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Transcript of Philosophy
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
PHILOSOPHY – portmanteau of Greek terms:
“Philo” – Love
“Sophia” – Wisdom
• Love and pursuit of wisdom by intellectual means;
• Investigation of the nature, causes or principles of reality,
knowledge, or values based on logical reasoning rather than
empirical methods
• A system of thought based on or involving such inquiry
• A system of values by which one lives
PHILOSOPHER – Lover of wisdom
SOPHIST – Worker of wisdom
DEFINITION
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
2 DIVISIONS OF PHILOSOPHY
1. PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
1.1. Logic
1.2. Ethics
2. SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
2.1. Metaphysics
2.2. Aesthetics
2.3. Reality
2.4. Cosmology
2.5. Anthropology
2.6. Epistemology
2.7. Rational Psychology
2.8. Social Philosophy
2.9. Political Philosophy
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
PRACTICAL PHILOSOPHY
LOGIC – the use of valid reasoning and correct
thinking
ETHICS – moral philosophy, deals with
systematizing, defending and recommending
concepts of right and wrong conducts
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
METAPHYSICS – study of the fundamental nature
of being and the world
AESTHETICS – study of art, beauty and taste
REALITY – state of being in existence
COSMOLOGY – study of the origins and eventual
fate of the universe
ANTHROPOLOGY – science of humanity
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
SPECULATIVE PHILOSOPHY
EPISTEMOLOGY – study of knowledge
RATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY – normative concept of
one’s reason to believe or one’s reason for action
SOCIAL PHILOSOPHY – study of questions about
social behavior
POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY – study of politics,
liberty, justice and the enforcement of laws
DICHOSOIntroduction to Philosophy
MILESIAN SPECULATION
• 16th century BC, a group of Milesian thinkers
began to engage in an extended exploration of
the speculative issues
• Their central urge was to show that the
complex world has a simple, permanent
underpinning in the reality of a single kind of
stuff which all else emerges
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
THALES OF MILETUS
624-550 BC
1 of the “7 Wise Men of Greece”
Measured the height of pyramid through the
length of its shadow
Considered water as the basis of all matter
Believed that the universe was controlled by
fixed laws
Founder of the Ionic School of Philosophy
The earth is a flat disc which floats upon
water
Studied geometry in Egypt
Predicted an eclipse in 585 BC
Theory of right angles
Deductive Science, Magnetism, Electrostatic
Effects
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
7 WISE MEN OF GREECE
CLEOBULUS of Lindos
SOLON of Athens
CHILON of Sparta
BIAS of Priene
THALES of Miletus
PITTACUS of Mytilene
PERIANDER of Corinth
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
ANAXIMANDER OF MILETUS
611-546 BC
Pupil of Thales
Theory of “apeiron” (boundless and
infinite)
First man to draw map of the world
The universe is boundless and must be
infinite
Air, water, earth and fire are in
opposition to each other
Founded geography and astronomy
Wind is the fine and moist effluvium of
air massing together
Lightning and thunder are caused by
pneuma or compressed air which
builds up inside thick clouds
Earth is cylinder, diameter is 3x height
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
ANAXIMENES OF MILETUS
570-500 BC
Pupil of Anaximander
Basic principle of the universe is air
Air transforms to fire, wind, cloud,
earth, water and stone
Earthquake is a big product of
moisture
The rainbow is a natural phenomenon
rather than the work of a god
Lightning is a reaction of rain and
cloud
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
PYTHAGORAS OF SAMOS
569-500 BC
Earth was a sphere rotating around a
central fire
Pythagorean Therom (Baudhayana)
2 kinds of reasoning:
Demonstrative Reasoning
Deductive Reasoning
Truly, spirits, ghosts, souls and
transmigration were believed
Believed in metempsychosis
Some teachings:
Don’t eat beans (origin of light)
Don’t eat white cocks (offerings)
Don’t face mirror beside light
(reflects devil)
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
