπ στ τὸ π όσ π τ ἀπ τ τ ί ἀ θ

π σ τ τ π τ μ σ τ π τ

כען רישי יעקב ושלטוני בית ישראל הלא לכון למידע ית דינאואמרית שמעו 1

2סנן דואנסין לאוטבא ורחמין לאבאשא אנסין נכסי עמי מידהון וממון יקרהון

מנהון נסבין

נסבין וית שארהון מגמרין תיבין ומפלגין יתהון כמאודבזו נכסי עמי וממון יקרהון מנהון 3


דמפלגין אבריא לגו דודא וחלקיא לגו קדרא

4בכין יצלון קדם יוי ולא יקביל צלותהון ויסליק שכינתיה מנהון בעידנא ההוא כמא דאבאישו

ובדיהוןע

Corruption sheds the blood of the innocent in court44

Jer 223 Thus saith the LORD Execute ye judgment and righteousness and deliver

the spoiled out of the hand of the oppressor and do no wrong do no violence to the

stranger the fatherless nor the widow neither shed innocent blood in this place

Thus saith the Lord Execute judgement and justice and deliver him that is

oppressed out of the hand of the oppressor and afflict not the stranger the fatherless

nor the widow nor oppress them unjustly and shed not innocent blood in this place

3 Haeligc dicit Dominus Facite judicium et justitiam et liberate vi oppressum de manu

calumniatoris et advenam et pupillum et viduam nolite contristare neque opprimatis

inique et sanguinem innocentem ne effundatis in loco isto -תנו אל-כה אמר יהוה עשו משעט וצדקה והףילו גזול מטד עשוק וגר יתום ואלמנה אל כבג

תשעכו במקום הזה-תחמסו ודם נקי אל

τά γ π τ ίσ ὶ σ ὶ σθ π σμ

ὸ ἀ τ τὸ ὶ π σ τ ὶ υ ὸ ὶ μὴ τ στ τ

ὶ μὴ ἀσ τ ὶ μ ἀθ μὴ τ τ τόπ τ τ

ו דינא וצדקתא ושיזיבו אניסא מיד דאניס ליה וגיורכדנן אמר יוי עביד

ויתים וארמלא לא תינון לא תינסון ודם זכי לא תישדון באתרא הדין

Bribes go together with the blood of the poor

Eze 2212-13 12 In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood thou hast taken usury

and increase and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion and hast

forgotten me saith the Lord God 13 Behold therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy

dishonest gain which thou hast made and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of

thee

44



12 In thee have they taken gifts to shed blood thou hast taken usury and increase

and thou hast greedily gained of thy neighbours by extortion and hast forgotten me

saith the Lord God 13 Behold therefore I have smitten mine hand at thy dishonest gain

which thou hast made and at thy blood which hath been in the midst of thee

12 Munera acceperunt apud te ad effundendum sanguinem usuram et

superabundantiam accepisti et avare proximos tuos calumniabaris meique oblita es

ait Dominus Deus 13 Ecce complosi manus meas super avaritiam tuam quam fecisti et

super sanguinem qui effusus est in medio tui

דם נשך ותרבית לקחת ותבףעי רעיך בעשק ואתי שכחת נאם אדני -בך למען שפך-ד לקחושח

12 יהוה

דמך אשר היו בתוכך-בצעך אשר עשית ועל-והנה הכיתי כעי אל 13

2212 μ ά σ σ ί π σ μ τό ὶ π σμὸ

μ ά σ σ ί ὶ σ τ σ σ τ ί σ τὴ τ στ ί μ

ὲ π άθ γ 2213 ὰ ὲ π τά ά μ π ὸ ά μ υ

σ τ τ σ π ί σ ὶ πὶ τ ἱ μ σί σ τ γ γ μ μ σ σ

12

ורביתא ליאוביך בדיל למשפך דם זכי חב ושחדא קביל

שבקת פלחניו נסאבעשקאונסבת ואהנית רחמך בא

אמר יוי אלהים

13

דאנסת נסיךועלך בחובי ממון א תיואיתיתי פורענ והא

ועל דם זכי דאשתפיך בגויך

Haman bribes Xerxes to kill a whole people

Est 38-9 8 And Haman said unto king Ahasuerus There is a certain people

scattered abroad and dispersed among the people in all the provinces of thy kingdom

and their laws are diverse from all people neither keep they the kings laws therefore it

is not for the kings profit to suffer them 9 If it please the king let it be written that they

may be destroyed and I will pay ten thousand talents of silver to the hands of those that

have the charge of the business to bring it into the kings treasuries


[8] And Aman said to king Assuerus There is a people scattered through all the

provinces of thy kingdom and separated one from another that use new laws and

ceremonies and moreover despise the king s ordinances and thou knowest very well

that it is not expedient for thy kingdom that they should grow insolent by impunity [9] If it

please thee decree that they may he destroyed and I will pay ten thousand talents to

thy treasurers

8 Dixitque Aman regi Assuero Est populus per omnes provincias regni tui dispersus

et a se mutuo separatus novis utens legibus et caeligremoniis insuper et regis scita

contemnens et optime nosti quod non expediat regno tuo ut insolescat per licentiam 9

