bb CltLOROCocCALE$

(d) In small colonies within a mucilaginous envelope, 1"a1"elysolitary and without envelope; cellsellipsoid, fusiform, cylindrical or rarely spherical; chloroplasts one to several; reproduction byautospores Subfam.Oocystoideae

9. Free-living; colonial with the cells embedded within a mucilaginous envelope; cells spherical toellipsoid; chloroplasts cup-shaped to parietal; reproduction by autospores only. . . . . .

Fam. Radiococcaceae

f

l

10. Free-living and usually planktonic; colonial with the cells closely held together by tough,irregularly shaped, often semilunar or semiopaque mucilage; ,cells spherical to ovoid or obovoid;chloroplast a parietal cup or network; food reserve starch and oil; reproduction by fragmentation ofcolonies or by aplanospores formed within cells. . .. . . Fam. Botryococcaceae

II. Free-living; in colonies, with the cells held together by thread-like remains of the mother cell walland with or without a mucilaginous envelope; cells spherical, ellipsoid, oblong or reniform;chloroplast cup-shaped or parietal; reproduction by fragmentation of colonies, rarely by zoosporesor oogamousgametes.. . . . . Fam.Dictyosphaeriaceae

12. Free-living or rarely attached; in loose colonies held together by mucilage or by adhesion at certainpoints, rarely solitary; cells club-shaped, fusiform, acicular or lunate; chloroplast parietal;reproductionbyautospores.. . . . . Fam.Seunastraceae

13. Free-living; 4-128 cells arranged in a more or less globose or cubical, rarely irregular, colonies, the,cells being connected by mucilaginous pads or bands; cells .usually spherical, rarely cuneate;...chloroplast single and parietal; reproduction by auto-colonies. . Fam. Coetastraceae

\ "

14. Free-living; colonial (fiat, pyramidal or irregular) and made up of 2-4-8-16-32 or more cells;cells ellipsoidal, angular, acicular or trapezoidal; chloroplast usually one, sometimes more and-parietal; reproduction by auto-colonies, rarely by gametes Fam. Scenedesmaceae

(a) Colonies usually in the form of fiat plates with the cells arranged in groups offourj cells an-gular to ellipsoid; chloroplast one or more Subfam. Crucigenioideae

(b) Colonies usually fiat (cells usually in-multiples of 2) or irregularly arranged; cells usuallyoblong, ellipsoid to fusiform, rarely sausage-shaped j chloroplast usually single". . .,: .

. Subfam. Scenedesmoideae

GENERA OF THE CHLOROCOCCALES

(With approximate, number of known species within 'brackets)-:

-1. Fam. Chloroc6ccaceae

Actinochloris-ind. Radiosphaera (2), Apiococcus (I), Borodinella (I), Bractea-coccus (16), Characiella (I), Chlorococcum-incl. Emergococcus,Emergosphaera and"HypTW1!Ionas(28), Dictyochloris (i), Dictyococcus,(2), ? Glaucosphaera.(I), "Gy"drflyana.(I), Krernaslochloris(I), -Myrmecia (5), Nautocofcopsis(2), Naulococcus (4), Neochloris~1O), OoPhila (I), Phaseola~ (2), Planktospharia-incl. Follicularia..t5), ? Poloidion(I), Spongwchloris (8), Spongwcoccum(4), and Trebouxia (13)-

2. Fam. CharaciosiphonaceaeCharacWsiPhon (1)

3. Fam. Characiaceae

Acrochasrna (2), Actidesmium (2), Ankyra (6), Apodochloris (1), BicusPidella-inct Bicuspidellopsis (5), CharaCiochloris(16), Characium (47), Coleochlamys(1),Fnntmdinella (1)::1.tyalocharacium (I), Hydrianum (9), Korshikoviella (6), Paradoxia(1). PseudocharacWchforis.(1), Pseudocharacium-incl. Craniocystis ( 1), Pseudochloro-'

CLASSIFICATION AND PHYLOGENY 67

thecium (2), Pulvinococcus (1), Rhopalocystis (1), Rhopalosolen (3), Schroederia (8),Sykidion (4), and Tetraciella (2)

4. Faro. Chlorochytriaceae

Chlorochytrium (13), Codiolum (I), &togeron (I), Kentrosphaera (6), Macro-chloris (I), Phyllobium (3), Phytophysa (I), and Rhodochytrium (I)

5. Faro. Micractiniaceae

Acanthosphaera (2), Echinosphaeridium(I), Golenkinia (10), Golenkiniopsis (4),Micractinium-incl. Errerella (6), Palmellochaete(1), and Trochiscia (48)

6. Fam. Treubariaceae

Conococcus (1), Desmatractum-ind. Bernardinella and Calyptrobactron (7),&hinocoleum (1), &hinosPhaerella(I), Octogoniella(I), Pachycladon(I), Saturnella (2),Treubaria-ind. Borgea (6), and Trigonidium (I)

7. Fam. HydrodictyaceaeSubfam. Hydrodictyoideae

Euastropsis (1), Hydrodictyon"(5), Pediastrum (31), Sorastrum (7), and Soro-pediastrum (2)Subfam. Tetraedronoideae

. Cerasterias (4), ? Chionaster (2), Closteridium (7), Mycotetraedron (I), Pol--yedriopsis (2), and Tetraedron (73)."

Fam:Oocystaceae .

Subfam. Lagerheimioideae ..

Bohlinia (1), Choaatella (15), Chodatellopsis (I), Dendrocystis (1), Dicaltthos

'(1), Dicellula (3), Franceia (7), Lagerheimia (9), Pilidiocy.ftis (1), and Siderocystis(1)Su.bfam. Chlorelloideae ,

. Chlorella (42), Eomyces (1), Jaagia (1), Keriochlamys (1), Micracantha (I),Mur.iella (5h Mycacanthococcus(3), Myurococcus (1), Palmellococcus(7), Prototheca(4), Sestosoma m. Siderocelis (10), and TlielesPhf!era(1)Subfam. Eremosphaeroideae

.' EremosPhaera(2), Excentrosphaera(I), and Oocystaenium(I)Subfam. Oocysto!deae .

Chloroptens (1), Cryodactylon (I), Ecdysichlamys (I), Glaucocystis (4), Glauco-

cyslopsis (1), Gloeotaenium(2), Makinoella (I), Nephrocytium (10), Oocystidium (I),Oocystis(50), Podohedra (4), Rayssiella (I), Scotiella (12), and -{oocystis(1)

.Faro. Radiococcaceae .

Coenochloris(3), Coenococcus(2), Coenocystis(4), Dispora (4), Gloeobotrys(5),Radiococcus(3), and Thorakochloris (3)

Faro. Botryococcaceae

BotT)lococcus(5) and l!otryosPhaera(2)

CHLOROCOCCALES

~8

Ill. Fam. DictyosphaeriaceaeDactylosphaerium(1), Dictyosphaerium(15), Dimorphococcus(3), VJbocystis(1),

Q!ladricoccus(2), and Westella (3) .

112. Fain. ~elenaslraceaeActi/lastrum (8), A/lkistrodesmus (26), Chlorolobion (1), Closteriopsis (2),

Dac~vlococClls(1), Gloeoactinium (2), Gloxidium (1), Hyaloraphidium (6J, Juranyiella(1), KeratocoCCllS(7), Kirchneriella (17), Nephrochlamys (4), P.rcudococcomyxa(1),Pseudoraciborskiella(2), Qjtadrigula (7), 'a~d Selenastrum(6)

13.

114I

Fam. CoelastraceaeBurkillia(2), Coelastrum (23), Dictyastrum (1), and Pectodictyon (1) 'I'

Fam. ScenedesmaceaeSubfam. Crucigenoideae

Crucigenia(21), Hofmania (3), Tetrachlorella(3) and Tetrastrurrr(9)

Subfam. ScenedesmoideaeClosteriococcus(1), C"onastrum (4), Didymocystis (4), Didymogenes-{2), Enallax

(2), Lauterborniella(2), Marthea (1), Scenedesmiu~(127), Schmidleia (1~, Schroederiella(3), Tetradesmlls(7), Tetrallantos-incl. lvlenzbeiiella (1), and Tomascllillm(1).

15. Genera. of uncertain systematic position ~Elakatothrix(16) , -

Total numher of ~enera, 173; same species 1,079.

'It

"

" 'w

...

INDIAN CHLOROCOCCALES

\ .

'..0: Wallich (1860) appears to have been the first to record some Chlorococcales. from ~<:ng!ll. He described two llew sp~cies of Tetraedron as species of Micrasterias.

Carter (1869) reported the new genus Conococcusand gave an account of the develop-ment of ~orastrum spin~losum. Schaarschmidt (1886) described some algae fromdesiccated specimens of aquatic macroflora obtained from Afghanistan. Four of these.belonged to the Chlorococcales. In W88, Cunnigham reported from East India anaiga occurring inside the leaves of Limnanthemumindicum under the name Stomatochytriumlimnanthemum. This has been regarded by later authors (seeG. S. West, 1916)as a speciesof Chlorochytriwn. Turner (1892) described 44 species of Chlorococcales from N. E.India. Of these two were ne,,!,genera, 13 new, species and three new varieti~s. Laterauthors have referred these new genera'to already kno'Yfi ones. Some of his specieshave also been reduced to synon~ of already known algae, whereas a few have beenconsidered doubtful. However,'m of his -species still stand, though some of them

.' are under names not given by him originally. From Prof. Hansgirg;s collections ofr ~"EiJt' Indian algae, Schmidle (1900 e) reported five species of Chlorococcales from~'Bombay and its suburbs. 'w. and-G. S. West (1902) recorded 23 Chlorococcales,.: 'mostly from paclliy fields of Ceylon. Of these, one, viz. Desmatrii'ctum(with one species)';,w~' a new genUs, and one was a 'new variety. In 1907, they recorded a further 20

~(!:hloro<:Qq:ales from Upper Burma, including a new genus Burkillia (with one species)r;and a new species of Ankistrodesmus,which was lat<er.placed by Printz (1915) ,under a

~Jlew .genus, QuadrigUla. One of the species described as Characiumpyriforme A. Braun\;is really a member of the Xanthophyceae. _ :

, ~ 'Svedelius (1907) recorded a Chlorellainside polyps of Myrionema, off the co~t ofI. ,Galle, Ceylon', under 'the na,me Zoochlorella. The same year Leinmermann observedtten Chlorococcales in Lake Gregory and Lake, Colombo. Crow (1923, 1923 a)[Jrep<>rted 30 species of Chlorococcales from ponds, tanks, and lakes of Ceylon. Of. th~ two were new specie~.' ,

, - Bruhl imd Biswas (1922, 1926) recorded 29 Chlorococcales from the filter beds,of Bengal and Loktak Lake, Manipur. Of these, two were regarded by them as new

.::species and one a ~~.w variety. In 1925, Iyengar described a new species of Hydro-,,~dU!1onfrom Madras, and in 1926 N. Carter reported 15 Chlorococcales from N.E.~41dia. Handa (1927) recorued 13 Chlorococcales from Rangoon. 'Of these, he'::.,lj'eated-three as new varieties. In 1932, Iyengar described a new species of Oocystis~tom South India, and the same year Iyengar and Iyengar described a new species':~fCharacium gr~wing on Anopheles larvae in ponds of Bengal. During. the years.~!)30,1934-, and 1936 Biswas recorded about 20 Chlorococcales from Bengal and

0;

.",~""P

.",.._~1.~.,J':

." 69

:

70 CHLOROCOCCALES

I

I

Assam. Out of these, one was a new species and another (considered by later authorsas doubtful) a new variety.

In 1936, Iyengar discovered a very interesting genus, Chllraciosiphon,from SouthIndia and he suggested a new family to accommodate it. In 1954-,he worked out itsfull life history. Later workers (Agarkar, 1953; Rao, 1954-;Bhandari, 1955) recordedthe alga in Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, and Rajasthan respe~tively. Sharma(1958) recorded asexual cysts in the alga.

Dixit (1937) recorded seven species of Chlorococcales from Bombay Presidency.Singh (1939) observed seven species in cultures of paddy field soils from Uttar Pradesh,and Kanthamma (1940) described a new species of Characium from cultures of soilfrom Madras. Iyengar and Ramanathan (1940) described, from Madras, a new speciesof DictyosPhaeriumshowing oogamous reproduction. Gonzalves and Joshi (1946)observed 22 species of CWorococcales in a pond near Bombay, and G::mzalves andGangla (1949) recorded two species from cultures of paddy field soils from Bombay.