HERACLITUS OF EPHESUS
535-475 BC
“Weeping Philosopher”, “The Obscure”
The first nobleman in the cabinet of
Greek philosophers, “impermanence”
“No man ever steps in the same river
twice” – (universe)
“The path up and down are one and the
same” – (unity of opposite)
Considered “fire” to be the primary form
of the real world
Everything is in the process of flux (panta
rhei)
Everything fights against the other (Yin-
Yang), concept of “logos”
Believed in self-mastery
He is a “pantheist”, fiery element is the
expression that God is everything
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
PARMENIDES OF ELEA
515 BC
Founder of Eleatic School of
Philosophy
2 fragmentary sections from the
poem “On Nature”
The Way of Truth
Reality is one
Change is impossible
Existence is timeless
The Way of Opinion
World of appearance
(false and deceitful)
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
ZENO OF ELEA
490-430 BC
Pupil of Parmenides
Idea of “Monism” – existence of
single reality is Being
“The Dialectic”, for paradoxes
Epichierema – dialectic syllogism
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
EMPEDOCLES OF ACRAGUS
490-430 BC
First philosopher stated the 4
primordial elements: earth, air,
fire, water
Approached for “oracles”
Works through “verse”
Cosmology, he focused on “earth”
Added the forces of “love”
(harmony) and “strife” (discord) to
4 elements similar to Yin-Yang
Yin-male, Yang-female (I-Ging)
Idea of “survival of the fittest”
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
ANAXAGORAS OF CLAZOMENAE
500-428 BC
First philosopher to bring philosophy
from Ionia to Athens
Associated with Pericles – Athens’
statesman and Euripides – writer of
tragedies
Died in Lampsacus as a honoured guest
Composition and Decomposition
Snow contains black and white
“Separation” – process by which
matters are formed, dichotomization
Popularized astronomy – galaxy, milky
way, etc.
DICHOSOAncient Greek Philosophers
LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS
460-370 BC, Abdera
“Shadowy figure”
Expanded “atomic theory”
Did not accept that “everything
is one; change and motion is
illusion”
Overthrown “monism”
“Change is an observation that
does not deceive the senses”
Thought many sizes and shapes of
atoms, moving around in space
Protons
Electrons
Neutrons
DICHOSOPre-Socratic Philosophers
PRE-SOCRATIC PHILOSOPHERS
SUMMARY OF NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. THALES – water, pyramidal and ship measurement
2. ANAXIMANDER – apeiron, geography, astronomy, first map
3. ANAXIMENES – air, rainbow formation
4. PYTHAGORAS – Pythagorean theorem, metempsychosis
5. HERACLITUS – fire, flux (panta rhei)
6. PARMENIDES – Eleatic School, On Nature
7. ZENO – dialectic, monism
8. EMPEDOCLES – oracles, verse, love & strife
9. ANAXAGORAS – composition/decomposition, snow, dichotomy
10.LEUCIPPUS & DEMOCRITUS – atomic theory
DICHOSOSophists and Socrates
PRODICUS OF CEOS
465-399 BC, a sophist
Idea of “hermeneutics” – text
interpretation
Followed the dictate of his master
Socrates
Case subjected to corrupting the
minds of the youth
Rationalize “religion” to natural
object
Used “personification”
DICHOSOSophists and Socrates
HIPPIAS OF ELIS
Mid 5th c. BC, a sophist
Attached to Leucippus and Democritus
Popularized 2 dialogues:
Hippias Major (Arrogant)
Questions beautiful
Puts into ludicrous light
Hippias Minor (Vain)
Deficiency of knowledge
Characterizes ridiculous vain
Natural law, “elements of rights”:
Object
End or intention of agent
Circumstances
Good Act
Indifferent Act
Evil Act
DICHOSOSophists and Socrates
THRASYMACHUS OF CHALCEDON
459-400 BC, a sophist
Character in Plato’s Repubic
“Justice”
Advantage of the stronger
Giving what people deserve
Advantage for another
DICHOSOSophists and Socrates
SOCRATES
469-399 BC, a sophist
1 of the “3 Giant Philosophers”
“I know that I know nothing”
Idea – “goodness” (summum bonum)
“Know Thyself” (Johari’s Window)
Done market model of instruction
Parapathetic Method – art of
continuous questioning
FREE BLIND
HIDDEN UNKNOWN
DICHOSOSophists and Socrates
SOPHISTS AND SOCRATES
SUMMARY OF NOTABLE CONTRIBUTIONS:
1. PRODICUS – hermeneutics, religious rationality, personification
2. HIPPIAS – Hippias Major/Minor, elements of rights
3. THRASYMACHUS – Plato’s Republic, justice
4. SOCRATES – goodness (summum bonum), know thyself, parapathetic