Si tibi placet decerne ut pereat et decem millia talentorum appendam arcariis gazaelig

tuaelig

אחד מפזר ומפרד בין העמים בכל מדינות מלכותך -ישנו עם--גח וטאמר המן למלך אחשורוש

-על-אםשוה להניחם גט -דתי המלך אינם עשים ולמלך אין-עם ואת-ודתיהם שנות מכל

-ידי עשי המלאכה להביא אל-כסף אשקול על-המלך טוב יכתב לאבדם ועשרת אלפים ככר

גנזי המלך

38 ὶ ά σ π ὸ τὸ σ τ γ πά θ σπ μ

τ θ σ πάσ τ σ ί σ ἱ ὲ όμ τ π ὰ πά τ τὰ θ

τ ὲ όμ τ σ π σ ὶ σ μυ τ σ σ τ 39

τ σ γμ τ σάτ ἀπ σ τ ἀγὼ γ ά τὸ γ ζ υ ά

τ σ ἀ γ ί τά τ μ

38

ואמר המן למלכא אחשורוש איתי עמא חדא מתבדר ומתפרש ביני עממיא ומקצת מנהון

דיירין בכל פילכי מלכותך וגזירת אוריתהון שניין מכל עמא לחמנא ותבשילנא

ליתיהון נטריןליתהון אכלין וחמרנא ליתיהון שתן ויומי גניסיא דילנא

ונימוסנא לא מקיימין וית גזירת דיני מלכא ליתיהון נטרין ולמלכא לית ליה

שום טימי מנהון ומה הנאה אית ליה בהון אין שבוקינון על אפי ארעא

39

אין קדם מלכא שפיר יתכתב להובדיהון ועל כל חד וחד מנהון אנא יהיב לך מאה

הוה שית מאה אלפי זוזי הויין עשרתיזוזי דסכום אבהתהון כד נפקו ממצרים

אלפין ככרין דכסף לחוד קולמוסא איתיהב לי וכספא יהא מתיהב על ידא דעבדי


מטבעא לאעלא לבית גנזי מלכא עני מארי עלמא וכן אמר הא יהבו סלעא לגולגלתא

כד נפקו ממצרים דסכום סלעיא הוו ככרין אלפא ושבע מאה ושבעין ושבעא סלעא

רשו למזבנהון ולית רשו לאחשורוש למזבוניהוןולית לך

A corrupted court wants to kill45

Mk 1453-65 53 And they led Jesus away to the high priest and with him were

assembled all the chief priests and the elders and the scribes 54 And Peter followed him

afar off even into the palace of the high priest and he sat with the servants and

warmed himself at the fire 55 And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness

against Jesus to put him to death and found none 56 For many bare false witness

against him but their witness agreed not together 57 And there arose certain and bare

false witness against him saying 58 We heard him say I will destroy this temple that is

made with hands and within three days I will build another made without hands 59 But

neither so did their witness agree together 60 And the high priest stood up in the midst

and asked Jesus saying Answerest thou nothing what is it which these witness

against thee 61 But he held his peace and answered nothing Again the high priest

asked him and said unto him Art thou the Christ the Son of the Blessed 62 And Jesus

said I am and ye shall see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power and

coming in the clouds of heaven 63 Then the high priest rent his clothes and saith What

need we any further witnesses 64 Ye have heard the blasphemy what think ye And

they all condemned him to be guilty of death 65 And some began to spit on him and to

cover his face and to buffet him and to say unto him Prophesy and the servants did

strike him with the palms of their hands

53 And they led Jesus away to the high priest and with him were assembled all the

chief priests and the elders and the scribes 54 And Peter followed him afar off even into

the palace of the high priest and he sat with the servants and warmed himself at the

fire 55 And the chief priests and all the council sought for witness against Jesus to put

him to death and found none 56 For many bare false witness against him but their

witness agreed not together 57 And there arose certain and bare false witness against

45



him saying 58 We heard him say I will destroy this temple that is made with hands and

within three days I will build another made without hands 59 But neither so did their

witness agree together 60 And the high priest stood up in the midst and asked Jesus

saying Answerest thou nothing what is it which these witness against thee 61 But he

held his peace and answered nothing Again the high priest asked him and said unto

him Art thou the Christ the Son of the Blessed 62 And Jesus said I am and ye shall

see the Son of man sitting on the right hand of power and coming in the clouds of

heaven 63 Then the high priest rent his clothes and saith What need we any further

witnesses 64 Ye have heard the blasphemy what think ye And they all condemned

him to be guilty of death 65 And some began to spit on him and to cover his face and

to buffet him and to say unto him Prophesy and the servants did strike him with the

palms of their hands

53 Et adduxerunt Jesum ad summum sacerdotem et convenerunt omnes

sacerdotes et scribaelig et seniores 54 Petrus autem a longe secutus est eum usque intro