Skuja (1949) reported a large number (about 71) of Chlorococcales from Burma.Of these, three were new species, one each of the genera Characium, 'letraedron andBurkillia.- One was also a new variety. Iyengar and G. Venkataraman (1951)recorded three species from River Cooum,Madras. Holsinger (1955) reported twospecies and six varieties from the lakes of Colombo:- Iyengar and Balakrishnan (1956)described, fr.?m Poona, a new species of 9olenki~ia showing oogamy. Since Korshikov(1953) has created a new genus Golenkiniopsisfor species of Golenkinil1showing oogamy,this species is considered'in this account as a Golenkiniopsis. Khan (1957) recordedone species. from cultures of soils from Kashmir.' G. s.. Venkafaram:ln (1957)recorded six chlorococcales from a pond at Banaras. In 1959, Gonzalves and Mehradescribed the life history of a new genus of the Oocystaceae, viz. Oocystaeniumwhichexhibited oogamous sexual reproduction. V. P. Singh (1959) recorded-,about 13species and varieties of CWorococcales in the 'Tals' and' Jhils' of Uttar Pradesh.Kachroo (1959) reported nine CWorococcales from ponds and the guts of mosquitolarvae in Damodar ",~lley, Bihar. Gonzalves and Yalavigi (1959) noted one memberof the Chlo~oco~cales in the. rhizospheres of crop plants in Bombay State. Raman-( 1959)observed three genera of the Chlorococcales in sewage stabilization ponds af M~dras.

K. P. Singh (1960) described a new Oocystis from Nainital, .Kumaon Hills, inwhich there are micro- and macro-autospores. In 1962, Iyengar described a newdendroid genus, Dendrocystis, ailied to Lagerheimia.

Altogether 44 genera and about 162 species" and 75 varieties and forms havebeen recorded by various workerst for the entire Indian subcontinent (including,Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Burma, Ceylon and Nepal and Sikkim Himalayas).The life histories (partial or full) of a fewof the interesting 0l!es have also been worked out.

During the years 1937-45'and 1949-59, the author (Phili:pose, 1940; 1959) cameacross a number of CWorococcales which were apparently not recorded by previous .workers in India. These included 12 genera, 46 species, and 35 v~ieties and forms.Of these, four appeared to be new species, five new varieties and seven new forms.These are also included in the present account making a total of 208* species and--

*18 of these are described in the Ac!dendum,tAlso see foot.note on p n.. ...

INDIAN CHLOROCOCCALES 71

J 10 varieties and forms known to-date from the Indian region. When it is rememberedthat roughly 1079 species of Chlorococcales, cOmprising about I73'genera, are known

from all over the world (Table IV), this is not a very impressive record. However,the Indian subcontinent with a wide-range of climatic conditions is bound to show alot more forms especially when new localities and situations are systematically explored.Incidentally, Ute study of snow and ice algae is a virgin field, as far as, India is con-

cerned. The Himalayan ranges with its perpetual snow and i~ are bound ,to show anumber Q[cryobionts, some of which could belong to the Chlorococcales.

TABLE IV. ,TUE APPROXIMATE NUMBER OF CHLOROCOCCALEAN GENERA AND SPECIES

KNOWN FROM THE WORLD AND FROM THE INDlAN REGION INCLUDING PERCENTAGEREPRESENTATION IN THE REGION

~

:1

..

".f,':1

Faml1y Species (number)Genera (number)

World From India Endemic

,'.. Chlorococcaceae,'1 ..

,;~ Characiosiphonaceae.f,:

World From India Endemic ~

.--Characiaceae

Chlorochytriaceae

Micractiniaceae

fr~ubariaccac

5

...

5

9

.......'

Hydrodictyaceae \Oocystaceae

Radiococcaceae

Botryococcaceae

Dictyosph~~riaceae

Se1enastraceae

Coe!astraceae

Scenedesmaceae

Doubtful systematic position

.:....

Total173 56

100 32'4

f~~i.

Percentage

~';';.. "~f~.

.'

~<i:'

j

Mitra (Indian j. aerie. Sci., 21 (4): 357-73, 1951) observed nine members of the Chlo~ ea in .,cultures of rice field soils mostly from Allahabad area, of which one was a new variety. . . . ~ and

. Venkataraman (1958) recorded two species from soils of Delhi. Kamat (1962, 1963) recorded cies,t)23 varieties and 2 forms of freshwater Chlorococcales from Ahmedabad and Kolhapur, Salim described 29i)pecies, 18 varieties and 2 forms from Lahore (see Addendum). , '

,"I

i~

110

1

121

27

72

21

135

2 210

2*7

25

92

27

191

16

.5 1,0792.9 100

4

1

15

2

9..

4

47

36

2

8 2

22

10 2

45 6

2

208 34

19'3 3.1

1. Familv CHLOROCOCCACEAE Blackman. ct Tansley, 1902,P 95 .

Usually unicellular or in loose aggregates, very rarely colonial; free living orrarely in association with other plants or animals. Cells nearly spherical and withor without contractile vacuoles. Chloroplasts single and in the form of a parietal cupwith or without lateral aperture, or axial, stellate, net-like or several separatechromatophores which are polygonal or disc-shaped; with or without pyrenoids:Reproduction by zoospores (naked or walled), aplanospores or isogamous gametes.

Only two genera are recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE GENERA

Chloroplast a parietal hollow sphere with one to many pyrenoids; zoospores with walls.. . :-. . .. . ._ . Chlorocoaum( p 72 ")

2. Chioroplast an axial massive one with irregular p'eripherallobes and a central pyrenoid-; zoospores" ·naked . . . . . .Trebouxia ( p 75 )

1.

.I. Genus CHLOROCOCCUMMeneghihi emend. Starr,

1955,p 16 (incl., Hypnomonas!5-0rshikov, i926).. .

Cells solitary or aggregated in temporary colonies of indefinite form and nev.er. imbedded in gelatine, spherical to ellipsoid. Cell wall' smooth, sometimes thickeningwith age. Chromatophore a parietal hollow sphqe with or without a unilateralop<;uing and with. one to many pyrenoids. Cells with or'without contractile vacuo!es,uninucleate or multinucleate. Old cells sometimes with orange oils or red haema!o-chrome. Reserve starch and oil also sometimes. present. Hypnospores with spinywalls sometimes formed. . '

Asexual reproduction ,by aplanospores or zoospores formed by s!lccessive bipar!i-tion or progressive cleavage of chloroplast. Zoospores with two cilia of equal length,with a wall, and not rounding up ~hen quiescent.' -

Sexual reproduction by fusion of biciliate gametes. iygospores with smoot\} orornamented 'walls.

Three species are recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE SPECIES

AquaticCell uninucleate until immediately preceding cleavage and with central,c;ytoplasmic area not.vacuolate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. . . . . . . . ... . . .~infusionulR!p 73 )

Terrestrial . .Chloroplast half filling the cell and without pyrenoid. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . .C. vitiosum( p 73 )Chloroplast completely filling the cell and with a pyrenoid. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .C.humicolo( p 73 )...,

72

r

~

CHLOROCOCCUM 73

I. Chlorococcum infusionum (Schrank) Meneghini

J. Meneghini, 1842,'p 27, pi II, f3;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 62, f 2; H. C. Bold, 1931, pp 577-604, f 1-5; R. N. Singh, 1939, p 62

"

Cells usually spherical, rarely ovoid or elongated and of variable dimensions,solitary or in flat irregular colonies. Chloroplast like a hollow sphere with a notchon one side and with a single pyrenoid. Cells 10-109, rarely up to 135 fl indiameter" (Fig. I).

HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from U.P. forming a thick bloom alongwith Chlorochytriumparadoxum and Chlorellavulgaris (Singh, i.c.).

DISTRIBUTION.'Videspread, incl. Europe; N. America, and India.

2. Chlorococcum vitiosum Printz

H. Printz, 192], p'lO, pi I, f 31-51.,

Cells. usually spherical with a thin cell wall which is usually smooth, but some-,times crenulate on the outside locally or all ove~ the surface. Chloroplast hemispheri-

,. cal (covering only about half of the cell, the other half being colourless), with the edgeeven or sometimes emarginate to denticulate; very rare1y, the chloroplast is reticulately

'latticed. Without a pyrenoid. Nucleus central. Reproduction by numerous zoo-spores. Cells 8-16 fl or rarefy up to 22 f-l in di~~eter. ZaospOres 2-3 f-llong (Fig. 2).

. HAB~T. Along with Protococcusviridis and Pleurastrumlobaturnin a d~ain.in the,- suburbs of Rangoon (Skuja, 1949). .

DISTRIBUTION.S. Mtica and Burma.According to Printz (l.c.), the alga is one of the commonest aerophilous forms in

South Africa.. .

Starr (19.55) held that C. .vitiosum should be excluded from Chlorococcumonaccount of the absence of a pyrenoid. The distinct separation of the chromatophorefrom the cell wall is also, according to him, due to the alga bei"ng not in its optimum

.condition. The alga is ten.tatively included in the present account.

. .. .,

3. Chlorococcum humico~o (Naegeli) Rabenhorst

L. Rabenhorst, 1868, p 58 -=Cystococcus humicoLap.p. Naegeli, 1849, p 85, pI 3-E only=ChLorococcum humicolum (Naegeli) Rabenhorst, incl. C. viridis (Agardh) Brunnthaler see J.

Brunntha]er, 1915, pp 64-65, f I

Cells spherical, solitary or a number of cells crowded togetherto form a stratum.Chloroplast a hollow sphere with a lateral notch and a single pyrenoid. Cells 2-25 flin diameter (Fi~ 3). .

'.. HABITAT.1tIn cultures of soil from Shillong (Biswas, 1934); Bombay (Gonzalveset Gangla, 1949), Allahabad (Mitra, 1951), and Delhi (Dutta and G. S. .Venkata-

. ~an, 1958); pond in University, Rangoon (Skuja, 1949); in cultures of soil from the~r~zospheres "of crop plants in Dharwar (Gonzalves et Yalawigi, 1959, pp 337"'40);~''inslde the guts of Anopheles larvae in Damodar valley, Bihar (Kachroo, 1959).

H CIILOROCOCCALES.::.:.:?~}!t;;:;..,.

::~~m,;~?/=}W

@)..,;,......

;..'. .~...,' ;,;"..,

1 a

za Z b

(8-:..::;".,

~,., J

.e;t~!..!

:.~~~\~';,}}:;?~:\: _3...8'

(8~.;:.-:,.5':::""""::

\;:;:,:'i:L..:'.:,.~:\:'..:';:~

~a ~ fit3..

'.

Q,

-FIGs.1-4. I, Chlorococcumi,ifusionum (SCHRANK) MENEOH.; 2, C. vitiosum

PRINTZ; 3, C. humicolo (NAEO.) RABENH.; 4, Tribouxia humicola (TREB.) WEST ETFRITSCH. .

(La, FROM BEIJERINCK; rb, FROMBOLD; 2, FROMPRINTZ, 1920; 3a, PROMFRITSCH & JOHN, 1942; 3b, AFTER BISWAS, 1934;, 3c-e, AFTER BEIJERINCK;

,_4, AFTERGHODAT).

DISTRIBUTION. Cosmopolitan.

StaIT (1955) considered this species as uncertain on the ground that none ofthe characteristics mentioned by Naegeli are distinctive, and that the species, as at

present understood, was rather pbscure, being a composite of several ill definedspecies. Further, Starr considered the presence of a cell wall in zoospores animportant chara,cter of the genus Chlorococcum. The alga is included in the presentaccount tentatively. .

Speciesnot recordedfrom the India1t region

C.aplanosporumArce et Bold, 1958, P495,f 16-23,92C. i:hIorococcoldes (Korsh.) comb. novo=HyprwmonaschlorococcoidesKorsh., 1926,p44l, p14,f 1-7; 1953,P 57,f2C. diplobionticumHerndon, 1958a, pp 308-12, f 1-30C. dissectumKorshikov, 1953, P 125, f65

~.'.~.

,TREBO\,;XIA 75

b.

