Philosophy of Conservation.
description
Transcript of Philosophy of Conservation.
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Philosophy of Conservation.
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Question
Which has more value: a white spruce tree or a yew shrub?
Alberta Agriculture
Michigan State U
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Question
Would you pay $1 to save the N. Atlantic right whale?
350 survive today
NOAA
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Why Philosophy?
Indian poem We are limited by what we know
– Problems can only be defined by what we know
– Solutions can only be developed by what we know
Conser Bio is value ridden unlike ecology or pure sciences
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Why does conservation matter to people?
Describes how we view the natural world and how we may react to conservation challenges
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History Found in religious teachings
– Confucianism• Nature interrelated• Conserve nature to preserve human
society
– Buddhism• Loving kindness to nature• Still desire, reduce consumption
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Conservation & Religion
Hinduism– Self realization– Respect for all life
Christianity– Two views (dominion, connected)– Use/steward
Islam– Respect for creation is respect for God– Conserve resources
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Human Value Systems
Utilitarian value– Has value because it can be used
• E.g. forests for timber– Anthropocentric view
• Has value because people can use it
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Utilitarian value
– Values:• Goods (timber, fish, water)• Services (sewage treatment, air filtration)• Information (clouds/weather, crow
mortality/West Nile, snow accumulation/avalanche)
• Spiritual, cultural and psychological (teachings using nature or natural objects (large pine tree to the Iroquois people), beautiful landscapes that draw in tourists, wilderness for canoe enthusiasts.
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Utilitarian value
Under this view use of nature is good, non use a waste
View prevalent in settling Canada Still reflected in our laws Both white spruce and yew have uses for
people.
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Intrinsic value
Has value itself People have intrinsic value How about other life forms?
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Intrinsic value
Since living things and ecosystems are self organizing some consider they have intrinsic value
If you said that you would pay $1 to save the N. Atlantic right whale you agree it has intrinsic value
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Ethics
Changes in philosophy (value systems) has led to changes in ethics (moral code)
Changes result from human experiences usually– Catastrophes– Tragedies– New knowledge
Examples: forestry, fishing
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History of Western Ethics on Conservation
mid 19th Century– Ralph Waldo Emerson, Henry David Thoreau,
and John Muir– Wild places as spiritual/mystical, have intrinsic
value (transcendental conservation ethic)– Natural places need protection even if they
have no economic value
John Muir worked to protect Yosemite National Park & parts of the Sierra Nevada mountains.Resulted in the founding of the Sierra Club
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History of Western Ethics on Conservation
Late 19th Century Gifford Pinchot, Ted Roosevelt Need to protect areas because they had
value to humans Utilitarian conservation ethic
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History of Western Ethics on Conservation
Aldo Leopold “Sand County Almanac” Is a synthesis of the other two ethics Recognizes our interconnectedness with
nature, We cannot separate what we think valuable
from those parts that we see as not valuable All parts valuable Helicopter analogy
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Focus of Conservation Biology
Understanding of species extinction– Speciation– Small population viability– Design of management practices– Genetic and demographic consequences
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Focus of Conservation Biology
Conserve functional attributes of ecosystems– Habitat fragmentation– Change in composition and structure– Gap analyses– Landscape ecology– Island biogeography– Restoration ecology