in atrium summi sacerdotis et sedebat cum ministris ad ignem et calefaciebat se

55 Summi vero sacerdotes et omne concilium quaeligrebant adversus Jesum testimonium

ut eum morti traderent nec inveniebant 56 Multi enim testimonium falsum dicebant

adversus eum et convenientia testimonia non erant 57 Et quidam surgentes falsum

testimonium ferebant adversus eum dicentes 58 Quoniam nos audivimus eum

dicentem Ego dissolvam templum hoc manu factum et per triduum aliud non manu

factum aeligdificabo 59 Et non erat conveniens testimonium illorum 60 Et exsurgens

summus sacerdos in medium interrogavit Jesum dicens Non respondes quidquam ad

ea quaelig tibi objiciuntur ab his 61 Ille autem tacebat et nihil respondit Rursum summus

sacerdos interrogabat eum et dixit ei Tu es Christus Filius Dei benedicti 62 Jesus

autem dixit illi Ego sum et videbitis Filium hominis sedentem a dextris virtutis Dei et

venientem cum nubibus caeligli 63 Summus autem sacerdos scindens vestimenta sua ait

Quid adhuc desideramus testes 64 Audistis blasphemiam quid vobis videtur Qui

omnes condemnaverunt eum esse reum mortis 65 Et cœperunt quidam conspuere eum

et velare faciem ejus et colaphis eum caeligdere et dicere ei Prophetiza et ministri alapis