C. echil/o<;Jgolum Slarr, 1955, PI' 18-26,1'22-57C. ellipticum. (Korsh.) comb. novo=//ypnomonas elliPsoidea Korshikov, 1953, p 60, I'.!C. hypnospoTum Starr.. 1955, pp 26-30, f 58-80C. tobatum (Korsh.) Fritsch et John, 1942, PI' 376-77=H;pnomonas lobata Korshikov, 1926, I' 445,1'14, f 8-18

C. macrostigmatum Starr, 1953C. minutum Starr, 1955, PI' 30-35, f 81-103C. multinuc/eatum Starr, 1955, PI' 35-39, flO4-116C. oleofaciens Trainor et Bold, 1953, PI' 759-60, f 20-40, 60-6 IC. perforatum Arce et Bold, 1958, I' 497, f 24-31C. Pinguideum Arce et Bold, 1958, p 498, f 32-41,93C. punctatum Arce et Bold, 1958, p 499, f 42-54, 94C. schizochlamys (Korsh.) comb. novo=Hypnomonas schizochlamys Korsh., 1953, p 57, f I

C. tetrasporum Arce et Bold, 1958, P 493, f 9-15C. tubercuIatum (Korsh.) comb. novo=Hypnomonas tuberculata Korsh., 1953, I' 60, f 5C. vacuolatum Starr, 1953C. wimmeri (Hilse) Rabenhorst, 1868, p 60

Starr (1955) listed 18 species ,of Chlorococcum, including C. olivaceum (Rabenh.) Rabenh. (1868,P 58) and C. humicolo (Naegeli) Rabenh., which are known from naturally occurring populations andconsidered them uncertain. A further 13 species, including C. I/atalls Snow (1903, I' 383), C. vitiosum Printz(1921) and C.lobatum (Korsh.) Fritsch etJohn (l.c.) , are also1:0nsidered by him as_doubtful since they havenot been studied in unialgal cultures, or, when so studied, full details have not been given. These 13also include C. sociable Brand (Brand et Stockmayer, 1925), which as West and Fritsch (1927) pointed outshould be considered as a Trlbou;da, and a few others which have to be transferred or had already beenremoved to other genera under the Chlorophyceae or Xanthophyceae. S"talT (l.c.) did not refer toC. dissectum Korsh. or the species of HYP/lomollas described by Korshikov in 1953;. since he had not evidentlyconsulted this work at the time. .

Korshikov (1953>: and Bourrelly (1959) retained the genus HYPllomollos within the family Hyp~monadaceae under the'series Vacllolales and the order Tetrasporales, respectively. They consideredthe presence of two contractile vacuoles in !9pnomollas as distinguishins it from Chlorococcum. However, theauthor is following Fritsch a!ldJohn (1M:!) and Starr (1955) in including Hypnomollas. under ChlofococculII.

Emergococcus Miller (1921, with one species, E.lucens), ha,ving several contractile vacuoles, has beenconsidered by Korshikov (1926) as allied to Chlam)'domonas. But BOUITelly (1959) kept lhe genus under theHypnomonadaceae. Emergosphaera Miller (1921, with one species, E. super.ficialisMiller) which was consi-dered by Korshikov (1926) as incompletely described is retained by him later (1953) under the Chloro-coccoideae. Starr (1955) considered it as prob~bly synonymous to Chlorococcum.

In a recent comparative study of 17 species of Chlorococcumin axenic culture, Bold, H. C. and ParkerB. C. (Ark. Mikrobiol. 42(3) : 267-68, 1962) found such supplementary attributes as colony charact-eristics, changes in colour and cellular morphology with increasing age, inhibition in the lightby organic compounds such as acetate, pyruvate and certain pentase sugars, and differential sensitivityto antibiotic agents, usefu! in distingui~hing the ..species of the genus.

"':I"

'"

II. Genus TREBOUXIA-Pttymaly, 1924, p 109 _

Unicellular, terrestrial, and usually found in the thalli'of lichens.' Cell sphericaland with a thin cell membrane. Chromatophore central and massive w~th wrinkledor lobed margins, filling the cell, and with a central pyn:noru. Nucleus single andin the space between two lobes of the chromatophore. {

Reproduction by. biciliate zoospores or isogj.UIlousgametes. Aplanospores andresting cells with thick cell membrane and containing' oils also known.

Only one species is recorded, so far, from the Indian region.

4. Trebouxia humicola (Treboux) West et Fritsch

G. S. West & F. E. Fritsch, 1927, I' 106, f23 k=Cystococcus humicola Treboux, 1912, p. 69, nOli Nae~eli, 1849=Cystococcus humicola Naegeli emend. Treboux, in J. Brunnthaler,

1949, p 601915, P 65 f 3; H. Skuja,

-.-,

76 CHLOROCOCCALES

Cells 2-25 P, in diameter, the resting cells being larger. Forming green coatson tree trunks, planks, brick walls, etc. and often associated with Chlorococcumhumicolo.Also the algal component of the lichen Xanthoria parietina forming gonidia within thelichen (Fig. 4).

HABITAT. On the barks of Anacardium occidentaleand Albizzia labbek as associate

of a lichen, together with Gloeocapsasanguinea and Trentepohlia lage~iJera respectively.in Rangoon and its suburbs during May and July (Skuja, i.e.).

DISTRIBUTION. Europe and Burma.

Species not recorded from the Indian regwll

T. allticipataAhmadjian, 1959T. arboricola Puymaly, 1924, P 109T. cladolliae (Chodat) G. M. Smith,

1933, p 469, f312=Cystococcuscladolliae Chodat, 1913, pl88T. decoloralls Ahmadjian, 1960, p 681T. erici Ahmadjian, 1960, p 680

. T. gelatillosa Ahmadjian, 1959

T. glomera/a(Waren) Ahmadjian, 1960,p679

T. impressaAhmadjian, 1960, p 681T. incrustataAhmadjianT. lambii AhmadjianT. parmeliaeCh9datT. polteri Ahmadjian

GelUra of Chlorococcaceae -not recordedfrom the IlIdwnregion

Ac/inochloris Korshikov, 1953, p 69, emend., with two species:A. sphaericaKorshikov, 1953, p 69, f 12A. minutus (Herndon) comb. /Iou.

=Radiosphaera minuta Herndon, 1958 a, p 317, f 70-89

Bourrelly (1959, p 54) did not c0!1sider Snow's (1918) Ra!fiosphaera(without any described species)as valid since she did not give any diagnosis.or measurement~. Radiosphaeradissec/a(Korshikov) Starr-(1955, pp 50-53, f 117-27) is, in part, apparently the same as Acjinochloris sphaericaKorsh.

Korshikov's Ac/inochloris has contractile vacuoles in the vegetative cells. 'Herndon's RadiosPhaeramillu/a is without these. The genus is, therefore, emended to include species without contractile vacuoles.

ApiococcusKorshikov, 1926,with singlespecies:A. consociatusKorsh., 1926, pp 469, 496; pi 12, f .1-13, Text-f L-N

Borodinella Miller, 1927, with single species :B. polytetras Miller, 1927, p 209

BracteacuccusTereg,- 1923, with ten specics :B. aggregatus Tereg, 1923, p 191B. anomalus (James) Starr, 1955,.p 65.B. cinnabarinus (Kol et F. Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65B. engadinensis lKol et F. Choda1) Starr, 1955, p 65B.gametifer (Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65 .

B. gernecki (Wil!e) Starr, 1955, p 65B. helue/icus (Kol et F. Chodat) $tarr, 1955, p 65B. irregularis (Petersen) Starr, 1955,p 65B. millor (Chodat) Petrova, 1931 p 227B. terrestris (Kol et F. Chodat) Starr, 1955, p 65

G1wraciella Schmidle, 1902, with single species:C. rukwae Schmidle, 1902, p 82

Dic!>'ochlorisVischer ex Starr, 1955, p 77, 11011 Korshikov, 1953, p 216, with single species:D.fragralls Vischer ex Starr, 1955, pp 79-80, f 187 (Dictyochloris Korshikov, 1953, is

synonymous with Dictyochlorella.'5ilva, J959, p 63 and belongs to the Palmellaeeae)DictyocoeclIsWille 1909, emend. Viseher, 1936, with two species:

D. ml/COSIISKorsh., 1953, p 127, f 67-)). uarialls Gerneck emend. Starr, 1955, pp 57-60, f 128-42

GlallcosPhaera Korshikov, 1930, with single species: "G. ,'aellolata Korsh., 1930; 1953, P 419, f 421

Gyarjlyana Kol et Chodat, with single species:G. humicola Kol et Chodat

Kremas/ochloris Pascher, 1942, with single species :

K. C~IIUSPascher, 1942, p 486

)

TREBOCXL\ 77

,Hyrlllecill Printz, 1921,emend. G. :\1.Smith, 1933,with fivespecies:M. aqualieaG. M. Smith, 1933,p 470, f 313M. biatorellae(Tsehermak- Woess et Pless.) Petersen

(=M. pyriformis Tschermak-Woess et Pless., 1948)M. globosa Printz, 1921, p 14, pi 2 f 105-23M. ppiformis Petersen, 1928, pp 426-28, f 34lvi. reticulalaTsehermak-Woess, 1951, p 419

XautococcopsisGeitler 11011Korshikov, 1953, p 65, with two species:.N. cOllstricta(Ko~sh.) Geitler .

(=Nautococcus cOllstrictlls Korsh., 1926, p 464; =Nautococcopsis cOllstricla(Korsh.) Korsh., 1953, p 65, f 10)

N. ell/trslls Geitler .

Xalltococcus Korshikov, 1926, with four species:N. caudatlls Korsh., 1926, p 455.pl 7, f 1-8,A'.gralldis Korsh.. 1926, p 458, p14, f 19; p18, f 1-13, p19, f 1-9, Text-fE-GN. mamillatusKorsh., 1926, p 447, pi 5, f 1-18, Text-f A-C}'-.Piriformis Korsh.. 1926, p 453, p16, f6-23, Text-fD

){eocldoris Starr, 1955, with seven species:N. alveolaris Bold, 1958, p 737, f 1-16, 31-38N. aqllatiea Starr, 1955,pp 86-87, f 226-32A,fllsispora Arce et Bold, 1958, p 500, f62-70, 91.N.gelatinosaHerndon 1958 a, p 314, f 50-69N. millllta Arce et Bold, 1958, P 500, f 55-61,95N. p)'TClloidosaArce et Bold, 1958 p 500, f 71-84,97)y'. /emstris Herndon, 1958 a, p 313,f 31-49 _

OophilaLambert ex Collins, Halden et Setehell, 1902, No. 1267, with single species:O. amblystomatisLambert in ibid.

Phaseolaria Printz, 1921. with two species:P. obliqua Printz, 1921, p 12, pi I, f 52-78P. variabilis (Hansg.) Printz-see Printz, 1927, p 88(=Pr%cOCCU! t'ariabilis Hansg.)

PlallktosPhaeria G. M. Smith, 1918, with three species:p, botryoides Herndon, 1958 a, p 320, f90--118P. gelatillosa G. 1\1. Smith, 1918. p 627, pliO, f 8-11P. paradoxalis (Miller) Starr, 1953, p 395-(=Folliclliaria parado.Talis Miller, 1924)

Following Korshikov (1953), Bourrelly (1961) considered Folliclliaria Miller as a valid genus anddid not recognise Starr's new combination. According to Herndon (1958 a), since the granular photo-synthate produced by Miller's alga did not give a positive reaction to starch (seeMiller, 1924) there is,?me doubt whether the alga can be included in the Chlorophyceae. .

.'

Both P. botT).oidesand P. gelalillosa are known to reproduce by zoospores.?-Poloidioll Pascher, 1944, with single species:

P. didymosPascher, 1944, p358Spol/giochloris Starr, 1955, with two specics : _

S. excel/trica Starr, 1955, pp 72-73, f 165-86S. spongiosaStarr, 1955, p-70, f 154:'6.~

SpollgiococcllmDeason, 1959, p 572, with two species:S. alabamense Deason, 1959, p 574, f 10-18, 34-37S. tetraspOTIIIIIDeason, 1959, p 574, f 1-9, 31-33

~

(In the former species, no contractile vacuoles havc becn obscrved in thc vegetative cells in contrastto the latter which has such contractile vacuoles).

Lean A third species of SpongioclJoris.viz~, S. Iypica, has been described from Counecticut soils by Trainor and ~Ic-(.-IIn".]. Bol., 51 (1)0 57-60, l~).

2. Family CHARACIOSIPHONACEAEIyengar, 1936, p 317

Protocoenocytes usually occurring in clusters attached to a substratum.Thallus club-shaped or clavate with a single layer of numerous separate naked cell-likeprotoplasts lining a firm membrane and with a central vacuole filled with sap. Proto-plasts with a stellate chloroplast and two or more contractile vacuoles.

Reproduction by biciliate zoospores or gametes.Monogeneric family.

III. Genus CHARACIOSIPHON Iyengar, 1936, p 317

Thallus elongate cylindrical and more or less clavate when old, with an outerfirm cell membrane closely investing a nu~ber of separate naked cell-like protoplasts'arranged in 2 single layer and with a central hollow space containing sap. Proto-plasts connected to one another by cytoplasmic strands. Each protoplast with anouter stel!ate chloroplast having single pyrenoid, a nucleus situated close to the hollowspace and two or more contractile vacuoles. Eye-spot: absent. _

_ Asexual 'reproduction by biciliate zoospores. Sexual reproducti<¥l by biciliateisogamous or anisogamous gametes. Zoospores and ga~etes liberated by the .ruptureof the thallus at the apex. .'

Ramji Sharma (1958) has reported the formation of coenoc)'sts, the protocoeno-cysts. The thallus forms a large number of spnerical bodies, each with several discreteuninucleate protoplas!s and surrounded by a wall. These are very siinilar to the.coenocysts of Protosiphonbut differ from the latter in bearing the same relationship thatProtosiphonbears to Characiosiphon.

