PHL 203 Theories of Reality - Lane Community College › users › borrowdalej › phl203_w14 ›...
Transcript of PHL 203 Theories of Reality - Lane Community College › users › borrowdalej › phl203_w14 ›...
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PHL 203 Theories of Reality
Prof. Borrowdale
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Week One
Log into Moodle by THURSDAY 3pm or you may be dropped
Pick up the text: Theories of Reality, 5th Edition
Edit your profile in Moodle Read the syllabus Read the “What is Truth?” Handout Read Ch. 1
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Course Requirements
First Midterm Exam 30% Second Midterm Exam 35% Final Exam 35% Multiple choice T/F Taken in testing lab over a week (4 days for
the Final)
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What is Truth?
See Handout in Moodle and Whiteboard Notes
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The History of Philosophy The Natural Philosophers Before Philosophy • Mythos - Religion • Ethnos - Culture Natural Philosophers/Pre-Socratics • First "Scientists” • Sought rational explanations for the
workings of nature
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Mythos (Religious Explanation)
Why do the seasons change?
The Myth of
Persephone
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Persephone Kidnapped by Hades
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Persephone Kidnapped (Bernini)
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Persephone Kidnapped Greek Vase Painting
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Persephone Kidnapped by Hades (Greek Relief Sculpture)
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Hades Makes His Getaway
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The Persephone Myth
• Hades kidnaps Persephone
• Takes her to the underworld
• Makes her his wife
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The Persephone Myth
• Demeter, the Earth Mother, searches for her daughter, discovers her fate
• She falls into deep depression
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The Persephone Myth
• Demeter neglects her work
• Plants die, nothing grows
• Her tears fill the earth
• Zeus has to intervene
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The Persephone Myth
• Zeus decrees Persephone spend part of the year with her mother
• Some versions involve technicality of Demeter eating pomegranate seeds
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Anaximander
Rational Explanation • No stories about gods • Natural, impersonal forces • Cold & Wet vs Hot & Dry forces
seeking equilibrium • Not factually correct but on the right
track • The right KIND of explanation
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Anaximander
Human evolution from more primitive form
Theories based on observation and rational inference
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Democritus
Atomism (atomos = unsplittable) Materialism Mechanistic world view Element of Probability in Nature
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Anaxagoras
“The Sun is a rock and the earth a moon.”
Celestial bodies are not divine They are made of the same stuff as
terrestrial objects
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The Sophists (lit. “wise men”)
Teachers of argument and rhetoric for a fee
Reputation for trickery, subterfuge, low morals, opportunism
Said to “make the weaker argument defeat the stronger”
Prospered in Athenian lawsuit and politics obsessed culture
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Socrates
Combined the rational theory-building of natural philosophy with argumentative techniques of the Sophists
Father of Philosophy
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Socrates
Socrates wanted to understand the world as a whole, not just astronomy, biology, physics, etc.
Especially interested in virtue & knowledge
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Socrates
Put on Trial as an old man by 3 ambitious young men
Prosecutors self-appointed: Antyus, Meletus, Lycon
The Apology (“Defense) • By Socrates student Plato • Biased account
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Socrates
Charges against Socrates 1. Irreligious Scientist 2. Subversive Sophist 3. Corrupting the Youth (main charge) 4. Religious Heretic
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Artist Conception of Delphi Complex in Socrates’ Time
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Delphi Today
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Delphi Today
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The Oracle at Delphi
• “Pythian Priestess” of Apollo would speak under his inspiration
• Ancient Fortune-telling
• Visions caused by natural gas seeps
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Message from the Oracle
• Socrates friend Chaerephon asks the Oracle if there is anyone wiser than Socrates
• The Oracle answers “No one is wiser.”
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Message from the Oracle
Reaction to the Oracle’s message Quest for a wiser man leads to “corruption” of the youth and bad reputation
Socrates was on a mission from Apollo, had good intentions
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Heresy Charge
Doesn’t answer directly Little known about Socrates’ positive
religious views Skeptical about traditional religion as
were many intellectuals Reductio ad absurdum argument Reveals contradiction in charges
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Socrates Found Guilty
Old man, prefers death to banishment Practically dares the jury to give him
the death penalty Refuses to escape when given the
chance • Procedural justice vs. justice of
outcome • Social contract
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The Death of Socrates
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Socrates Sentenced to Death by Poisoning (Hemlock)
Death is either • An endless sleep or • A transition to a better life Neither is bad, so fear of death is
irrational. False dilemma? Is an endless sleep bad after all? Argument picked up later by Epicurus
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Socrates’ Legacy
Dialogues of Plato Plato’s Academy Aristotle The Examined Life Epistemic Humility The Quest for Truth Socratic Method Basic Branches of Philosophy
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Branches of Philosophy
Epistemology Metaphysics Ethics Political & Social Philosophy Logic Aesthetics History of Philosophy Many subcategories