eum caeligdebant


53 Κ ὶ ἀπήγ γ τὸ Ἰ σ ῦ π ὸ τὸ ἀ έ ὶ σ έ τ τῷ πά τ ἱ

ἀ ῖ ὶ ἱ π σ ύτ ὶ ἱ γ μμ τ ῖ 54 ὶ Πέτ ἀπὸ μ όθ

ἠ ύθ σ τῷ ἕ ἔσ τὴ ὴ τ ῦ ἀ έ ὶ ἦ σ γ θήμ μ τὰ

τῶ π τῶ ὶ θ μ όμ π ὸ τὸ υῶ 55 Οἱ ὲ ἀ ῖ ὶ ὅ τὸ σ έ

ζήτ τὰ τ ῦ Ἰ σ ῦ μ τ ί τὸ θ τῶσ τό ὶ ὕ σ 56 π ὶ

γὰ μ τύ τ τ ῦ ὶ ἴσ ἱ μ τ ί ἦσ 57 ί τ

ἀ στά τ μ τύ τ τ ῦ έγ τ 58 ὅτ Ἡμ ῖ ἠ ύσ μ τ ῦ

έγ τ ὅτ γὼ τ ύσ τὸ ὸ τ ῦτ τὸ π ί τ ὶ ὰ τ ῶ ἡμ ῶ

ἄ ἀ π ί τ μήσ 59 ὶ ὲ ὕτ ἴσ ἦ ἡ μ τ ί τῶ 60 ὶ

ἀ στὰ ἀ ὺ τὸ μέσ π ώτ τὸ Ἰ σ ῦ έγ Ο ἀπ ί ῃ έ τί

ὗτ ί σ τ μ τ ῦσ 61 ὲ σ ώπ ὶ έ ἀπ ί τ πά ἀ ὺ

π ώτ τὸ ὶ έγ τῷ ὺ ἶ Χ στὸ ἱὸ τ ῦ γ τ ῦ 62 ὲ Ἰ σ ῦ

ἶπ γώ μ ὶ ὄ σθ τὸ ἱὸ τ ῦ ἀ θ ώπ ῶ θήμ τῆ άμ

ὶ όμ πὶ τῶ υ ῶ τ ῦ ῦ 63 ὲ ἀ ὺ ή τ ὺ τῶ

τ ῦ έγ Τί ἔτ ί ἔ μ μ τύ 64 ἠ ύσ τ πά τ τῆ συ μί τί

μῖ υ ί τ ἱ ὲ πά τ τέ τὸ ἶ ἔ θ άτ 65 Κ ὶ ἤ τό τ

μπτύ τῷ ὶ π ύπτ τὸ π όσ π τ ῦ ὶ υίζ τὸ ὶ έγ

τῷ Π υήτ σ ἡμῖ τί στ π ίσ σ ὶ ἱ π έτ πίσμ σ τὸ

ἔ ܘܗܝ 35

ܡ ܘܥ ܘܐܘܒ ܮ ܐ ܠܘܬ ܠܝ

ܒ ܩܝܦ ܗܦܐ ܪ ܧܮܘ ܟ ܟ ܐܬ ܗ ܘ

ܘܢ ܠܘܬ ܡܗ ܝ ܟ ܒ ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ

ܬ ܐ ܘܩܦ ܘܩܮܝܮ

ܘܢ 35 ܤܥ ܝܨ ܭ ܨ ܕ ܘܚܪܐ ܣܐ ܪ

ܗ ܗܘܐ ܐܬ ܪ ܣܐ ܒ ܘ ܥܕ

ܐ ܠܔ ܪܬ ܒ ܕ ܪ ܗܦܐ ܕ ܒ ܟ

ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ

ܨ ܣܮܤܮܧܐ ܢ ܘܭܛ ܘܩܒ ܐ ܠ

ܦܘܪ

ܝ 33 ܒ ܗܦܐ ܪ ܝܨ ܟ ܗ ܕ

ܡ ܘܢ ܘܟ ܧܮܗ ܝܨ ܟ ܥ ܘܥ ܥܢ ܗܘܘ ܒ ܮ ܐ ܝ

ܘܬ ܘܦܝܗܝ ܩܗܕ ܦܤܝ ܛܘ ܘܐܠ ܕ ܭܟ ܐܕ 35 ܝܐܐ ܟ ܝܬ ܩܔ ܝܨ ܓ ܘܢ ܗܘܝ ܭܘܝܨ ܐܠ ܥܡܘܗܝ ܗܘܘ ܣܪܗܕ ܗ ܘܬ ܩܗܕ ܝܨ ܐܦܮܝܨ 35 ܐ ܥܡܘܗܝ ܩܤܘ ܕ ܐ ܩܗܕ

ܘܩܬ ܭ ܐܣܬܘ ܕ ܘ

ܚܧܨ 35 ܐܣܬ ܭܤܥܧܝܗܝ ܕ ܐܦܐ ܕ ܐ ܕ ܠ ܐܦܐ ܭܬ ܝܕ ܗܦܐ ܗܝܟ ܥܒ ܝܐ ܕ ܐܝܕ ܐ ܒ

ܠ ܧܐ ܝܘܣܝܨ ܘܠ ܐܦܐ ܒ

ܦܐܐܠ ܐܚܬ ܝܕ ܕ ܝܐ ܥܒ ܐܝܕ ܒ

ܠ 35 ܝܨ ܘܐܦ ܧܐ ܕ ܘܢ ܗܘܬ ܭܘܝܐ ܗܟ ܗ ܘܬ ܩܗܕ ܒ ܘܩܥ 56

ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ

ܤܨܥ ܗ ܒ ܘܥ ܘܭܐܠ ܮ ܐܣܬ ܠܝ ܧܐ ܐܠ ܘ ܣܦ ܤܐ ܐܦ

ܓ ܝܨ ܣܧܐ ܦ ܣܪܗܕ

ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ

ܘ 56 ܝܨ ܗ ܝܫ ܕ ܡ ܗܘܐ ܭ ܕ ܘܒ ܥܧܝܗܝ ܐܠ ܘܣܗ ܘܬ

ܒ ܭܐܠ

ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐܣܬ ܟ ܘ ܘ ܐܦ ܗ ܣܮܝܛܐ ܗ

ܬ ܒ

ܐ ܬܟ ܣܒ ܕ ܘ 56 ܝܨ ܗ ܘܥ ܕ ܮ ܣܬ ܝ ܗ ܐ

ܦܐ ܠ ܚܙܘܢ ܐܦܐ ܐ ܗ ܘܬ

ܬ ܐܦܮܐ ܠܒ ܒ ܕ

ܝ ܨ ܕ ܚܝܠ ܝܤܝܧܐ ܣ ܐ ܕ

ܥܢ ܘܐܬ

ܭܤܝܐ ܥܧܧܝܒ 55ܗܦܐ ܪ ܝܨ ܟ ܐ ܕ

ܝܧܗ ܨܪ ܘܬ ܐܣܬ ܟ ܝܢ ܣܧܐ ܘ ܟ ܝܨ ܣ ܥ ܒ ܐ ܠܨ ܣ ܩܗܕ


ܨ ܗܐ 55 ܗ ܣ ܘܣ ܘܢ ܦ ܐ ܭܤܥ ܦ ܘܕ ܚܙܐ ܣܧܐ ܓ ܘܢ ܣ ܦܘܢ ܠܟ ܝܨ ܗ ܘܢ ܕ ܡܗ ܦܘ ܟ ܚܝܒ ܕ ܘ ܕ ܗ

ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53

ܩܝܨ ܐܦܮܝܨ ܘܭܬ

ܗ ܪ ܘܦ ܬܨ ܦ ܝܨ ܒ ܘܗܝ ܘܣܛܦ ܛܝܨ ܐܦ ܗ ܘܣܪܦ

ܝܨ ܠ

ܐ ܘܐܣܬ ܦܒ ܬ ܐ ܐ ܚܮ ܝܨ ܘܕ ܣܛ

ܗ ܗܘܘܘܗܝ ܥܢ ܠ ܟ ܦ

Bribery kills people and profanes God

Eze 1319 And will ye pollute me among my people for handfuls of barley and for

pieces of bread to slay the souls that should not die and to save the souls alive that

should not live by your lying to my people that hear your lies

And they violated me among my people for a handful of barley and a piece of

bread to kill souls which should not die and to save souls alive which should not live

telling lies to my people that believe lies

Et violabant me ad populum meum propter pugillum hordei et fragmen panis ut

interficerent animas quaelig non moriuntur et vivificarent animas quaelig non vivunt