Monospecific.

5. _ - Characiosiphon rivularis Iyengar

M.O.P. Iyengar, 1936, pp 313-18, Text f-l-IO, p123, f. 1--4; 1954, 'pp 148-51, f 1-17, pi 5, 0.f 1-3; M. S. Agarkar, 1953, pp 245-46, Text-f 1-20, pi I ; K.V.~. Rao, 1954, p 191; M. M.Bhandari, 1955, pp 16.17; R. Sharma, 1958, pp 500-OJ

Thallus with the apex broadly rounded to obtusely conical, sometimes lobed, .

and gradually tapering towards the base where it is attached to the substratum. Outercell membrane thick and lamellated. Protoplasts in lower part ot: thallus separatefrom each other and round to ellipsoid in surface view. Protoplasts in the uppermostparts ~rr~nged compactly, angular due to mutual pressure and pentagonal to hexagonalin surfa~e view. Thallus up to 4 mm. in breadth and up to 13 rom. in length.'Protoplasts 13-15 fJ in diameter.

78

i

;~-

J ~

UHARACiOSIPllON 7~

Reproduction by a mass of zoospores, by a number of coenocysts or by isogamousto anisogamous gametes. Zoospores 5-7 fJ broad, 7-12 fJ.long. Microgametes 4-5 fJbroad, 6-7 fJ long. Macrogametes 5-6 fJ broad, 7-9 fJ long. Plants dioecious.(Fig. 5).

D-.if

(

.1

~~~~) n

)Jd

g

~

CD,

e) ~J;::'\( ..u. . ...._.<~:.:. ::::~~:

,,}~::.::::('. .. . ,; 0

FIG.5 Characiosiphon rivularis IYENGAR; a, CLUSTER OFYOUNG PLANTS;b-c, TWO FULL GROWN PLANTS; d-i, k-I, PLANTS WITH DIFFERENTLY LOBEDTHALLI; j, PROTOPLASTS FROM UPPER PART OF THALLUS; m, PROTOPLASTSFROM LOWER PART OF THALLUS; n, EDGE VIEW OF CELLS FROM LOWER PART OFTHALLUS; 0, A SINGLE PROTOPLAST SHOWING STELLATE CHLOROPLAST ANDPYRENOID.

(a-c, j, m-o, FROM IYENGAR, 1936; d-e, k-I, FROM AGARKAR, 1953).

HABITAT. Growing in clusters on pebbles and stones in a stream near Trichina-pally (Iyengar, 1936, 1954); on pebbles, twigs, leaves, snails, and other submerged sub-strata (sometimes even epiphytically) in shallow margin of a channel, Gwalior(Agarkar, I.e.); semipermanent stream, Tirupati, during the monsoon months

- <#:..~

80 CHLOROCOCCALES

(Rao, i.e.); standing water and temporary stream near Jodhpur (Bhandari, l.c.); Indore(Sharma, l.c.); on stones, sticks and decaying leaves on pond shore at 'khan,Kolhapur, and in a slow-flowing streamlet, Takala, kolhapur (Kamat, 1963,Hydrobiologia 22 (3-4) : 209-305),

DISTRIBUTION.India (Madras, Andhra, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan andMaharash tra) .

3. Family CHARACIACEAE (Naegeli) Willein Warming, 1884, p 23

Usually unicellular, rarely in close aggregates or colonies; usually attached,rarely free living; when attached, attachment by means of a long or short stalk, rarelywithout a-stalk. Celfs usually elongate, rarely spherical or flattened. Adult celIssometimes with contractile vacuoles. Chloroplast usually single, parietal, and laminate

. with one pyrenoid, very rarely cup-shaped, stellate or numerous, and disc-shaped.Pyrenoid somtimes two or more, rarely absent. Reproduction usually by zoosporesor isogamous gametes; rarely by autospore..s.

Three g~nera are recorded from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE GENERA

(a) Usually attached to a substratum, very rarely free-floating; chloroplast pari~tal and laminatc.(i) Cells usually with a short or long stalk which is usually expanded at the base into a

distinct or indistinct adhesive disc; usually epiphytic, rarely epizoic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .Characium (p 81)

(ii) Cells with a bifurcate stalk; apex of cell with or without a long spine; always epizoic. . . . . . ·: Korshikoviella(p 87)

(b) Always free-floating and with a spine from each end; chloroplast parietal and laminate ........- Schroederia(p 89)

IV. Genus CHARACWM A. Braun ex Kuetzing, 1849, p 208

Unicellular, mostly aquatic and epiphytic or rarely _epizoic, or in moist soil.,Attached to the sul1stratum by a long or sho);t stalk which is usually expanded in theform of a distinct or indistinct adhesive disc, sometimes subsessile. Cells subspherical,ovoid, pyriform or spindle-shaped with a single parietal laminate chloroplast havingone o\" more pyrenoids, rarely with several chloroplasts.

Reproduction by the formation of 8-16-64-128 zoospores, _which are liberatedth~ough a pore or by a fissure. -

Nine species are known from the Indian region.

KEY TO THE SI'ECIES

I. AquaticA. Epiphytic on algae and water plants

Cells with distinct apical points(a) Stalk almost absent .' .C.

(b)

naSI/turn(p 82)

Stalk short and without basal thickeningCell small and obliquely elongatcd , .C. ambigllUln(p 82)

(c) Stalk short and with knob-like basal thickeningCell oblong-ovoid with acuroinate apex ,C. ,acwninatflln(p 83)

81

~

82 UHLOROUOCUALES

(d)

Cell ellipsoid or obovoid .C. apiculalum( p 84 )

Stalk short and thick with disc-shaped basal thickeningCell short-Ianceolate with hyaline acute apex. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C. al/guslum ( p 84 )

B. Epizoic on crustacea, rotifera or insect larvae.(a) On copepods, cladocera, rotifers, etc.

Cells club-shaped to pyriform with short stalk having no distinct basal thickening. . . . . .C. orissicum ( p 84 )

Cells ellipsoid to ovoid with basal forking stalk.. . . . . . . . . . . . .C. debaryal/um ( p 85 )

(b) On mosquito larvaeCells somewhat pear-shaped and with basal pad of mucilage... .C. anophelesi ( p 85 )

II In cultures' of soilsCells obovate to globose with a short filamentous stalk having a tiny basal disc. ... .

C. terreslris ( p 86 )

If Korshikov's (1953) revision of Characium is followed strictly, all epizootic forms wiII have to beexcluded from the genus and the three epizootic species included here, viz. C. anophelesi, C. debaryanUln,and C. orissicum, may have to be referred to Chloral/giopsis Korshikov. Though Korshikov (op. cil.) statedthat C. debaryanum is probably a Chlorangiopsis, he did not refer to C. anoPhelesi Iyeng. et Iyeng. at all. In'the present account these three species are tentatively retained within Characium, especially because nocontractile vacuoles have bee!} observed in them.

6. Characium nasutum Rabenhorst

L.Rabenhorst, 18SS,p8S,fl; 1868,p82jJ. Brunnthaler,19I5,p78, f IS; R. N. Singh, 1939,p 62

Cells obliquely lanceolate with a stumpy hyaline beak at the apex and epiphyticby a broad base... Cells 23-24 p broad, 90-115 ,u-long (Fig. 6).

HABITAT~ Epiphytic on Oedogonium"in cultures oC paddy-field"soils from U.P.(Singh, l.c.); in cultures of rice-field algae from Kashmir (Khan, 1957); on Cladophoraor together with other algae in ponds, Rangoon and Maymyo, during January(Skuja, 1949). '. ~

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, India, Burma.The alga from U.P. is slightly smaller than the type, being only 18-20 p broad'

and 40-70 ft lsmg.

7. Characium -ambiguum Hermann ex RabenhorSt - ... ,.

.J. Hermann ex L. Rabenhorst, 1863) p 26;,,17, f9 a,b; L. Rabenhorst, 1868, pp 86~7; J. Br~n-nthaler, ]915. p 79, f 17; incl. CharaciumIet/ueHermann, 1863

Cells small, elongated, and oblique. Apex in the form of a slightly bent hyalinebeak. Attached by a short stalk without basal thickening. Cells 4-8 ft broad,24-32 ft long (Fig. 7).

HABITAT. Epiphytic on Pithophorain a pond at Borivali, Bombay during August(Dixit, 1937); epiphytic on Oedogoniumsp. in a pond at Banaras (G. S.'V enkataraman,1957) .

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, India, and Japan.The Indian alga is'slightly smaller than the European one, the Banaras alga

hcing 3' 6-4' 5 ft broad and 18 ft long and the Bombay one 4-'7 -4 ft broad and 22-26 ftlung.

f

I

::{.

<

~',....".;10

~.

6

CHARACIU~[ 83

79

b 8

".."..

i,1a lib ,..:;,:.:>.::. ,...'..::;:.::...,.: "'~"

.<~!:}: <i:;.((. ..

a 12 b

~," ~ 8---'3 b ." .'

13 c

i~.. ~ ~....

~~~;,:;.;.0:~ 8. ... - .14 c _

13 d _ ___.. -. 13~

FIGs. 6-14. 6, Characiu", I/asulum RABENH.; 7, C. ambiguum HERMANN; 8,C.acuminalum A. BRAUN; 9, C. apiculalum RABENH.; 10, C. anguslum A. BRAUN; II, C.

orissicumsp. NOV. (lle-a.d., A'ITACHING DISC?); 12, C. debaryanum (REINSCH)DE TONI; 13, C. anophelesi IYENG. ET IYENG.; 14,C. lerres/ris KANTH.

(6,9, FROM RABEN HORST; 7, FROM HERMANN; 8, 10, FROM BRAUN;ll-x875,12-x 1500, 13, FROM l\r.o.p. & M.O.T IYENGAR, 1932; 14, FROMKANTHAMMA, 1940)..

8.

Korshi.kov(1953) considered this species doubtful.

Characium acuminatum A. Braun ex Kuetzingl:....

F. T. Kuetzing, 1849, p 892;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 79, f 18; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 216,pI 46, f7; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 161, f 101

=H'ydroC)'lium acuminalum (A.Br.) A. Braun, 1855, p 26, pilI a

84 CHLOROCOCCALES

Cells oblong or ovoid with the apex in the form of a short acuminate beak. Stalkshort and with a basal knob-like thickening. Cells 15-201-" rarely 25 f' broad, and35-50 I-' long.

HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from D.P. (R. N. Singh, 1939).DISTRIBUTION..Europe, Egypt, W. Africa, N. America, Sandwich Isles, Siberia,

and India.The Indian alga is much smaller than the type: only 10-15 I-'wide and 20-35 I-'

long.

9. Characium apicu1atum Rabenhorst

L. Rabenhorst, 1855, P 85, pI 1 2; 1868, p. 82; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, P 79, f 19

Cells straight, ellipsoid or obovoid. Apex broadly rounded wi~. a stumpy

apical point. Stalk very short, thick, and colourless, with the base widened. Cells20-27 f' broad, 60-100 f' long (Fig. 9).

HABITAT.Epiphytic on Chaetomorpha-herbiPolensisand Schizomerisieibieiniiin apond in Rangoon (Skuja, 1949).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, Siberia, and Burma.

10. Characium angustum A. Braun

A. Braun, 1855, P 36, pI 111 b, f 1-6; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, pp 79-80, f2l; O. A. Korshikov,1953,p 165,f 109. -

Cells straight and lanceolate with a short hyaline apical beak. ?talk short andthick with a colourless disc-shaped basal thickening. Cells 14-24 I-' broad and40-110 f' long (Fig. 10). . ·

HABITAT. On decaying algae, northern India (Turner, 1892).DISTRIBUTION.Europe and India.

. 11. Characium orissicum sp. novo. .. .

_ _ Cellulae c1avatae vel pyrifonnes, apice late rotundato, basi gradatim fastigata efl'onnante stipitembrevissimum. Basis stlpitis absque ullo claro disco unionis. Cellulae immaturae omatae chloroplast~parietali cum unico pyrenoideo; cellulae maturiores divisione subjectae,. duplici" vel' qmidruplicichloroplasto, quorum singula unicum pyrenoideum continent. Cellulae 5.6-16.9 14latae, 11.3-27.4 14longae. Reproductio per divisionem in 2-4 partes. . .

HABITAT. Singula vel aggregata animalculae planktonicae Moinae affixa, in stagno ad Cuttackmense augusto anni 1954 et 1955. Species servata in fonnaldehido (Coli. No.5) in Central InlandFisheries Research Sub-station, Cuttack, Orissa, India.

Cells club-shaped to pyriform with broadly rounded apex and a gradually

attenuated base forming a very short stalk. Base of stalk without any'clear attachingdisc. Young cells witl} a parietal chloroplast having a single pyrenoid. Older cells

undergoing division" with. two or more chloroplasts, each with a pyrenoid. Cells5'6-16'9 I-' broad, 11'3-27'4 I-' long (Fig. 11).

