Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
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Transcript of Philosophy and scientific method- GROUP 2
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Introduction• In this presentation we will examine the
development of philosophy and science within a Western context of thinking.
• Early Greek and Medieval thought.
• The Scientific Revolution.
• The Twentieth Century.
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Philosophy & Research
The Chambers twentieth century dictionary defines philosophy as:
• pursuit of wisdom and knowledge.
• knowledge of the causes of things.
Research is defined as:-
• systematic investigation towards increasing the sum of knowledge.
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ScienceScience is defined as:
• Knowledge ascertained by observation andexperiment, critically tested, systemized andbrought under general principles.
• Also cumulative with each generationbuilding on the ideas of the preceding oneseither through rejection and change orconformity and development.
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Science, Philosophy & Research
• So Philosophy uses Research to test established ideas and identify their limitations which in turn provides the basis for the formulation of new explanations and continues the process of philosophical evolution.
• Science provides the mechanisms through which Research is conducted.
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Key Philosophical Problems
• There are two fundamental philosophical problems which have influenced the development of science:
1. The nature of reality
2. Is there such a thing as absolute truth?
• There have been two paradigm shifts in Western thinking.
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Greek & Medieval Thought
• The ancient Greeks tried to formulate rational principles to explain the world’s structure and composition.
• They also raised fundamental questions about knowledge and reality which are still applicable today.
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• Klein and Lyytinen (1985) transposedPlato’s cave analogy to one which wasapplicable to an organizations IT system.
• They described a situation in whichusers, analysts and management arechained to a rock in a cave such that theycan only see distorted shadows cast on awall.
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• These shades of reality are cast by a largeunsteady flame behind their backs.
• In the example each person seesdifferent images as they move across thewall. They can argue who sees the TRUESHAPE but this cannot be confirmed withany degree of certainty.
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• The significance of this example toResearch is to demonstrate that differentpeople observing a changingphenomenon will draw differentconclusions about the causes of thatphenomenon.
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Aristotle
• Aristotle’s philosophy was based onobserving the world and interpreting theobservations within the limits of ourexperience.
• His arguments were based on deductivereasoning as illustrated in his syllogy:Men are mortal, Socrates is a man,therefore Socrates is mortal.
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Aristotle
• In essence Aristotle and the Greekphilosophers observed the world andestablished lines of deductive argumentto predict what should happen.
• It did not involve experimentation.
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• In was not until Descartes, Bacon andNewton that philosophy moved intothe scientific age.
• The primary difference between theScientific revolution and the Greekphilosophers was INDUCTIVEreasoning.
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Inductive Reasoning
• Bacon insisted that knowledge should bebased on a process of induction, which isthe systematic method of reachinggeneral conclusions on the basis ofevidence gained from individualobservations.
• This led to the use of controlledexperiments and mathematics to buildgeneral theories.
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Inductive Reasoning
• These theories in turn allowedscience to be used to exercise controlover the material world.
• Philosophy became involved inchanging the world rather thansimply observing the world.
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Isaac Newton• Probably the most significant
contributions to experimental sciencewere made by Isaac Newton.
• Newton postulated a theory and thenused experimentation to test it againstalternatives.
• In Newtons view experiments providedknowledge of the laws that governed thewhole world.
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Empiricism vs. Rationalism• Within this process was the debate
between empiricists and rationalists.
• Rationalists believe that all knowledge starts in the mind.
• Empiricists believe that all knowledge originates from experience.
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Rationalism• Descartes’ used the method of
systematic doubt and concluded that theonly thing he could be certain of was hisown existence - I think therefore I am.
• Descartes use of the principle ofanalytical reductionism forms the basisof the majority Western scientificthinking over the past 350 years.
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• Reductionism is characterized by thereduction of complex entities to the simplerparts of which they are composed.
• However, in the twentieth century thisapproach was challenged by those whobelieve that evidence gathered from the partscannot necessarily be combined to describethe behavior of the whole.
• These criticisms have been particularly strongamongst those who have studied the socialsciences.
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Empiricism• John Locke concluded that there are no
such things as INNATE IDEAS but that allwe know comes from experience andreflection upon experience.
• Such experiences cannot be isolatedfrom their surroundings as everything isinter-related to everything else.
• Holistic approach to the scientificmethod.
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Systems Thinking
• One consequence of this holistic approach hasbeen the development of the SYSTEMSMOVEMENT and research methodologies suchas ACTION RESEARCH.
• It is systems thinking that many claim ischallenging the accepted views of scientificrevolution.
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Conclusion
• At the beginning of this presentation I drewattention to the philosophical questions aboutwhat we know for certain and absolute truth.
• Through the scientific revolution philosopherstried to develop methodologies that couldestablish the absolute truth.
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Conclusion
• It is sobering to recall that probably the mostsignificant contribution of the Twentiethcentury was the downfall of Newton’s modelof the world and its replacement by Einstein's.
• The lesson that this provides to today'sresearcher is that the results from scientificwork are never absolute.
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Conclusion
• Hopefully in this presentation we have shownthat:
– there are many different approaches to obtainingknowledge;
– that the knowledge gained depends upon theapproaches adopted.
• In the remainder of the Research Methodsunit you will examine some of theseapproaches in greater detail.
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UNIVERSITY
OF
MAKATIPROF. TESSIE TAPIADOR
SAGADRACA
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Prepared by:Bantolinao, DanwilCabrera, Gienua MarieCarpio, Zarlyd RoseGatdula, MicaellaRaymundo, KatrinaSuarez, Christine JoySurio, Sean M.