mentientes populo meo credenti mendaciis

תמותנה ולחטות -עמי בשעלי שערים ובפתותי לחם להמית נפשות אשר לא-ותחללנה אתי אל

לעמי שמעי כזב--תחיינה בכזבכם-נפשות אשר לא

ὶ μ π ὸ τὸ ό μ ὸ θ ὶ σμάτ

ἀ τ τ ἀπ τ ά ἀπ θ ὶ τ π π σ σθ ά

ζ σ τ ἀπ υθ γγ σθ μ σ τ μάτ ἀπ υθ γμ τ

במגוסיןוסערין ליובעמי בשיע תיורע ןואחילתו

לא אתין תןודלחים לאמתא נפשן דלא חזי להון דימ

נפשן דלא חזי להון לקיימא לקיימאוממתתן

לעמי שמעי תכוןודתתקיימן לא אתין מקימן בכדב

כדבין

14 Corruption of Public Officials goes against the poor and the Country

Corruption is against the rights of the poor


The word ldquojudgmentrdquo kriacutesis in greek needs to be understood in the light of the greek

usage of the Septuagint that parallels that word with truth aleacutetheia (Ps 1117 gk1107)

46

Mt 2323 Woe unto you scribes and Pharisees hypocrites for ye pay tithe of mint

and anise and cummin and have omitted the weightier matters of the law judgment

mercy and faith these ought ye to have done and not to leave the other undone

Woe to you scribes and Pharisees hypocrites because you tithe mint and anise

and cummin and have left the weightier things of the law judgment and mercy and

faith These things you ought to have done and not to leave those undone

Ο ὶ μῖ γ μμ τ ῖ ὶ Φ σ ῖ π τ ί ὅτ ἀπ τ ῦτ τὸ ἡ ύ σμ ὶ

τὸ ἄ θ ὶ τὸ ύμ ὶ ἀυή τ τὰ ύτ τ ῦ όμ τὴ ίσ ὶ τὸ

ἔ ὶ τὴ πίστ τ ῦτ ὲ ἔ π ῆσ ἀ ῖ μὴ ἀυ έ

vae vobis scribae et Pharisaei hypocritae quia decimatis mentam et anethum et

cyminum et reliquistis quae graviora sunt legis iudicium et misericordiam et fidem haec

oportuit facere et illa non omittere

ܘܢ ܘܝ32 ܐ ܠܟ ܬ ܐ ܩܦ ܝܮ

ܬ ܝ ܘܦ ܐ ܦܪܒ ܐܦ ܝܨ ܒ

ܣܥܪܬ ܘܢ ܕ ܐ ܦܧܥܐ ܐܦ ܘܦܐ ܘܭܒ ܤ ܘܢ ܘܟ ܪ ܘܭܒ

ܗ ܬ ܘܩܐ ܝܪܝܬ ܦܤ ܝܧܐ ܕ ܐ ܘܚܧܧܐ ܕ

ܝܨ ܘܗܝܤܧܘܬ ܝܨ ܗܠ ܕ

ܘܢ ܗܘܐ ܘܐܠ ܕ ܥܒ

ܬ ܝܨ ܕ

ܘܢ ܐܠ ܘܗܠ ܪ ܭܒ ܬ

A bribe is to oppress the poor47







כי ידעתי רבים עשעיכם ועצמים חחאתיכם צררי צדיק לקחי כפר ואביונים בשער החו


ί μ ά τ ἀ άγμ τ ὶ π τ π ί τ 46


Verlag p 943 47


ארי גלי קדמי דסגיאין מרדיכון ותקיפן

חלף דמקבליןמעיקין ליה לזכאה בתכוןחובתכוןותי

בדיל לקבלא מיניה ממון דשקר ודין חשיכיא

בבית כנישתכון מסטן

Bribery destroys national welfare

Pr 294 The king by judgment establisheth the land but he that receiveth gifts

overthroweth it

A just king setteth up the land a covetous man shall destroy it

Rex justus erigit terram vir avarus destruet eam

במשעט יעמיד ארץ ואיש תרומות יהרסנה--מלך

σ ὺ ί ἀ ίστ σ ώ ἀ ὴ ὲ π ά μ τ σ άπτ

מלכא בדינא ניקום ארעא וגברא עוילא עקיר לה

Corruption of judges ruins the Nation48

Da 912 And he hath confirmed his words which he spake against us and against

our judges that judged us by bringing upon us a great evil for under the whole heaven

hath not been done as hath been done upon Jerusalem

And he hath confirmed his words which he spoke against us and against our princes

that judged us that he would bring in upon us a great evil such as never was under all

the heaven according to that which hath been done in Jerusalem

Et statuit sermones suos quos locutus est super nos et super principes nostros qui