Reproduction by division of cell contents into 2-4 parts.HABITAT. Singly or in clusters on Moina in a pond at Cuttack, common-

August (!).

CHARACIUM 85

DISTRIBUTION.India (Orissa).No clear attaching disc could be seen in most of the individuals, which were

attached to the dorsal and ventral sides of the cladoceran, even after staining. How-ever, one individual attached to one of the posterior spines showed what could probablybe a very small hyaline disc (Fig. 11 c):

In the obovoid shape of the cell and its epizoic habit the alga shows a certainamount of resemblance to Characiumdebaryallum(Reinsch) De Toni, but the presentalga is more club-shaped or pyriform than C. debaryanumand the stalk is also muchshorter and without any ,basal bifurcation. Also, unlike C. debaryallum,which usuallyoccurs on rotifers or copepoda, the alga under consideration is attached to cladocera.In its club-shaped cells, absence of distinct basal disc and its frequent gregarious habit,the present alga shows a certain degree of resemblance to C. hookeri(Reinsch) Hansgirg(seeBrunnthaler, 1915, p 84, f 39; Prescott, 1951, p 217, pi 45, f 17), but the presentalga is Il10re pyriform and robust with much shorter stalk and found on cladocera incontrast to C. hookeri, which usually occ~rs on copepods. It is, therefore, considered asa new species under the name C. orissicum.

12. Characium debaryanum (Reinsch) De Toni

G. B. De Toni, 1889, p 628; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84, f 40; M. T. Philipose, 1940, p 15~pIlI, f23-25; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 216, pI 46, f 19

=Doctylococcus debaryonus Reinsch, !875, p 78, pI XI, f I

Cells ellipsoid to obovoid with a short stalk enlarged at the base into an adhesivedisc (?), or forked. Cells 16-25 f' broad and 30-40 f' long (Fig. 12).

HABITAT. Attached to plankton animalcules (Brachiollus) in die Museum pond,Madras, rare to rather common-September to November (Philipose, i.e.); on rotifersand Cyclops in a swamp at Kausalya Ganga (Orissa), stray-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, "N. America, and India. _The Indian alga is smaller than the E~rop-ean and the American form, being

OIl1y8' 8-13' 8 I-' broad and 12' 3-15' 5 f' long, without stalk, which is 5' 3"-12 f' long.Korshikov (1953) considered this alga as probably a Chiorallgiopsisand, hence,

doubtful.- It is included here t~ntatively. Prescott (i. c.) refers to a basal disc.

13. Characium anophelesi Iyengar, M. O. P. et Iyengar, M. O. T.

M.O.P. Iyengar & M. Q. T. Iyengar, 1932, p 69, Text-f I A-L, pI III, f 1-5

Cells pear-shaped, squat 01' elongated, broadly rounded at the top and narrowedgradually below into a rounded base, attached to the substratum by a thin round padof mucilage; contents dividing into 2,4, or 8 parts which escape by a clean rupture at.the top; empty mother wall urn-shaped; small colonies sometimes formed; fully growncells 22-30 I-' broad, 41-48 I-' long (Fig. 13).

:. HABITAT. Growing densely on living larvae of' several species of Allopheies'~:mosquitoes in ponds in Sonarpur, Lower Benll.al (Iyengar et Iyengar, i.e.):

DISTRIBUTION.India (Bengal).

"

CHLOROCOCCALES86

14. CharaciulU terrestris Kanthamma

S. Kanthamma, 1940, p 174, Text-f 1-23

Cells shortly stalked, obovate to nearly globose, 22' 8-38' 5 P.broad, 26' 2-38' 5-p.

long without stalk; stalk narrow and filamentous, 7-10'5 p. long and expanded at thepoint of attachment into a tiny disc. Zoospores biciliate and conical with a broadlyrounded anterior end and a narrow elongate posterior end, 3' 2-4' 8 P. at the broadest

part and 1l'2-16 P. long (Fig. 14).HABITAT. In a laboratory culture of soil algae at Madras (Kanthamma, l.e.).DISTRIBUTION.India (Madras). .

.

Species not recorded from the Indian region

C. ari;:ollicum Taylor et Cotton, 1928C. aJymmetricum Korshikov, 1953, p 168C. braunii Bruegger, 1863, p 272C. brunn/haleri Printz, 1915 a, P 14, pi I, f 16-35C. bulbosum Korshikov, 1953, p 163, f 107

'C. conicum Korshikov, ,1953, p 162C. corolla/UrnReinsch, 1877, p 247C. cucurbitinum Jao, 1947 a, p 246 f Ig-iC. ensiforme Hermann, 1863, p 26, pl6 B, f IC. eremosphaerac Hieronymus, 1895C..falca/um Schroeder, 1898, p 23C.giganteum (Wolle) De Toni, 1889, P 624

(=Hydrianum gigan/eum Wolle, 1877, P 186)C. gul/ula Playfair, 1918, p 528 :C. hagmerianum Schmidt, 1938, p 231 -.C. heteromorphum Reinsch, 1875, p 80, pi 11, f 3C. hookeri (Reinsch) Hansgirg, 1886, p 123

(=Dactylococcus hookeri Reinsch, 1875, P 78, pill)C. inspersum Beck-Mannegetta, 1926, p 180, f 13G. lanceolalum Jaag, 1938, pp 119-20, f 26C. marinum Kjellman, 1877, p 57C. obesum Taylor et Cotton, 1928C.oblusel/um (A. Braun) De Toni, 1889, p'626

(=Hydrianum oblusum A. Braun, 1855, p 28)C. obl!lSum A. Braun, 1855, pp 39, 106, pi 3 E, 1-9C. operculum Ackley, 1929, P 304 .C. ornilhocePhalum A. Braun, 1855, P 42, p13 C

G. pluricoccum Korshikov, 1953, p 160, f 100-C.polymorphum Printz, 1915 a, P 16 pll, f44-59, lion Trainor et Bold, 1953, P 763)C. pringsheimii A. Braun, 1855, P 106C. pseudo-polymorphum. (Trainor et Bold) nom. novo

(=C.polymorphum Trainor et Bold, 1953, P 763, non Printz, 1915 a, P 16)C. pseudo-pyriforDle (Lund) nom. novo

(=C. pyriforme Lund, 1947, P 47, f 2 h-l, non A. Braun,.1855, P 40)C. sieboldii A. Braun ex Kuetzing, 1849, p 208C. sikangenseJao, 1940, p 540, f2 D-FC. simplex Korshikov, 1953, p 166, f 112C. slriclum A. Braun, 1855, P 37, pi 5 A, 1-15C. subsessile (Wolle) De Toni 1889, P 622

(=Hydrianum subsessile Wolle, 1877, P 186)C. subslrictum Jao, 1947 a, P 246, f 1 d-fC. Iransvalense Cholnoky, 1954C. weslianum Printz, 1914, P 39; 1915 a, P 17

(=C. ensiforme G. S. West, 1904, P 200, f 80 d ,wn Hermann, 1863)

A number of species originally ascribed to Characium have since been referred to other genera, mostlyto Characiopsis Borzi belonging to the Xanthophyceae (see Wille, 1909; Printz, 1927; G. M. Smith, 1933).Some of these are Characium acu/llm A. Braun, C. ceranforme Eichl. et Raciborski, C. clava Hermann,

~

I

\t

KORSHIKOVIELLA 87

.

C. ellipsoidea W. et G. S. West, C. epiPYxis Hermann, C. gibba A. Braun, C. groenlandicum Richter, C. hori;:-on/ale A. Braun, C. longipes A. Braun, C. malleus Pascher, C. minu/um A. Braun, C. nacgelii A. Braun, C. pedic-el/a/umHermann, C. peranemaRabenhorst, C. phascoidesHermann, C. pyriforme A. Braun, C. sessileHerm-ann, C. subula/um A. Braun, C. luba Hermann, C. lurgida W. et G. S. West and C. urnigerum Hermann.Of these, C. pyriforme A. Braun has been recorded from Burma (W. et G. S. West, 1907). Now, it isknown as Characiopsis pyriformis (A. .Braun) Borzi. Characium curva/um G. M.Smith (1918, p 641, pill, f6-13) has been regarded by Skuja (1948) as a Characiopsis, but Prescott (1951) retains it under Characium.According to him, the species mayor may not have a pyrenoid.

A number of species have been considered by Brunnthaler (1915) and Korshikov (1953) as eitherinsufficiently described or doubtful. These are: Characium acula/um Korshikov, C. apiocys/iforme Hermann(1863), C. chlamydopus Hermann (1855), C. elliplicum Reinhard (1869), C. eurypus Hermann (1863), C.obova/um R~inhard, 1869 (Korshikov, op. c., refers to this species as C. ovalum, probably by mistake), C.ovale Lacoste et Suringer (1859), (regarded by Brunnthaler, op. ci/., as one of the Chamaesiphonaceae),C. ros/ra/um Reinhard (1876), and C. slipi/a/um (Bachmann) Wille, 1909, (considered by Geitleras Stylosphaeridium slipi/atum (Bachm.) Geitler, under the Chlorangiopsidaceae (seeKonhikov, op. c.).

Some species of Characium have been transferred to Ankyra Fou, Apodochloris Komflrek, HydrianumRabenhorst, Korshikoviella Silva (=Lambertia Korsh.) and Rhopalosolen Fott. Characium chrysopyxidis Pascher(1929, p 399, f 1-3) is the same as Hyalocharacium chrysopyxidis Pascher (seefurther below):

V. Genus KORSHIKOVIELLA Silva, 1959, p 63

-Lambertia Korshikov, 1953, p 186nonJ. E. Smith, 1793

~.Cells spindle-shaped to cylindrical with one or two spines, of which one is usually

furcate (forked) and is for attachment. Cells when young uninucleate and with onepyrenoid, but later multinucleate and with articulate chloroplast. Reproductionby zoospores and gametes. Epizoic on Entomostraca. Relatively seidom, thoughwidespread.

Two sp,ecieskrio~n from the Indian region, so far.

'.;~t

~.:>;~."

.

..'A.., KEY TO THE SPECIES# I<

(i> Stalk without basal thickening or fureation K. limnetiea ( p 87 )

(ii) Stalk with rhizoidal base K. gracilipes( p 88 )

Korshiko~ella ~etica (Lemm.) Silva

P. C. Silva, 1!P.>9,p li3=Characium limneticum Lemmermann, 1903 a, p 81, pi 3, f 7-10; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84,

, f41; G. M.Smith, 1920, p 177,p149, f25-29; H. Skuja, 1948,p 125,pI15, 0-10 '

=Lambertia lirrwelica (Lemm.) Korsh., 1953, p 187. . . '

Cells straight or slightly curved, broadly fUsiform with one end drawn out into.a long hyaline spine and the other into a delicate seta without any basal disc or furca-

.~ tion. Chloroplast one or more; each with one (-2) pyrenoid. Cells 3-14 p. broad,t~.25-110 p. long, with stipe 5-10 p. long (Fig. 15).

HABITAT. Free-floating in ponds at Dum Dum, Cuttack, Kurnool, and Madras;<' siray-october and December (!). 1

DISTRmUTlON. Eprope, S. and W. Mrica, N. America, India, and Japan.'. Though normally attached to the plankter Diaphanosoma (Brunnthaler and. .K.orshikov, op. eit.), the alga may also occur in the free-floating condition (Skuja, l.e.)

probably by detachment from die host. The alga which occurred stray in the localities

}Jlentioned was observed by the author only in the detached condition,

.

~

:'-41

88CHLOROCOCCALES

15

b

-'

',:".

.'~:-'

::-."

,~-..,

a

18g

a

c

11 b

:

18'd 18e"

'

ts

' ,

"'.

FIas. 15-18. 15, Korshikoviella limnetica (LsMk. SILVA; 16, K. graciliPes

(LAMB.) SILVA; 17, Schroederia setigera (SCHROED.) LEMM.; 18, S. planctonica

(SKUjA) COMB. NOV. .(18 a-b, f,g, FROM SKUJA, 1949; 18 c-e, FROM PHILIFOSE, 1940; 15-17,

x 1,500). .

KorshikovieUa graci1ipes (Lambert) Silva

P. e. Silva, 1959,p 63 ,-=Characium graci/ipes Lambert, 1909, P 65, pi 79, f 3-6,9, 14-22; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 84,

f 42; G. M. Smith, 1920 P 178, pi 49 f 20-24; H. Skuja, 1948, P 124, p115, f 5-6=Lambertia graci/ipes(Lambert) Korshikov, 1953, P 188, f 132; incl. var. minorKorsh., 1953,

p 189, f 133' '

16.

'to.

.t

-

~SCHROEDERIA 89

Cells curved or nearly straight, median portion fusiform, with a long spine fromthe apex and a filiform stalk having two rhizoidal branches from the other end.Chloroplasts one to several, each with a pyrenoid. Cells 5-14 fJ broad, 38-480 fJlong (Fig. 16).

HABITAT, On the plankton animalcule Moina (rarely detached) in ponds atCuttack, common-August and Kausalya Ganga, common to abundant, February-March (!).

DISTRIBUTION.N. America, Europe, and India.Korshikov (1953) made a distinction into the type with the cells 5-13 fJ broad

and 80-480 fJ long and var. minorwith cells 5-10 fJ broad and 50-175 fJ long. Sincethere is overlapping between the dimensions of the type and th'e variety, it appearsbetter to treat the two togethet'. The Indian alga with cells 5' 3-11' 3 fJ broad and41..:.105fJ long resembles very much the Swedish alga (Skuja, I.e.) which is 5-11 fJbroad and 38-80 fJ long.

Species tif Korshikoviella not recordedfrom the Indian region

K. michai/ovskoensis (Elenkin) Silva, 1959, p 63=CharaciummichailovskoenseElenkin, 1924, p 34=Lambertia michai/ovskoensis (Elenkin) Korshikov, 1953, p 187

K. schaefernai (Fott) Silva, 1959, p 63=Lambertia schaeftrnai Fott, 1957, p 304, pliO, f 1-7

K. selosa (Pilars.) Silva, 1959, p 63 .=Characium setosum Filarszky, 1914, p 10=Lambertia setosa. (Filars.) Korshikov, 1953,..p 188, f 131

.~

VI. Genus SCHROEDERIA Lemmermann, 1898a, p 311.,emend. Korshikov, 1953, p 151

~

CellS solitary, free-floating, straight or curved, spindle-shaped with both endsdrawn out into spines or setae. . CWoroplast single, parietal, and with one or morepyrenoids; older cells may have"more than one cWoroplast, each with a pyrenoid.

Reproduction By 4-.-10 biciliate zoospores whic!t are usually liberated througha lateral pore. .

Three species are known from the Indian region.".~r

'~:;,< KEY TO THE SPECIES~.

1. Cells usually straight, rarely curved(a) Cells straight or sometim~ curved and never tumid in the middle: 2.5-10 ,.. broad and

56-200 ,..Iong ' : , " ,... S..seligera(p 89)(b) Cellsstraightand frequentlytumidin the middle;5-28,..broadand 34-146,..long... . ..

~ -_ S.planctonica( p 90 )

2. Cells usually distin~~ed; 4,4-12,3,.. broad and 68-84 ,..Iong.., , .S. indica (p 90 )

17. Schroederia setigera (Schroeder) Lemmermann '~ .E. Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 311; C. Bernard, 1908, p 173, f 362'-64; G. M. Smith, 1926, p 183,

pi 13, f 12-16; O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 152, f 92 .JJ;,-. .

=Reinschie/la setigera Schroeder, 1897 a, p 489, p125, f" ~ '.:'\

:i...

-',

90 CHLOROCOCCALES

=Ankistrodesmus setigerus (Schroeder) G. S. We5t, 1907, p 149; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 191,f 304; W. B. Crow, 1923, p 167; K. M. Salim, 1963, p 210..

=Characiumsetigerum (Schroeder) Bourrelly, 1951, p 680, f22.

Cells solitary, free-floating, spindle-shaped, straight or curved with the endsproduced into a long, delicate or stout seta or spine, which is straight or curved.Chloroplast single, parietal and with a single .pyrenoid, which is often inconspicuousor lacking in young cells. Cells 2' 5-10 fl broad, 56-108 (-200) fl long with spines.Spines 13-27 (-50) fllong (Fig. 17); pool, L3.hore (Salim, l. c.).

HABITAT. Tanks and lakes, Ceylon.,-October (Crow, l.c.); ponds, Cuttack, strayto very rare, July-August, and Ochira (Kerala); stray-February; swamp, Kausalya

Ganga, Puri, rare-April (!). ~:DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, Sandwich Isles, Africa (Egypt, S. and

Central Africa), Ceylon,India, W. PakistanJava, and China.

18. Schroederia planctonica (Skuja) comb. novo

...CharaciumplaroctonicumSkuja, 1949, pp 60-62, pliO, f I-II

,II

Cells fusiform, tumid in the middle with drawn out apex and slightly curved hindend. Cell membrane fairly thick and produced into a long solid spine at either end.Chromatophore parietal with 1-2 (or 4) pyrenoids. - Cells 5-28 I-' broad, 34-146 I-'long with spines, and 11-~8 I-' without spines (Fig. 18).

Reproduction by 4-10 zoospores which are lib<;rated through a lateral pore.HABITAT. Planktonic in Museum pond, Madras-:-September 1939 (Philipose,

1940); Planktonic or on moist ground, Rangoon.,-May (Skuja, l.c.).DISTRIBUTION.India and Burma.

Though Skuja described the alga as a species of ChaTacium,Korshikov's (1953).revision of the genus Characiumto include only attached (usually epiphytic) forms makesit n~cessary to exclude this from Characium.

The author (l.c.) had originafly described this -alga as a new species of'AnkistTOdesmUS,no reproductory stages being obserVed in- the material. However, itagreed with Sklija's alga in all respe,cts excepting for a wider range of dimensions.Skuja gives the length o(the,alga together with spi~es as 34-1081-".

19. Schroederia indica sp. novo

Cellulae plus minusve semicirculares, latere externo convexo, interiore vero .concavo, fere recto veltenuiter convexo; rarissime cellulae fere rectae. Apices cellularum ornati spinis solidi. paulum brunnies,quae sunt plus minusve longitudine aequales. Chloroplast a parietalia, vulgo unico, nonnumquam 2-4pyrenoideis ornata. Cellulae 4.4-12 . 3 p.latae, 28-44 p.longae absque spinis, et 66-84 p.longae cum spinis.Spinae 12,3-21,2 p.longae.

, HABITAT.Abundat in planktone in palude ad Bhopal, M. P., mense juliQ anni 1954; legit K. H.Alikunhi. Species servata In formaldehido (Coli. No.9) in C.I.F.R. SU\).:Jltation,Cuttack.

4..

Cells more or less semicircular with the outer side convex and the inner side !

concave, nearly straight or slightly convex; very rarely, the cells nearly straight. Endsof cells with solid slightly. brownish spines which are more or less equal in length or

slightly une~ual. Chloroplast parietal with usually one, sometimes 2-41 pyrenoids,

SCHROEDERiA 91

Cells 4' 4-12' 3 I-' broad, 28-44 I-' long without spines, and 68-84 I-' long with spines.Spines 12'3-21'2 I-'long (Fig. 19).

"

~

FIG. 1-9. SchroederiaindicaSP. NOV.~ 1,500.

Reproduction not known.

HABITAT. Planktonic in a pond at Bhopal (Madhya Pradesh), abundant-July (!). -

DISTRIBUTION.India (Madhya Pradesh).

_t In -the curved nature of the cell, the present alga shows some resemblance to

SchTo~deriaspiralis- (Printz~ Korshikov (1953, p 153, f 94), but the plant .body as well.as the spines in S. spiralis are usually spirally twisted. In the presence of 1-2-4pyrenoids in the cell and the curved nature of the cell, S. indicashows some resemblance

-r 'to S. Tohw.taKOt'shikov(1953,p'153, (95) as wel!,but-there the cellsare not alwaysdistinctly curved and they are narrower (3-8 I-' broad) and much longer (50-140 1-',with spines up to 33 I-' I0!lg). S. indica does not also agree with other knownspecies of Schroederia.

.( I The Indian alga also shows great resemblance to some species of Closteridium;,Reinsch like C. siamensis(W. et G. S. West) G. M. Smith (=Reinschiellasiamensis't ~W.et G. S. West, 1901a, p 183) and C. crassispinumReinsch (= Tetraedron crassispinumk(Reinsch) Wille ( see Brunntha1er, 1915, p 154, f 184-) in the somewhat semicircular

f"shape of the cell with the inner side of the cell occasionally straight or slightly convex,rbut the chloroplast of Closteridiummayor may not have a single pyrenoid, whereas the ."

present alga has always a distinct pyrenoid in young cells and more in older cells.:'I'hus, the presence in this alga of 1-2-4 pyrenoids appears to weigh in favour of~,consideringit as a Schroederiarather than as a Closteridium.

,;t-

4. Family CHLOROCHYTRIACEAE (West)Setchell et Gardner, 1920, p 146

Unicellular; usually endophytic, rarely free living or epiphytic. Cells large..and irregularly thickened, or in the form of irregularly branched filaments. Cellssometimes coloured due to the presence of haeniatochrome. Chloroplast axial andmassive with one or more pyrenoids. Reproduction by zoospores or gametes (isoga-mous or anisogamous) which are formed in large numbers within the cell or in specialgametangia.

Only two genera are recorded from the Indian region. ~

KEY TO THE GENERA

(a)

(b)

Endophytic on freshwater macroflora or-marine algae .ChlorochyTriUM( p 94 )

Free living or intermingled with the gelatinous envelopes of other algae.. ;Kentrosphaera( p 96 )

VIr: Genus CHLOROCHYTRIUM Cohn, 1872, p 102

Endophytic_ genus occurring in _the intercellular spaces of various freshwaterand marsh plants,_ rarely within marine algae. Cells irregularly spherical, cllipsoid,often lobed. Cell wall usually thick and stratified and sometimes with localizedexcrescences. Chloroplast parietal and cup-shaped in young cells, somewhat stellatewith radialbranchesexpimdingtoJfarietallobesandwith scattered pyrenoids in old cells;

Reproduction by biciliate (rarely quadri-ciliate) zoospores. or gametes.Aplanospores and -akinetes are also often formed.

O~y on~ species recorded frgm the Indian region.

20. Chlorochytrium UWlnaDthem1im (Cunningh.) G.S. West~

G. S. W~t, 1916, p 212; H. Printz, 1927,p 90; -= Stomalochy!riumlimnantlumumCunningham- 1888, P 33, pis I & 3, CI-II; G.B. De Toni, 1889, p 638

An endophytic alga with somewhat spheri~! or irregularly ovoid to ellipsoidcell. Cell membrane thin in young cells. Chloroplast parietal. Peripheral portionof cytoplasm with amyloid granules, central portion hyaline with a single nucleus.Cell becomes multinucleate prior to formation of swarmers.

Swarmers biflagellate, pear-shaped with posterior broad portion of body green -and the anterior end colourless, 5 I' broad and 7-8 I' long. Swarmers frequentlybehave as gametes; those which do not escape from the sporangium become motion-less and .spherical and are 7 I' in diameter. Invasion of host leaves through stomata.

94

It

"

CHLOROCHYTRluM 95

Resting spores with irregularly thickened cell wall formed during the coldseason. There is great accumulation of starch followed by change of colour from greento yellow and ultimately deep reddish orange. Resting cell 36 I' broad and 55 I' long(average measurement 34--381') with cell wall 4' 7-9 I' and cell contents 31 /l broadand 43 /llong (Fig. 20).

dc

~

FIGS. 20-21. 20, ChlorochYlrium limnanlhemum (CUNNINGH.) G. S. WEST ONLimnalllhemum indicum; a, INFECTED LEAF SHOWING .PATCHES OF YELLOWISHD~SCOLOURATIO'" (IN DOTTED UNES); b, LEAF IN TRANSVERSE SECTION SHOWINGALGAL CELLS PRESSING LATERALLY ON THE NEIGHBOURING PAUSADE CELLS AND

REMAINING INCLOSE CONTACT WITH THE UNDER SURFACE OF THE GUARD CELLS; C,MULTINUCLEATE CELL FORMED BY REPEATED NUCLEAR DIVISION; d, RESTING CELL;

e, SURFACE VIEW OF LEAP SHOWING A NUMBER OF LARGE OVAL OR SPHERICAL

CELLS SITUATED IN THE SUBSTOMATAL SPACES; C,A ZOOSPORE; g, A ZYGOZOOSPORE;h, A ZOOSPORANGIUM WITH UNUBERATED ZOOSPORES ROUNDED .UP; i, LEAF INSURFACE VIEW SHOWING TWO YOUNG CELLS WITH AMYLOID GRANULES IN THEPERIPHERAL GREEN LAYER; 21, Kenlrosphaera brislolae G. M. SMITH.

(20, PROM CUNNINGHAM, 1888 (AS Siomalochylrium limnanthemum) ;21, FROMG. M. SMITH, 1933).

I\.~:,')':I

~~~ '".

,\.~,~\,t;'il

h1:,,~, '

III;~~";11,,, ~~ ,1111

11\i¥.;'II~(1) ,v',,,!ra:' ,\'i"tl'1'. :~";:'!l I

'

i~

',".:", .~Illil';,.

~. . j}I,1!~'1f';11i.

..,.",,~I

I\f

~;,1,1,1

"1 ;;1m((l~'(,JjIi'1J'(',

\r!J~') _"ps ..

'1."..\'

$"

A \., ;

III ::!~ '

~~~"'!II

.~'"!'