judicaverunt nos ut superinduceret in nos magnum malum quale numquam fuit sub

omni caeliglo secundum quod factum est in Jerusalem

להביא עלינו רעה גדלה אשר --דבר עלינו ועל שפטינו אשר שפטונו-דבריו אשר-וטקם את

ם-עשתה תחת כלנ -לא השמים כאשר נעשתה בירושל

ὶ στ σ τ ὺ όγ τ ά σ υ ἡμ ὶ πὶ τ ὺ τὰ ἡμ

ἡμ π γ γ υ ἡμ ὰ μ γά γ γ π άτ π τὸ τ

τὰ τὰ γ όμ σ μ

ܠܤܝܮܝܘ ܥܡܝܨ ܒܝܬܮܐ ܪܒܮܐ ܕܠܐ ܘܐܩܝܥ ܣܡܘܗܝ ܕܣܡܢ ܥܡܝܨ ܘܥܢ ܕܝܧܝܨ ܕܕܦܘܢ 48



ܐܬܥܒܕܬ ܐܟܘܬܗ ܬܚܝܮ ܫܤܝܐ ܐܝܟ ܕܐܬܥܒܕܬ ܒܐܘܪܫܡܥ

E Punishment of corruption

16 God condemns corruption

Punishment for Bribery

Dt 2725 Cursed be he that taketh reward to slay an innocent person And all the

people shall say Amen

Cursed be he that taketh gifts to slay an innocent person and all the people shall

say Amen

Maledictus qui accipit munera ut percutiat animam sanguinis innocentis et dicet

omnis populus amen

העם אמן - ארור לקח שחד להכות נפש דם נקי ואמר כל

π τά τ ά π τά ὴ ἱ μ τ ἀθώ ὶ σ π

ό γ τ

ליט דיקביל שחדא למקטל נפש דם זכאי ויימר כל עמא אמן

Am 26 Thus saith the LORD For three transgressions of Israel and for four I will

not turn away the punishment thereof because they sold the righteous for silver and

the poor for a pair of shoes

Thus saith the Lord For three crimes of Israel and for four I will not convert him

because he hath sold the just man for silver and the poor man for a pair of shoes

Haeligc dicit Dominus Super tribus sceleribus Israeumll et super quatuor non convertam

eum pro eo quod vendiderit pro argento justum et pauperem pro calceamentis

מכרם בכסף צדיק ואביון -ארבעה לא אשיבנו על-שלשה עשעי ישראל ועל-כה אמר יהוה על

בעבור נעלים

η δε ε κ π ορ ἐπὶ ηα ρ ηπ ζὶν ζεβε α ρ ζπαη καὶ ἐπὶ ηα ρ η ζζαπζ ν οὐκ

ποζηπαθ ζομα αὐηόν ν υ ν π δονηο π ςπ ος δ κα ον καὶ π νηηα ε νεκεν

ὑποδημ ηυν


כדנן אמר יוי על תלתה חובי ישראל ועל ארבעה לא

בכספא זכאיןמיסכינין ואשבוק להון על דזבינ

ןווחשיכיא בדיל דיחסנ

Condemnation of Bribery

Job 1534 For the congregation of hypocrites shall be desolate and fire shall

consume the tabernacles of bribery

For the congregation of the hypocrite is barren and fire shall devour their

tabernacles who love to take bribes

Congregatio enim hypocritaelig sterilis et ignis devorabit tabernacula eorum qui

munera libenter accipiunt

שחד-עדת חנף גלמוד ואש אכלה אהלי-כי

μ τ γὰ ἀσ θά τ π ὲ σ τ

לצערא ואשתא גמרת משכני שוחדאארום סיעת דילטור

Public Officials must keep themselves away from gifts49

Isa 3315 He that walketh righteously and speaketh uprightly he that despiseth the

gain of oppressions that shaketh his hands from holding of bribes that stoppeth his

ears from hearing of blood and shutteth his eyes from seeing evil

He that walketh in justices and speaketh truth that casteth away avarice by

oppression and shaketh his hands from all bribes that stoppeth his ears lest he hear

blood and shutteth his eyes that he may see no evil

Qui ambulat in justitiis et loquitur veritatem qui projicit avaritiam ex calumnia et

excutit manus suas ab omni munere qui obturat aures suas ne audiat sanguinem et

claudit oculos suos ne videat malum ם אזנו משמע הלך צדקות ודבר מישרים מאס בבצע מעשפות נער כעיו מתמך בשחד אט לגטו

דמים ועצם עיניו מראות ברע

49

Strong J The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible Nashville Abingdon 1981 p 257


π όμ σ θ ό μ σ ἀ μί ὶ ἀ ί ὶ τὰ

ἀπ σ όμ ἀπὸ ώ τὰ τ ἱ μὴ ἀ σ ίσ ἱ μ τ

μμ τ ὺ υθ μ ὺ ἱ μὴ ἀ ί

אמר נביא יתותבון בה צדיקיא כל דמהליך בזכו וממליל כיונן מתרחק מממון דשקר מרחיק

י וכלי נפשיה מן אנוסין מנע ידוהי מלקבלא שוחדא מטמטים אודנוהי מלמשמע באשדי דם זכ

עינוהי מלמחזי בעבדי ביש

Persons in authority must not be susceptible to bribes50

2 Chr 197 Wherefore now let the fear of the LORD be upon you take heed and do

it for there is no iniquity with the LORD our God nor respect of persons nor taking of

gifts

Let the fear of the Lord be with you and do all things with diligence for there is no