,~ "

,:\ otP

~?~,(,,1

'.' 1IIi"..lfj/

."-.!' r.

~.St

'~I

CHLOROCHYTRIW 95

Resting spores with irregularly thickened cell wall formed during the coldseason. There is great accumulation of starch followed by change of colour from greento yellow and ultimately deep reddish orange. Resting cell 36 p broad and 55 p long(average measurement 34-38 p) with cell wall 4' 7-9 It and cell contents 31 p broadand 43 p long (Fig. 20).

e

dc

~~f

FIGs. 20-21. 20, Chlorochytrium limnanthemum (CUNNINGH.) G. S. WEST ONLimnanthemum indicum; a, INFECTED LEAF SHOWING' PATCHES' OF YELLOWISHDISCOLOURATIOli (IN DOTTED LINES); b, LEAF IN TRANSVERSE SECTION SHOWINGALGAL CELLS PRESSING LATERALLY ON THE NEIGHBOURING PALISADE CELLS AND

REMAINING INCLOSE CONTACT WITH THE UNDER$URFACE OF THE GUARD CELLs; C,MULTINUCLEATE CELL FORM!!D BY REPEATED NUCLEAR DIVISION; d, RESTING CELL;e, SURFACE VIEW OF LEAF SHOWING A NUMBER OF LARGE OVAL OR SPHERICAL

CELLS SITUATED IN THE SUBSTOMATAL SPACES; f, A ZOOSPORE; g, A ZYGOZOOSPORE;h, A ZOOSPORANGIUM WITH UNLIBERATED ZOOSPORES ROUNDED 'UP; i, LEAF IN

SURFACE VIEW SHOWING TWO YOUNG CELLS WITH AMYLOID GRANULES IN THEPERIPHERAL GREEN LAYER; 21, KentrosPhaera bristolae G. M. SMITH.

(20, FROMCUNNINGHAM,1888 (ASStomatochytrium limnanthemum) ;21, FROMG. M. SMITH, 1933).

96 CHLOROCOCCALES

HABITAT. In the substomatal space of Limnalllhemum illdicum in the BotanicalGardens, Calcutta (Cuningham, I.e.).

DISTRIBUTION.India.

Some of lhi species of Chlorochytrium /lot recordedfrom the Indian region

C. bietlne (Klebs) G. S. West, 1916, p 212, f 137B=Endosphaera biennis Klebs, 1881, p 265

C. eohnii Wright, 1877, p 355; 1879, P 14=Chtorocystis cohnii (Wright) Reinhardt, 1885, p oJ.=Chloroehytrium reinhardtii Gardner, 1917, p 382=C. porPhyrae Setchell et Gardner in Gardner, 1917, p 379, pi 32 f 6 (=C. reinhardtii var.

porphyrae (Gardner) Bristol, 1920a, p 18)C. dinobryonis Lund, 1955, p 222, f IC. inclusum KjelIman, 1883, p 320, pi 31, f8-17 _

=C. dermatoeolax Reinke; = C. sehmitzii Rosenvinge, 1893, p 964-C. laetum Schroeter, 1883, p 181 -C. lemnae Cohn, 1872, p 87 (incl. C. areherianum Hieronymus, 1887, p 296; C. k,!yanum Cohn et

Szymanskii in Kirchner, 1878, p 102; and C. pallidum Klebs, 1881, p 257, pI 2, f 16a-f)C. moorei Gardner, 1917, p 382C. paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West, 1916, p 212, f 137E

(ScotinosPhaera paradoxa Klebs, 1881, p ~OO)C. rubrum (Schroeter) Freem~n, 1899C. sarcoPhyei (Whitting) G. S. West, 1~16, p 212

=Chtorocystis sarcophyei Whitting, 1893, p 4-1C. viride Schroeter. 11183, p 181C. wittei Printz, 1927a (occurring within Enteromarpha)

Bristol (1920a) considered C. laetum, C. rubrum and C. viride as doubtful species. How~ver,Printz (1927) recogmzed all these as vali?

VIII. Genus KENTROSPHAERA Borzi, 1883, p 87

Free living, usually growing on damp soil, sometimes aquatic and intermingledwith or in the gelatinous envelope of other algae. Unicellular, often crowded.Cells spherical, ellipsoid or irregular with their walls lamellated, irr.egularly thickenedand with knob-like outgrowths. - Chloroplast axial with extensions. flattened at thewall to form irregularly shaped processes, green or yellowish green and with a singlepyrenoid. , _ - - -

Reproduction by zoospores, aplanospores or by large thick-walled -resting sporescontaining orange-red oil. ~exual reproduction not known.

Only one species recorded from the Indian region.

21. Kentrosphaera bristolae G. M. Smith

G. M. Smith, 1933, p 4-76, £ 318=Chloroehytrium paradOXUIIIBristol, 1920a, p 13, non Chlaroehytrium paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West,1916, p 212; as C.paradoxum (Klebs) G. S. West-see R. N. Singh, 1939, pp 61-62

Cells free living, -never _endophytic, globose, ellipsoid, triangular or irregularwith th~ cell membrane irregularly thickened and often lamellated. Chloroplastsingle, parietal, and with many lobes. Resting cells may have the protoplast coloureda bright orange. . Cells 35-63 fJ broad and 50-165 fJ long with the cell wall 2-10 fJthick (Fig. 21).

KENTROSPHAERA 97

HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils from D.P. forming a green papery maton the surface of the culture solution (Singh, i.e.).

DISTRIBUTION.England, N. America, and India.

KentrosPhaerais distinguished from Chlorochytriumby its free living habit, thoughsome authors, including Fritsch (1935), merge it with Chlorochytrium. Chlorochytriumparadoxum (Klebs) G. S. West is known from Europe as an endophyte usually occurringinside Hypnum or Le.mna sulca (Brunnthaler, 1915; West and Fritsch, 1927). So,Smith (op.c.) considered Bristol's alga, which is a free living one, as a new species ofKentrosPhaera. Since Singh (l.c.) did not give any figure or description, but only thedimensions and habitat, it is not possbile to place the Indian alga exactly. The Indianalga with its cells 9'9-30 fJ in diameter, 3'3-4'9 fJ broad, and 6'6-8 fJ long is alsomuch smaller. However, because of its free living habit, it is tentatively includedunder KentrosphaerabristolaeG. M. Smith.

Species of Kentrosphaera not recordedfrom the Indian region

K. gppendiculata'Korshikov, 1953, p 134 f 7!K.foceiolae Borzi, 1883; p 87 pI 7, f 1-13

=Chloroehytriumfoceiolae (Borzi) Bristol, 1.920a, p 12 incl., K. gloeophila(Bohlin) Brunnthaler,1915, p 68 £6; = Chloroehytrium gloeoPhilum Bohlin, 1897a, p 28 pI i, f 53-54-

K. grande (Bristol) G. M. Smith, 1933, p 4-76=Chloroehytrium grande Bristol, 1917, p 107

K. minor Borzi, 1883, p 87, pi 7, f 14--19 -

=Chlorochytrium/tfleiolae var. minor (Borzi) Bristol, 192Qa p 22,K. willei Reichardt, 1927

Other genera not recordedfrom the Indian regioll

Codiolum A. Braun, 1855, p 19, monospecific :C. locustre Printz, 1914-, p 42; pi 3 £ 59-65

. 'Marine species of Codiolum A. Braun, viz. C. gregarium A. Braun (1855, p 20-thc lecto-lype),,TC.cylindroceum Foslie (1887, p 175), C. illtermedium Foslie (1887, p 175), C. IOllgipesFoslie (1881, p II),tC. nordenskjoeldianum Kjellm. (1887,'p 56), C. petroeelidis Kuckuck (1896), and C. pusillum (1.10gb.)

.' .I(jellman (1883, p 318) found 'on red algae have either been considered as the diploid stages in the life"~liistories of Siphonocladean green algae like Uro5pora, SpollgomorPha,A,'rosip!.pnia, etc. (seeJorde, 1933; Far>,

"1959) or they are under suspicion (see Fott, 1959). ~obably the same may be the case with Codiolum!enieillifoT1/i'e (Roth) Silva, 1957 (= Conferva penieillif"rme Roth).

Eetogeron Dangcard ( =Eremostyle Geitler)' monospecific :- E. eJodeaeDangeard-see Bourrelly, 1961, p 24, pi 3, f 12Macrochloris Korshikov, 1926, monospecific:

M.dissecta Korsh., 1926, p 4-76, Text-fOa-f

This alga cannot be considered as synonymous to AetinoeMoris sphaeriea Korshikov (1953, p 69),since, apart from the absence of contractile vacuoles in the vegetative cells, the chromatophore in:Macroehlorisis not as symmetrical as in Aetinoehloris. Starr (1955) has combined an Aetilloehlorisand,},facroehlorisin his RadiosPhaera disseeta

Phyllobium Klebs, 1881, with three species:P.dimorphum Klebs, 1881, p 268, pl3 f29-37; pi 4, f38-49P. ineertum Klebs, 1881, p 297, pi 4-, f50-54-P. sphagnieola G. S. West, 1908, p 283, p121, f31-35

PhytoPhysa W. v. Bosse, 1890, monospecific :P. treubii W. v. Bosse, 1890, p 185, pis 24-26

Rllodochytrium Lagerheim, 1893a, monospecific:R. spilallthidis Lagerheim, 1893a.

100 CHLOROCOCCALES

23. Trochiscia aspera (Reinsch) Hansgirg

A. Hansgirg, 1888, p 128; G. S. West, 1916, p 193, f 119 A-F; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 204;G. S. West & F. E. Fritsch, 1927, p 120, f23 A-F; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 239, pi 53 f 17=AcanthococclIsa..perReinsch, 1886, p 239, pi II, f 2

Cells spherical. Cell membrane thick and covered by numerous fine papillae.Cells 13-29' 5 ft in diameter with the cell membrane 2 ft thick (Fig. 23).

HABITAT. In cultures of paddy field soils fl'om Bombay (Gonzalves andGangla, 1949). .

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. Amcrica, S. Africa, and India.

24. Trochiscia granulata (Reinsch) Hansgirg

A. Hansirg, 1888, p 128; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 204; G. W. Prescott, 1951, p 239, pi 53,f 18= AcanthococclIsgrami/a/II"Reinsch, 1886,p 239, pili, f 3-4

Cells spherical with thick cell membrane densely covered by prominent granularor wart-like emergences. Cells 8-23 ft (more commonly 13-18 ft) in diameter.

HABITAT. In puddles, Khan (Kamet, 1963, -p 238).DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India (Maharashtra).The Indian alga is larger (19-28-30 ft)

val'. aerophila (Printz) Printz.'- H. Printz, 1927, f 78; T. gralllliata var. aerophila printz in H. Skuja, 1949." p 63

=AcqnthococclIs granlllatlls Reinsch var ae~ophilusPrintz,-19~ I, piS, pi 2,.f 79-89

Cells spherical with thick colourless membrane covered by short, coarse; andirregularly disposed warts usually with blunt tips. Cells 3-30 ft in diameter. Cellmembrane up to 4 ft thick. Chloroplast parietal, bell-shaped, covering the -entireinner wall and without a pyrenoid (Fig. 24). - ,

HABITAT. Epiphytic on Euglena sp., 10th mile, Prome Road-July (Skuja, I.e.):DISTRIBUTION.S. Africa and Burma. .

The alga originally described by Printz from p'urban is a typical aerophilousform, with cells usually 10-20 ft (rarely 3~30 ft) in diameter, and the cell membrane up

to 4 ft thick. The- Burm~se form o~curring on Euglena had a diameter of 6-16 ft.

25: Trochiscia reticu1aris (Reinsch) Hansgirg

A. Hansgirg, 1888, p 129; 1892, p 241; G. M. Smith, 1920, p 109, pi 22, f2; G. S. West andF. E. Fritsch, 1927, p 121, f33 K= AcanthococcusreticularisReinsch, 1886, p 241, pili, f 12, 14

Solitary or in palmelloid aggregates. Cells spherical.and covered by linear ridges which intersect to form polygons.

. rarely 12-18 ft or up to 39 ft, in diameter (Fig. 25).HABITAT.In paddy fields, Ceylon (W. and G. S. West, 1902); in cultures cf

paddy field soils from U.P. (R. N. Singh, 1939); in pond, Azhicode, Kerala, rare-February (!).

Cell wall fairly thickCells usually 20-32 p,

OOLENKINIA101

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. and S. America, S. and W. Africa, Ceylon, and India.The alga from U.P. (Singh, l.c.) differs from the type in having a third smooth

layer external to the sculptured wall. His alga is also smaller, usually 12-18 ft, rarelyup to 28 ft in diameter. However, Singh did not give any figure to show thesedifferences.

26.Trochiscia obtusa (Reinsch) Hansgirg

-A. Hansgirg, 1888,p 130; J. Bnnmthaler, 1915, p 205;E. A. Gonzalvesand D. B.Joshi,1946,P 174,pi I, f 5 .=AccnnthococclIs obtllsus Reinsch, 1886, p 243 pi 12, f 21

Cells spherical. Cell membrane thick and with well developed verrucose ridgesin the form of folds. Cells 34---37ft In diameter (Fig. 26).

HABITAT. Planktonic in a pond in Bombay (Gonzalves and Joshi, I.e.).DISTRIBUTION.'Europe, N. America, and India.

Speciesof Trochiscia 110lrecorded.from lhe Indian region- .

T. angUca(Bennett) Hansgirg, 1888, p 128 T. ooata(Pouchet) Lemm., 1903, p 349T. antarcticaFritsch, 1912, p 325 T. pachyderma(Reinsch) Hansg., IIJ!jIJ,p 128T. arguta(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129 T. palustrisKuetzing, 1845, p 129T. brachiolata(Moeb.) Lemm. 1903, p 348 T. papillosaKuetz., 1845, p 129T. crassaHansg., 1890; 1892, p 242 T. pallcispiizosa(Cleve) Lemm., 1903, p 348,T. cryophilaChodat, 1896 __ T. PlanctonieaLind et Pearsall, 1945

;;:- T. dictyon(JoeTgs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T. Plicata(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129..~" T. echinospora(Crouan) De Toni, 1889, p 695 T. polygona(Ostenf.) Lemm., 1903, p 350

" T. eeeviLemm., 1903, p'349 T. prolococcoitlesKuetz., 1845, p 129.,Y. T. erlangensisHansg., 1888, p 129 T. psammophilaHansg., 1892, p 240

.T. gutwinskiiSchmidle-see Brunnthaler, 19150;p204 T. reinschiiHansg., 1888, p 129. T.haloPhilaHansg.,1888,p 128 T.re/usa(Reinsch)Hansg.,1888,p 128r T. hirta (Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 128 T. rotunda (Pouchet) Lemm., 1903, p 349' T. hystrix (Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p 129 T. sanguineaLagerheim, 1892J- T. insignis (Reinsch) Hansg., 1838, p 129 T. sPinosa (Reinsch), Hansg., 1888, p 129,. ,;r.minor (Hansg.) Hansg., 1888, p. 129 = T. reticularisHansgirg, sensu Prescott (1951)

'.,. '=Acanthococcusminor Hansg., 188_6,p 145 T. sporoides(Reinsch) Hansg., 1888, p-129T. moebiusii(Joergs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T.'stagnalisHansg., 1888, p 128T. multangularisKuetzing, 1845,-p 129 T. uncinataW. West, 1892, p 737'T. multispinosa(Moeb.) Lemm., 1903, p 349 T. undulala.(Ostenf,) Lemm., 1903, p 349_T. naumanni,Kol, 1949-see Fott, 1959, p 424 T. vanhoejJenii(Joeigs.) Lemm., 1903, p 349T. nioalisLagerheim, 1892 T. ;::achariasiiLemm., 1903, p 157· T. ostenfeldiiLemm., 1903, p 349

".it

X. Genus GOLENKINIA Chodat, 1894a, p 305

Cells usually solitary" fi'ee-floating, spherical and with a thin cellby long hyaline setae or bristles which are not thickened at the base.single, parietal and with a single pyrenoid. .

Asexual reproduction by the formation of 2-4-8 autospores or aplanospores,rarely by ZOOspores (4 in number) without flagella or stigma but with contractilevacuoles (hemi-zoospores).

Only one species recorded from the Indian region.

wall covered

Chloroplast

.

,4CHLOROCOCCALES

Colonies pyramidate and often with larger number of cells; cells usually with one spine, which is50-90 p.long, rarely s20rter and broader at the base .M. bornhemiensie(p 105)

;MiC<1'actinium pusillum FreseniusG. Fresenius, 1858, p 236, pili, £4.5-49; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 125-26, pi 28, f 1-3; S. H.Ley, 1947, P 276=GoltnkiniabotryoidesSchmidle, 1896,P 194 '

=Richteriella botryoides(Schmidle) Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 307, pi 10, f 1-6; J. Brunnthaler,1915, p 119, f 87a=R. botryoidesf. JenestrataChodat, 1902, P 194 '

=R. botryoides f. tetraedrica Lemm., 1910, P 307; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p \19, f 87 b

tetrahedric, or rarely pyramidate, with 4-8-16 or moreof four, each group being quadrate or pyramidate,. Cells

Colonies quadrate,lIs arranged in groups

,,'

.

fit

~f'.'

FIGs. 29-30. 29, MiGractinium pusillum FRESENIUS; 30, M. bornhemiense

(CONRAD) KORSH.; 30 a and c, PORTIONOF 30b, ENLARGED:,'30b x 1000;30a, eX 1570.~9-X .570, .; ..,

l"

MICRACTINIUM 105

spherical with a thin firm cell membrane and with one or more (2-5) long hyalinesetae from their outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal, cup-shaped and with apyrenoid. Cells 3-10 p, in diameter. Setae usually up to 30 p, long, rarely up to 60 p"and 1-1' 5 P, broad at the base. ~

Reproduction by autospores which are liberated as auto colonies or by oogamousgametes. Oospores with an outer spinous wall, and 14-15 p, in diameter (Fig. 29).

HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds and' tanks, Bhopal, rather common-July,Raipur, rare-April, Cuttack, rare to rather comm:m, July, August, and December;and Hyderabad, rare-January; Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, rather common-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe. N. America, Africa, India, Java, Japan, and China.

30. Micractinium bornhemiense (Conrad) Korshikov

O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 40 I, f 405=Errerella bornhemiensis Conrad, 1913, p 242, f 1-3: J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 120, f 87 c; G. M.Smith, 1926, pp 178-79, p12, f 1-3; S. H. Ley, 1947, p 276 '.

Colonies usually pyramidate with 16-64-256, rarely more, cells arrangjft ingroups 1>ffOlJr,each_group being pyramidate. Cells spherical with a thin nrm memDriome

~ and usually with one (rarely two or three) gradually tapering hyaline setae fPOmtheirouter surface. Chloroplast single, parietal and cup-shaped with or without a pyrenoid. .Cells usually 6-9 p,,' rarely 3-5 p" in diam~ter. Setae usually 50-90 p" rare!y,22'5-40 p" long and 1'3-2'0 f.l broad at,the'base (Fig. 30).

,lIABrr1\.T. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rather common-August andAzhicode, Cochin, abundant-February (!)',

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and China.Though there is a certain amount of overlappingbetweenM. bornhemienseand

M. pusillum, particularly in the measureme~ts, it can be easily distinguished fromM. pusillum by its distinctly pyramidate colonies and usually larger number of cells.The setae 'are also generally longer with slightly broader base. The absence of apyrenoid and the presence of only one spine'from each cell, as given in Conrad's original.description, are not characteristic features Jince pyrenoids are, often present and the

number of setae may also _occasion~!ly be two to three from each ~ell...,.

Speciesnot recordedfrom the Indian region

M. appendiculatum Korshikov, 1953, p 402, f 406M. eriense Tiffany et Ahlstrom, 1931M. octospinum 'Hallett, 1962, p 487, f 4-6M. quadrisetum (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916 b, p479, pI 25, r 17

=Richteriella quadriseta Lemm., 1898 a, p 307= R. botryoides (Schmid1e) Lemm. var. quadriseta (Lemm.) Chodat, 1902, p 194

Genera of Micractiniaceae lIot recordedfrom the Indian region

Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899, p 118, with two species :A. tenuispina Korsh., 1953, p 138, f 78A. zachariasi Lemm., 1899, p 118, pI I, f 10-1 I

Echinosphaeridium Lemmermann, 1904, monospecific :E. nordstedtii Lemm., 1904

Palmellochaete "Korsh., 1953, p 268, monospecific :p. te"mima K,orsh., 1953, p 269, f 222~--'

'~~

i4CHLOROCOCCALES

Colonies pyramidate and often with larger number of cells; cells usually with one spine, which is50-90 ,..Iong, rarely s~orter and broader at the base .M. bornhemiensie(p 105)

;Mi~actinium pusillum FreseniusG. Fresenius, 1858, p 236, pili, f -1,5-49; G. M. Smith, 1920, pp 125-26, pI 28, £ 1-3; S. H.Ley, 1947, P 276=Goltnkinia botryoides Schmidle, 1896, p 194=Richteriella botryoides (Schmidle) Lemmermann, 1898 a, p 307, pi 10, £ 1-6; J. Brunnthaler,1915, p 119, £ 87a=R. botryoides£.jenestrataChodat, 1902, P 194 '

=R. botryoides £. tetraedrica Lemm., 1910, P 307;J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 119, £87 b

tetrahedric, or rarely pyramidate, with: 4-8-16 or moreof four, each group being quadrate or pyramidate,. Cells

Colonies quadrate,Us arranged in groups

\. >

Sl)a

,.

~~FIGs. 29-30. 29, Micractinium pusillum FRESENIUS;30, M. bornhemiense

(CONRAD)KaRSH.; 30 a and c, PORTIONOF30b, ENLARGI!:D:,'30b x 1000;aOare xI570.~9-X1570. .;.

to,

MICRACTINIUM 105

spherical with a thin firm cell membrane and with one or more (2-5) long hyalinesetae from their outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal, cup-shaped and with apyrenoid. Cells 3-10 ft in diameter. Setae usually up to 30 ftlong, rarely up to 60 ft,and 1-1' 5 ft broad at the base. ..

Reproduction by autospores which are liberated as autocolonies or by oogamousgametes. Oospores with an outer spinous wall, and 14-15 ft in diameter (Fig. 29).

HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds and tanks, Bhopal, rather common-July,Raipur, rare-April, Cuttack, rare to rather comm:m, July, August, and December;and Hyderabad, rare-January; Swamp, Kausalya Ganga, rather common-April (!).

DISTRIBUTION.Europe. N. America, Africa, India, Java, Japan, and China.

l:

......~~""

30. Micractinium boruhemieuse (Conrad) Korshikov

O. A. Korshikov, 1953, p 40 I, £405=Errerella bornhemiensis Conrad, 1913, p 242, £ 1-3; J. Brunnthaler, 1915, p 120, £ 87 c; G. M.Smith, 1926,pp 178-79,pl2, £ 1-3; S. H. Ley, 1947,p 276 '

.Colonies usually pyramidate with 16-64-256, rarely more, cells arrangjtVin

groups2ffol,Jr, each_group being pyramidate. Cells spherical with a thin firm mem't~ane,-and usually with one (rarely two or three) gradually tapering hyaline setae from their

outer surface. Chloroplast single, parietal and cup-shaped with or without a pyrenoid. .Cells usually 6-9 ft,' rarely 3-5 ft, in diam~ter. Setae usually 50-90 ft, rare!y,22'5-40 ft, long and 1'3-2'0 f' broad at ,the 'base (Fig. 30).

,HABITAT. Planktonic in ponds, Cuttack, rather common-August andAzhicode, Cochin, abundant-February (!)',

DISTRIBUTION.Europe, N. America, India, and China.Though there is a certain amount of overlapping between M. bornhemienseand

M. pusillum, particularly in the measuremeqts, it can be easily distinguished fromM. pusillum by its distinctly pyramidate colonies and usually larger number of cells.The setae 'are also generally longer with slightly broader base. The absence of apyrenoid al}.dthe presence of only one spine"from each cell, as given in Conrad's original.description, are not characteristic features Jince pyrenoids are.often present and the

number of setae may also _occasion~!ly be two to three from each ~ell.

Speciesnot recordedfrom theIndian region

....

M. appendiculatum Korshikov, 1953, p 402, f 406M. eriense Tiffany et Ahlstrom, 1931M. octosPinum'Hallett, 1962, p 487, £ 4-6M. quadrisetum (Lemm.) G. M. Smith, 1916 b, p479, pi 25, r 17

=Richteriella quadriseta Lemm., 1898 a, p 307= R. botryoides (Schmidle) Lemm. var. quadriseta (Lemm.) Chodat, 1902, p 194

Genera of Micractiniaceae tlot recordedfrom the Indian region

Acanthosphaera Lemmermann, 1899, p 118, with two species :A. tenuisPina Korsh., 1953, p 138, £ 78A. zachariasi Lemm.. 1899, p 118, pi I, £ 10-11

Echinosphaeridium Lemmermann, 1904, monospecific:E. nordstetftii Lemm., 1904

Palmellochaete .Korsh., 1953, p 268, monospecific :1'. tel!mima K,orsh., 1953, p 269, £ 222..;