iniquity with the Lord our God nor respect of persons nor desire of gifts

Sit timor Domini vobiscum et cum diligentia cuncta facite non est enim apud

Dominum Deum nostrum iniquitas nec personarum acceptio nec cupido munerum

-יהוה אלהינו עולה ומשא פנים ומפח-אין עם-כי--הוה עליכם שמרו ועשוי -ועתה יהי פחד

שחד

ὶ γ σθ υό ί υ μ ὶ υ άσσ τ ὶ π σ τ τ στ

μ τὰ ί θ ἡμ ἀ ί ὲ θ μάσ π όσ π ὲ

וכדון יהי דחלתא דייי עליכון אסתמרו ועבידו ארום לית קדם ייי אלהנא שקר ומיסב אפין

וקבלות שחדא

Conclusion

Why Corruption and Bribes are to be condemned

The reason is that a bribe blinds the eyes and corrupts conscience51 perverts the

judgment52 and it may ldquolead to the shedding of innocent bloodrdquo53 affects the impartiality

and trust of Public Officials 54 and ultimately offends God

50

Cohn HH Bribery Encyclopaedia Judaica v 4 Jerusalem Macmillan Co 1971 col 1367


In biblical times as in ours corruption and bribes were widespread we see that the

Bible denounces bribery in its different forms and shades Lies occultation of truth

together with false witnesses (Mt 2659-62) The external motive of corruption is money

gain reward for the Public Officials and the result is perversioacuten of everything that is right

(Mic 39-11) That gift leads to the oppression of the poor in the Court (Am 512) and to

please the persons in power (Pr 2926) to discriminate against innocent people so that

the Bible forbides it in any circumstance (Dt 117 Lev 1915 Dt 1619 Jms 219) Many Public Officials receive threats ldquoto act as the briber shall prescriberdquo55 (J 1912-

16 Mt 2724-26) or the persons in authority themselves want to content the people (Mk

1510-15) and that is also corruption

The person of the corrupted Public Official is shown as friend of thieves lover of

gifts looking for retributions and payments for his favors (Isa 123) Kings are seen

offering bribes (1 Ki 1518-19) as well as Governors (Ne 515) Elders Judges

seducing women and sending them to death (Da 135 Susanna) they appear as

actively looking for rewards by presenting evil as good (Mic 73) They are compared to

roaring lions and devouring wolves (Zep 33)

It is common knowledge that the Bible is in a pre-Montesquieu environment and that

the tri-partite government was not yet in existence so that an elder a ruler a judge was

at the same time a bearer of the Legislative Power of the Executive Power and of the

Judicial Power and bribing any of them was truly a corruption of a person in authority

with public duties especially in the Semitic world

For a person in authority to lie in the Tribunals and Courts in order to favor the

wicked and put the needy in their hands constitutes corruption (Ecc 316 Ps 822-4)

and also it is corruption to be surrounded by corrupt people (Prov 255) in order to have

51

Cohn HH Bribery Encyclopaedia Judaica v 4 Jerusalem Macmillan Co 1971 col 1367 52


Verlag p 943 53


Cf Scholz F Bestechung In Houmlfer J-Rahner K ed Lexikon fuumlr Theologie und Kirche v 2 Freiburg 1958 p 303s 55

Slater T Bribery in The Catholic Encyclopedia v 2 New York The Gilmary Society 1913 p 778b


plenty of riches (Ps 2610) A bribe is called ldquomoney of liesrdquo (Pr 1527) and even the

soldiers are passive subjects of bribes (Mt 2812-15)

Legislators corrupt themselves when enact laws that are against the defenseless

(Isa 101-2) and then they themselves try to appear as just (Lc 1142)

Corruption bears fruit first it blinds the Public Official and then closes his mouth so

that he will not correct mischiefs (1 Sa 123 Sir 2029 [31]) and corruption will advance

in the perversioacuten of judgment (Pr 1723) even of the wise (Ex 238 Dt 1619) because

of a bribe as little as a piece of bread or a pair of shoes (Pr 2821 Am 26) bending

what is right into a crocked thing (1 Sa 83) so as to justify the wicked and condemn the

just (Isa 523) And the mature fruit of corruption changes good for evil (Da 1352-53

[Susanna]) Corruption delays the administration of justice in expectation of a bribe (Ac

2426) or obstructs it (Hab 14)

Corruption has its casualties its damages its victims The leaders devour their own

people (Mic 31-4) violently shed the innocent blood of the poor the stranger the

fatherless and the widow (Jer 223) Blood is the ultimate result of any bribe (Eze 2212-

13) and killing can be at a national level (Est 38-9) for a corrupted court full of lies

wants to kill (Mk 1453-65) those who should not die (Eze 1319) The judgment must be

grounded on the truth (Ps 1117 gk1107 Mt 2323) and without bribes otherwise

afflicts the just and the poor (Am 512) destroys national welfare (Pr 294) and ruins the

Nation (Da 912)

At the end there will be curse (Dt 2725) punishment (Am 26) and condemnation

(Job 1534) for corrupted Public Officials so the duty of a Leader is to keep himself

away from bribes and corruption (Isa 3315) and not be susceptible to them (2 Chr

197)


1 Limits of our investigation

In our study of corruption in the Bible we will confine ourselves to the concept of

corruption as the ldquoperversion or destruction of integrity in the discharge of public duties

by bribery or favourrdquo 1 as confirmed by Schenone and Gregg 2

This is the juridical notion (crimen repetundarum) at the time of Christ ldquoqui cum

aliquam potestatem haberet pecuniam ob iudicandum vel non iudicandum

decernendumve acceperit hellip vel quo magis aut minus quid ex officio suo faacuteceret hellip Qui

munus publice mandatum accepta pecunia ruperuntrdquo ldquowhosoever having some public

power receives money in order to judge or not to decide hellip or to do something more or

do something less than which is required by his duty hellip whosoever breaks the public

office and mandate by receiving moneyrdquo 3

We will take bribery as ldquomaking a gift to a person in authority especially a judgerdquo4 in

order to obtain advantages to induce that person ldquowhile under the obligation of acting

without any view to private emolument to act as the briber shall prescriberdquo5 Bribe is a

ldquogift or favor given or promised for the purpose of influencing the official decisions or

conduct of a person in a position of trustrdquo6 Imposed fear on the Public Official as well

as his desire to please other persons obtains the same effect as bribery7

Our task here is only to show the facts the texts and derive from them some

conclusions in the same factical level No elaboration more than the apodictic one will

be exercised

1 The Oxford English Dictionary v 2 (1933) p 1025a cf Schenone O- Gregg S A Theory of Corruption Christian

Social Thought Series Acton Institute Grand Rapids Michigan 2003 Passim 2 Cf Schenone O- Gregg S A Theory of Corruption Christian Social Thought Series Acton Institute Grand

Rapids Michigan 2012 passim 3 Lex Julia repetundarum Justinianus Dig 48113 4 6 9

4 Cohn HH Bribery Encyclopaedia Judaica v 4 Jerusalem Macmillan Co 1971 col 1367

5 Slater T Bribery in The Catholic Encyclopedia v 2 New York The Gilmary Society 1913 p 778b

6 Cranny T Bribery in New Catholic Encyclopedia v 2 New York McGraw-Hill 1967 p 796a

7 Cf Mt 2718-26 Mk 1515
















rdquoשוחדא



















ldquoאפין






























3 The main texts


















10


theme 11




τὸ















us











12










π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)
















rdquoשוחדא



















ldquoאפין






























3 The main texts


















10


theme 11




τὸ















us











12










π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)




ldquoאפין






























3 The main texts


















10


theme 11




τὸ















us











12










π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)




3 The main texts


















10


theme 11




τὸ















us











12










π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)



τὸ















us











12










π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)









π θ υ ἡμ ά


9כוניתא

מעמקין



11ועל


בשתא










13













LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)










LORD


the Lord















14
















judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)














judge thy neighbour



to justice





















ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)









ܐܚܝ ܠ

ܣܬܝܚܐ





















16















τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)














τῷ Κ ίσ


















πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





πο ῆζα


























17








ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)







ܘܢ ܦܮܬ ܠܗ



ܐ ܝ ܘܕ ܝܗ ܕ
























18












6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)











6 Public Officials







Bribed Kings






19











depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)










depart from me


















18




19




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)




Wicked Governors20









regere populum



ό τὸ ό











20


385b 21








θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)







θ










יבוא אליהם








they wrap it up



22



























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)

























iniquity


24





ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)



ἀσ





















26









with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





with justice
















shall live






29


1957 p 643 30




Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)


Soldiers bribed

























15





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





















מחשיכי עמי






31



Verlag p 943











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)











ܫܒܩܮܘܢ
















33








לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)







לכון







eorum


ἐ ε μο ρ









צדיקם



34








the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)







the just




μ τ ί




judgment


judgment




ὺ σ





will transgress

35


472b 36


203b





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





veritatem



ἀπ ώσ τ ἄ


























before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)








before God








righteous from him










38













shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)











shalt not kill

















40


388b 41






ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





ܨ ܦܘܠ ܗ ܣ

ܒ ܗܘܐ ܠ ܝܗ



ܘܣܤܡ











דינא כיון







42




































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)


































ובדיהוןע






















thee

44












12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)











12 יהוה






12




13
















thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)







thy treasurers





tuaelig




גנזי המלך






38






39

































45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)






























45
































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)































eum caeligdebant




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)




















ἔ ܘܗܝ 35








ܥܥ ܗܘܐ ܘܝ


ܦܘܪ









ܗܦܐ ܪ ܐ ܟ



ܝܨ ܥܡܝܟ ܗܠ


ܒ ܭܐܠ


ܬ ܒ





ܥܢ ܘܐܬ





ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)



ܐ ܣܘܬ ܝܘ 53



ܝܨ ܠ






















כדבין






46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)




46



















ܬ ܝܨ ܕ













Verlag p 943 47








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)








overthroweth it































say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)









say Amen


omnis populus amen



ό γ τ







































49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)


























49












gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)











gifts






שחד





Conclusion





50


























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)

























51



Verlag p 943 53
























Nation (Da 912)




197)





















Nation (Da 912)




197)

Ph.L., S.S.L., S.Th.D. Corruption in the Bible....The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible....

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Transcript of Ph.L., S.S.L., S.Th.D. Corruption in the Bible....The Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible....