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Transcript of Philippines Information Access - enaca.org · INFORMATION ACCESS SURVEY WESTERN VISAYAS, ... 3.7...
INFORMATION ACCESS SURVEY
WESTERN VISAYAS, PHILIPPINES
JUNE 2003
Malene Felsing, Elizabeth M Gonzales and Erwin Pador
In Collaboration with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) Region VI
This work was commissioned by the STREAM Regional Office, Network of Aquaculture Centres in Asia-Pacific (NACA), Bangkok, Thailand.
Reference: Felsing M, Gonzales E M and Pador E (2003) Information Access Survey: Western Visayas, Philippines. Published by STREAM/NACA. 57 pp.
ISBN 974-91697-9-4
i
CONTENTS
Figure and Table iii
Acknowledgements iv
Acronyms v
Executive Summary vi
1. Introduction 1
2. Audience Profiles 2
2.1 Government Agencies 22.2 Civil Society 22.3 Research Institutions 32.4 Local Government Units (LGUs) 32.5 Coastal Communities 4
3. Communications Media 5
3.1 Radio 53.2 Television 63.3 Newspapers and Magazines 73.4 Cinema 73.5 Comic Books 83.6 Video 93.7 Traditional and Folk Media 93.8 Other Printed Media 103.9 Telecommunications 113.10 Information Technology 113.11 Groups and Individual Communication 12
4. Information Exchange within the Fisheries Sector 15
4.1 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) 15
4.1.1 Communication within BFAR 164.1.2 Information Exchange with other Government Departments, Research Institutions and NGOs
17
4.1.3 Contact with LGUs 174.1.4 BFAR Extension 184.1.5 BFAR Access to Information from Communities 19
4.2 Local Government 20
4.2.1 Information Exchange within Local Government 204.2.2 Interactions between Local Government and Other Parts of the Fisheries Sector 204.2.3 LGU Extension 21
4.3 Civil Society 22
4.3.1 Communication within the NGO Sector and between NGOs and Other Parts of the Fisheries Sector
22
4.3.2 NGO Fisheries and Aquaculture Extension 23
4.4 Other Sectors 24
4.4.1 Department of Health 24
ii
5. Access to Information by Coastal Communities 25
5.1 Sources of Information in Coastal Communities 25
5.1.1 Education 255.1.2 Radio 255.1.3 Television, VHS and CD 255.1.4 Church 265.1.5 Word of Mouth 275.1.6 Punong Barangay (Barangay Captain) and Point (Contact) Persons 275.1.7 Written Communications and Mobile Phones 275.1.8 Fish Vendors and Transient Vendors 275.1.9 Extension 27
6. Discussion and Recommendations 29
6.1 Recommendations to Maximize the Effectiveness of Information Access and Exchange 29
6.1.1 Need for a National Framework for Fisheries Extension Services 296.1.2 Rethinking of the LGU Role, and Interaction between the LGU and Other Stakeholders
29
6.1.3 Increasing the Efficiency of LGU Activities 296.1.4 Targeting of Information and Projects to Identified Audiences 296.1.5 Strengthening the FARMC Process, Where This is Not Yet Working Optimally 30
6.2 Recommendations for Communication with Stakeholders 36
6.2.1 Government Agencies 366.2.2 Civil Society 366.2.3 Research Institutions 376.2.4 Local Government Units (LGUs) 376.2.5 Coastal Communities 37
References 39
Appendices
1. LGU Organizational Structure 402. Communications Media in Philippines Region VI 413. Information Access within the Fisheries Sector 454. BFAR Organizational Structure 475. Fieldwork Results 49
iii
Figure and Table
Figure 1 Identified Needs and Suggested Actions for Different Stakeholders 31
Table 1 Specific Actions for Different Stakeholders in the Fisheries Sector of the Philippines Region VI
32
iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The authors would like to thank the following individuals for participating in this study:
Ambrocio Olivar, Batan, Aklan Angel Sangbon, Naba, Culasi, Antique Angeles Balatongle, JASAC, Iloilo City Angelina Sebial, DOH, Manila Anino, Sta Teresita Parish, Iloilo City Arnel Alcazaren, Batan, Aklan Benji Alcazaren, Batan, Aklan Carlos Belarmino, Culasi, Antique Caroll Guanco, Hinigaran, Negros Occidental Chito Penalba, Batan, Aklan Clarita B Balboa, Batan, Aklan Conrado Marquez, DENR 6, Iloilo Delfin Jalandoni Jr, Anilao, Iloilo Eddie Borja, Btac Viejo, Iloilo Edgardo Escobanez, Culasi, Antique Elilita Vargas, Banate, Iloilo Elina Penalba, Batan, Aklan Eliza Belarmino, Culasi, Antique Emiliano Maulas, ABS-CBN TV 10, Iloilo Eriberto Artoz, Culasi, Antique Erlinda Belarmino, Culasi, Antique Felipe Albano, BFAR Central Office, Manila Fernando, Culasi, Antique Gerlyn Patriarca, Banate, Iloilo Grace Salvador, Batan, Aklan Herminio Penalba, Batan, Aklan Hipolito Penalba, Batan, Aklan Isaac Sucgang, Batan, Aklan Ismael Braza, Btac Nuevo, Iloilo Jane Ruth Martinez, Banate, Iloilo Joeddy Jovacon, Btac Viejo, Iloilo Jose Tamudtamud, Btac Viejo, Iloilo Josephine Savaris, PhilDHRRA-Visayas, Cebu Joven R Balboa, Batan, Aklan Juanito Mecenas, Culasi, Antique Kathy Fillone, ABS-CBN, Iloilo Laila Garcia, UPLB, Laguna Leah Catedrilla, UPV, Miagao, Iloilo Lilibeth Doromal, Anilao, Iloilo Linda L Bolivar, Batan, Aklan Lita Espinosa, Banate, Iloilo Lorenzo Quemado, Culasi, Antique Loreto Artoz, Culasi, Antique Lorna Angor, Culasi, Antique Lucracio Arguez, Banate Bay Ma Auxilladora B Perodio, Banate, Iloilo Ma Yolanda B Aberde, Banate, Iloilo
Marietta O Gualta, RGMA 6, Iloilo Marigold Jutare, Estancia, Iloilo Marilyn Regalado, Banate, Iloilo Marilyn Tamba, Culasi, Antique Marina Ariola, PIA, Manila Marvin P Brasileno, Save the Children, Iloilo Mary Lou Larroza, BBRMCI Melanie J Padilla, UPV, Iloilo Merla B Astrolanio, Batan, Aklan Mila F Ebreo, DENR 6, Iloilo Nena Magalona, PIA, Iloilo Nicanor Jagorin Jr, Anilao, Iloilo Noel Velez, Banate, Iloilo Noel Yap, Ivisan, Capiz Ofelia Bandiola, Culasi, Antique Orly Nacionales, Culasi, Antique Paulyn Jean B Rosell-Ubial, DOH 6, Iloilo Pastor L Torres Jr, SEAFDEC-AQD, Iloilo Pedro Bueno, NACA, Bangkok Presentacion A Penpillo, NSCB, Iloilo Rebecca Cajilig, STREAM, Bangkok Reselle Bactug, Alocaygan, Banate, Iloilo Robert Espinosa, BFAR, Iloilo City Rodrigo S Bayona, Banate, Iloilo Roed Shane Hablo, BFAR, Iloilo Rogelio Amatorio, Banate, Iloilo Romeo D Fortes, UPV, Miagao, Iloilo Rosano Balboa, Batan, Iloilo Rosemarie Gange-Aguirre, DOH, Manila Rowen del Carmen, Banate, Iloilo Ruben Rabe, Ivisan, Capiz Ruel Almoneda, OPA, Negros Occidental Runji Jamolo, Radyo Ng Bayan 6, Iloilo Salvador Cortes, JASAC, Iloilo City Samuel Adalia, FRMP/Primex, Manila Shirley Artoz, Culasi, Antique Susana Siar, SEAFDEC-AQD Iloilo Sylvia V dela Cruz, OPA, Capiz Tabrez Nasar, IIRR, Cavite Teddy A Matulac, Btac Viejo, Iloilo Thelma Naze, Culasi, Antique Thelma Quemado, Culasi, Antique Tintin Ongpin, FRMP, Manila Velma S Encanto, DA 6, Iloilo Victoria, Culasi, Antique Violo Bandula, Culasi, Antique Wilfredo de los Santos, BFAR 6, Iloilo
Thanks are also expressed to Graham Haylor, Kath Copley, Director Sonia Seville and William Savage for reviewing and editing the report.
v
ACRONYMS
ABS-CBN Associated Broadcasting System – Consolidated Broadcasting Network AIJC Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication AQD Aquaculture Department (SEAFDEC) BBRMCI Banate Bay Resource Management Council, Inc. BEC Basic Ecclesial Communities BFAR Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources BFARMC Barangay Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council CBCRM Community-Based Coastal Resources Management CHD Center for Health Development CMMD Coastal Marine Management Division CODE NGO Caucus of Development NGO Network (Iloilo) CRM Coastal Resources Management DA Department of Agriculture DECS Department of Education, Culture and Sports DENR Department of Environment and Natural Resources DILG Department of Interior and Local Government DOH Department of Health DPPC Diplomatic Post Publishing Corporation FARMC Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council FIMC Fisheries Information Management Center FRMP Fisheries Resource Management Project GMA Global Media Arts IIRR International Institute of Rural Reconstruction JASAC Jaro Archdiocesan Social Action Center KBP Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster ng Pilipinas LGU Local Government Unit LIPASECU Libertad, Pandan, Sebaste, Culasi Bay-wide Management Council L&L Livelihoods and Languages MADECOR Mandala Agriculture Development Corporation M&E Monitoring and Evaluation MPA Marine Protected Area NACA Network of Aquaculture Centres in the Asia-Pacific NGO Non-governmental Organization NSCB National Statistical and Coordination Board OPA Office of the Provincial Agriculturist PhilFIS Philippine Fisheries Information System PhilDHRRA Philippine Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Areas PIA Philippine Information Agency PO People’s Organization PRA Participatory Rural Appraisal PROCESS Participatory Research Organization of Communities and Education towards
Struggle for Self-Reliance RGMA Radio Global Media Arts SAC Social Action Center SB Sangguniang Bayan SEAFDEC Southeast Asian Fisheries Development Center STREAM Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management UPLB University of the Philippines Los Baños UPV University of the Philippines in the Visayas
vi
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Introduction
The aim of this report is to provide brief profiles of the main stakeholders within the aquatic resources and fisheries sectors in Western Visayas, to describe their access to information, and the communication between and within stakeholder groups, organizations and institutions within the sector. The report goes on to identify current needs and key action points which might maximize efficient communication.
Audience Profiles
1. Government agencies that offer support for fisheries and aquaculture development include the Department of Agriculture (DA), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). Support is provided to Local Government Units (LGUs) and to Fishers’ Associations. Government employees hold bachelor degrees, and prefer English for technical and written information. The availability of computing facilities and internet access is generally low in government departments.
2. Numerous NGOs operate in Western Visayas (Philippines Region VI), and many who work with coastal communities are members of the NGO network PhilDHRRA. NGO employees are often educated to at least bachelor degree level, have high access to computing facilities and the internet, and high English proficiency. People’s Organizations (POs) include fisherfolk associations, most members of which are literate in national and regional dialects, but not in English.
3. Research institutions in Region VI include the University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV), other fisheries state colleges, and SEAFDEC. The operational written language within research is English, and access to computing and internet facilities is high.
4. Local Government Units (LGUs) have exclusive rights to, and control over, local waters, and are responsible for fisheries extension. Most LGU officials have bachelor degrees and a high proficiency in English.
5. The population of Region VI is about 6.5 million people, of which 43% live below the poverty threshold. Many of these live in coastal communities, and are engaged in fishing, farming and livestock rearing. The main religion is Catholicism. Literacy levels are high, and most fisherfolk have completed elementary schooling. In addition to their local dialect, fisherfolk speak Hiligaynon and Filipino1, and have some knowledge of English. Philippine society is hierarchical, and the nature of interactions between people is often determined by the rank of individuals, based on class, power and age.
Communications Media
6. Radio is a popular medium and access is high in coastal communities in Region VI, where a number of stations currently operate. A popular network is Bombo Radyo, which airs highly political and controversial shows. National radio is broadcast in Filipino (sometimes mixed with English), and local stations broadcast in regional or local dialects. In some coastal communities,
1 Also called Tagalog, but many people use the word Filipino, because the former may be misconstrued as a local dialect of people living in the Tagalog regions of Luzon.
vii
only one AM station can be received. Most government agencies and many NGOs use radio in their information dissemination strategies.
7. Television is another popular medium, although access to this within coastal communities is lower than radio. Nine TV stations and a number of cable networks broadcast from Region VI. ABS-CBN and GMA have the most viewers, and popular programs include the news and locally and internationally produced soap operas. Many government agencies use TV as part of their extension, and programs broadcast through the Philippine Information Agency get free airtime on many channels.
8. National, regional and local newspapers and magazines are available in Region VI. Most broadsheets are in English, and national tabloids are in Filipino. Popular magazines cover entertainment, news and sports.
9. Cinema is popular in the Philippines, and cinema advertising forms part of the extension strategy of the Department of Health.
10. Filipino comics (love stories with simple text accompanied by colorful cartoon drawings) are popular. The comic style is widely used in extension media to coastal communities, in the form of complete comic books, inserts within existing magazines, or comic illustrations accompanying extension text.
11. Access to video is quite high in coastal communities through public video entertainment houses that exist even in municipalities with no electricity. Video uses in extension include traveling information caravans, and distribution of televisions and VHS players to health centers.
12. Traditional communications media in the Philippines include town criers and religious festivals, as well as folk theater. Karaoke and development theater have been used as extension media.
13. Books are generally expensive and many are written in English. Within villages, information is posted in the barangay2 hall, and leaflets and posters are often distributed as part of extension campaigns. Other commonly used printed media include T-shirts, caps and billboards.
14. Within urban areas, access to telecommunications facilities is high, and most working professionals use mobile telephones, in particular text messaging. Many coastal communities do not have telephone landlines, and mobile phone coverage is limited.
15. NGOs and research institutions have taken up information technology rapidly. However, access to computing facilities and the internet is still low within most government departments and LGUs, and almost non-existent in coastal communities. Recent fisheries and aquatic resource management projects aim to bring information technology to LGUs and regional and state government departments.
16. Group membership is common in coastal communities, mainly through fisherfolk and religious associations, and many NGOs see community organization as a key step towards empowerment. Information access from formal and informal personal contact is important in coastal communities.
17. The Catholic Church has a powerful influence in the Philippines. It plays a significant role in religious affairs as well as socio-politically. The majority of the dioceses all over the country have established Social Action Centers (SACs) headed by Archbishops. These SACs maintain regular paid staff who run their varied desk assistance extension programs. The extension in pilot
2 A Philippines administrative unit which is approximately equivalent to a village.
viii
barangays is through the Basic Ecclesial Communities (BEC) while in other barangays, it is through the barangay chapels or liturgical and apostolic councils based in each parish.
Information Exchange within the Fisheries Sector
18. There is a functional fisheries extension service in the Philippines but recent studies have suggested a number of needs, including formulation of national and regional extension strategies; increased financial support for extension; increased stakeholder participation in project planning; improved networking within the fisheries sector; adequate feasibility studies prior to project implementation; improved political relations between stakeholders to aid collaboration; and the provision of incentives for, and training of, extension workers.
19. Recent legislation has dramatically changed extension activities of BFAR, and the role of the Bureau is now to support extension activities carried out by the LGUs. BFAR has a limited budget and as a result of reorganization, most regional staff are now contract workers.
20. Within BFAR, communication follows official channels, and information updates normally occur through training. Networking between and within regions is strong. All offices are equipped with telephone and fax, but few employees have access to, or are comfortable using, computers and the internet. Efforts to change this are being implemented through the Fisheries Resource Management Project (FRMP).
21. Within Region VI there is a strong network between BFAR, NGOs and research institutions involved in fisheries activities. Communication initially follows official channels, after which more informal interactions occur.
22. The degree of collaboration between BFAR and LGUs depends largely on the relationships established between individual officials. BFAR conducts regular updating seminars for municipal extension workers, who are also given a financial incentive to carry out their extension duties.
23. All BFAR projects are implemented locally in collaboration with the LGUs. BFAR’s national priority is increased food security and fish production, and the generation of employment. Individual projects promote backyard aquaculture, mariculture and sustainable coastal resource management. Crucially, project success largely hinges on the degree to which fisheries extension is prioritized within LGUs.
24. Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) provide a framework for fisherfolk participation in decision-making regarding coastal resources. Although the structure has been in place for a while, many FARMCs do not function as intended, and most agree that additional capacity-building is required within fishing communities.
25. The level of support from the LGU to municipal extension workers depends on the prioritization of extension within the LGU, and priorities change regularly with new political leadership. Limited financial and training support provide limited motivation for extension workers. Few LGU employees have access to computers or the internet, and some municipalities are without telecommunications. Political allegiance is important, and political issues sometimes interfere with effective extension.
26. LGUs collaborate with research institutions and civil society through individual projects.
27. Extension to coastal communities occurs through extension workers, with projects focusing on the national aims of BFAR. Many LGUs limit their extension activities to law enforcement support to curb illegal fishing. Extension occurs through training seminars, the distribution of leaflets and
ix
posters (mainly in English), and demonstration farms. Most of these activities are organized through BFAR.
28. NGO networks in Region VI are strong, and operate mainly through the national umbrella organization PhilDHRRA and CODE NGO.
29. Several NGOs in Region VI work with coastal communities. Activities mainly focus on capacity-building, and building longstanding relationships with communities, often strengthening the FARMC structure. Extension media used by NGOs include leaflets, comics and posters, and radio, sometimes developed with the local community.
30. The Department of Health (DOH) is broadly considered effective in its extension campaigns. This is partly because the DOH has a decentralized structure, but also because the department employs a progressive extension strategy, with routine audience profiling, pre-testing of materials, and monitoring and evaluation of campaigns. The DOH uses traditional tri-media (radio, TV and print) techniques and more novel approaches such as celebrity endorsement, cinema and billboard advertising, and theater.
Access to Information by Coastal Communities
31. Public education is widely used in coastal resources management projects to supplement local knowledge and raise awareness.
32. Radio is an efficient source of information in coastal communities in Region VI, where almost all households listen to the radio, in particular Bombo Radyo. Men and women listen to morning news, and women follow Ilonggo radio dramas in the afternoon.
33. About 25-55% of fisherfolk own or have access to television and those who can access both preferred TV over radio. ABS-CBN is popular, in particular evening news programs (men and women), Filipino soap operas (women), and a Taiwanese program (children). VHS or CD rental stores serving as mini-cinemas are available in many municipalities.
34. The Church is an important disseminator of information, and some priests incorporate socio-political and environmental topics into their sermons.
35. Friends, neighbors and relatives are common sources of information in communities, but for official matters, most fisherfolk prefer to receive communication in writing.
36. Established communication channels exist within communities, for fisheries information through barangay captains, councils and FARMCs.
37. Written correspondence in English is the most common, and preferred, means of formal communication between the municipal office and the community. In barangays with mobile phone coverage, text messaging between the municipality and the community is also important.
38. Fish vendors, transient vendors and fish buyers are the main sources of marketing information within coastal barangays.
39. For extension, communities favor training and study tours supported by effective information materials in Hiligaynon or Filipino, with color illustrations and large fonts. Women prefer posters to decorate the house, and men leaflets they can carry with them. Comics were considered suitable only for children.
x
Discussion and Recommendations
40. Areas recommended for attention include further study on extension needs within the fisheries sector; increasing the efficiency of the activities of LGUs through awareness creation about FARMCs; maximizing the targeting of information and projects to identified audiences through participatory planning, feasibility studies, audience profiling, pre-testing of materials, and monitoring and evaluation; and strengthening of the FARMCs through community capacity-building, awareness creation at all levels, and consideration of the power structures restricting communications. Many of these constraints are currently being addressed in a number of projects and activities initiated by some of the stakeholders.
41. When communicating to government departments, official channels should be used. Effective ways to reach government employees include operating through existing training structures, and through mass communications such as printed (English-language national broadsheets and newspapers) and broadcast media (ABS-CBN, GMA, Bombo Radyo).
42. NGOs in Region VI are most efficiently reached through the established network of PhilDHRRA and CODE NGO, through training followed up by e-mail and dissemination of electronic media, and through printed (English-language national broadsheets and newspapers) and broadcast media (ABS-CBN, GMA, Bombo Radyo).
43. Research institutions are best reached by e-mail, through local and international conferences or workshops, and print (English-language national broadsheets and newspapers) and broadcast media (ABS-CBN, GMA, Bombo Radyo).
44. Communication to LGUs is best done through official channels initially. Information dissemination is best done through training supported by written materials (in English). Mass communication should be through local and national newspapers, ABS-CBN TV, and local or regional radio stations. Local surveys should be carried out to establish the media available in different areas before mass communication strategies are formulated.
45. Coastal communities can be reached through formal channels. Training activities are best carried out in collaboration with existing NGOs, the Church or local projects, and supported by colorful training materials in local dialects. The most wide reaching mass communication media is radio, and TV may also be efficient in some areas. Studies of which channels can be received in local communities are essential prior to the formulation of a mass communication strategy.
1
1. INTRODUCTION
The Philippines comprises 7,100 islands, and a large proportion of the population rely wholly or partly on coastal resources. Coastal communities are among the poorest in Philippine society, and the development of sustainable management of coastal and fisheries resources has been identified as an important goal by government institutions.
This aim can only be realized through the effective and efficient communication with, and extension of resources and support to, coastal communities from the various stakeholders within the fisheries sector.
This study focuses on Region VI of the Philippines, and aims to:
¶ Provide brief profiles of the main stakeholders within the aquatic resources and fisheries sector (Section 2)
¶ Outline the main uses of different communications media within Region VI (Section 3) ¶ Describe the access to information, and the communication between and within
stakeholder groups, organizations and institutions within the aquatic resources and fisheries sector (Sections 4 and 5), and
¶ Identify current needs and recommend strategies to maximize efficient communication, and summarize recommended communications strategies among stakeholders (Section 6).
The findings presented in this document comprise the results of a study carried out from 11-26 June 2003, during which time key informant interviews were conducted in Metro Manila, other areas of Luzon, and within Region VI, Panay and Negros Islands. Key informants included representatives from government departments, civil society, research institutions and municipal governments. In addition, focus group discussions engaging fisherfolk, village officials and representatives from fisherfolk associations, were conducted in three coastal municipalities.
The population of Region VI is more than 6.5 million people, and comprises a great variety of aquatic resources stakeholders, a selection of which were consulted as part of this study. Further, in a fast-changing society like the Philippines, access to communication and political situations may change quickly. It is therefore important that potential users of this document validate the findings within their local context.
2
2. AUDIENCE PROFILES
2.1 Government Agencies
Institutional support for fisheries and aquaculture development in communities is available through national agencies, which include the Department of Agriculture (DA), the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), and the Department of Interior and Local Government (DILG). Institutional support is provided at two levels: to Local Government Units (LGUs) and to Fishers’ Associations.
Most government employees are educated to bachelor degree level, and because tertiary science texts are normally in English, they commonly prefer English for technical information. English is also the preferred language for written communication within and between government departments. Government officials know Filipino as well as their local language.
Computers are in short supply in some government departments, and the vast majority of employees do not use e-mail. The exception is higher-ranking officials who often have access to the internet (but rarely utilize it), and employees within projects such as the FRMP (see Section 4) and other projects with international funding agencies, where employees communicate with funding agencies through e-mail.
The majority of government departments aim to computerize their operations, and so computer and internet access is likely to increase steadily in the near future.
Most government departments provide mobile telephones for more senior employees, in some cases with a monthly maximum allowance for local calls.
2.2 Civil Society
Within the NGO sector, employees at management level are most commonly educated to at least bachelor degree level, and have a high proficiency in English. An international NGO operating within Region VI is Save the Children Foundation, Inc. National and local NGOs operating within Region VI include:
¶ Antique Integrated Area Development (ANIAD) ¶ Buklod Aklan ¶ Center for Alternative Initiatives (CADI) ¶ Freedom from Debt Coalition (FDC) ¶ Gerry Roxas Foundation, Inc. ¶ Hublag Evelio ¶ Iloilo Caucus of Development NGO Network (CODE NGO) ¶ Iloilo People’s Habitat ¶ Jaro Archdiocesan Social Action Center (JSAC) ¶ Katin-aran Kauswagan Foundation (KKF) ¶ Magsasaka at Siyentipiko para sa Pag-unlad ng Agrikultura (MASIPAG) ¶ Paghidaet Development Group (PDG) ¶ Pambansang Kilusan ng Samahang Magsasaka (PAKISAMA) ¶ Peace Foundation ¶ Philippine Partnership for the Development of Human Resources in Rural Areas –
Visayas (PhilDHRRA – Visayas) ¶ Philippine Rural Reconstruction Movement (PRRM)
3
¶ Participatory Research Organization of Communities and Education towards Struggle for Self-Reliance (PROCESS) Foundation
¶ Participatory Research Organization of Communities and Education Towards Struggle for Self Reliance – Panay (PROCESS – Panay)
¶ Taytay sa Kauswagan ¶ USWAG Development Foundation (USWAG) ¶ Visayas Cooperative Development Center (VICTO)
Most NGOs target international funding, and the majority have good computing facilities in their regional offices, with internet access, and e-mail is commonly used as a means of communication.
People’s Organizations (POs) include fisherfolk’s organizations, the main ones of which are:
¶ Pagduso sg Agrikultura sa Tingub nga Aksyon sg mga Organisasyon sg Mangunguma (PATANOM)
¶ Ipil Kauswagan Association ¶ Ibajay Fisheries and Fry Catchers Aquatic Resource Management Association ¶ Mambuquiao Fisherfolk, Farmer, Women Multi-Purpose Association ¶ Guimaras Federation of Fisherfolk Association
The members are fisherfolk, who have primary school education, are literate in Filipino and Hiligaynon, but have limited knowledge of English.
2.3 Research Institutions
Research institutions in Region VI include the University of the Philippines in the Visayas (UPV), other fisheries state colleges, and SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department (AQD).
Within research institutions, English is normally used for textbooks and is the main language used for written communication. In UPV, essays and exams are written in English, but some other universities (e.g., University of the Philippines Diliman) are currently trying to promote the use of Filipino within the university sector.
Good computing facilities are normally available for all researchers, and internet access and the use of e-mail for communication is common. Much research in the Philippines is funded by international agencies, and communication with external funding bodies occurs through e-mail.
2.4 Local Government Units (LGUs)
There are a total of 17 municipalities in Aklan, 18 in Antique, 16 in Capiz, 42 in Iloilo, 22 in Negros Occidental, and five in Guimaras.
In a decentralization effort within the Philippines government, LGUs were granted exclusive access to their coastal resources with the Local Government Code of 1991 (Republic Act 7160). LGUs are authorized to issue licenses for, and collect fees from, fisheries activities in their municipal waters (within 15 km from the shoreline).
The structure of the municipal LGU can be seen in Appendix 1. The Municipal Agriculture Office is under the office of the Mayor. In between them is the Sangguniang Bayan (SB, legislative body), which is composed of ten elected members chairing different committees prescribed in the local government code. Committee assignment is not necessarily based on expertise or qualification, thus an SB member assigned to fisheries may not have any background in fisheries, or indeed in science.
4
Extension workers (Fisheries, Livestock and Crop Technicians) are employed under the Municipal Agriculture Office. Most officials within the LGU have bachelor degrees, with a high proficiency in English.
2.5 Coastal Communities
The population of Region VI is about 6.5 million people, of which the majority (>70%) live in the Provinces of Iloilo and Negros Occidental (NSIC, 2002). Within the region there are six provinces, 12 cities, 117 municipalities (of which 85 are coastal) and 4,050 barangays (villages).
An estimated 526,072 families (or 43%) are living below the poverty threshold within Region VI. The Annual Per Capita Poverty Threshold in 2002 was P 12,646 (US$ 253). Coastal communities are among the poorest and most marginal in the region. Within the Philippines, municipalities are classified according to income levels, from the richest (1) to the poorest (6). Within Region VI, only Antique has 6th-class municipalities.
Population growth in Region VI is high (average annual population growth rate from 1995-2000 was 2.43%), and an estimated 45.3% of the population is currently less than 20 years old (NSIC, 2002).
Although the majority of inhabitants of coastal communities in Region VI rely mainly on fishing for their livelihoods, a great number are also engaged in farming and livestock raising (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). Activities can be divided into municipal fisheries, commercial fisheries and aquaculture.
Income is generally low, with one-third earning less than P 2,000 (US$ 40) and more than 75% earning less than P 4,000 (US$ 80) per household per month.
The vast majority (96%) of the population in Region VI is Catholic (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
The majority of fisherfolk have completed elementary school, but only some secondary school. The functional literacy within Region VI is lowest in Capiz (76%) and highest in Guimaras and Iloilo (84%).
Filipino is the official language in the Philippines, but Hiligaynon (the local language in Region VI) and English are also taught in school, and whereas everybody understands Filipino and Hiligaynon, while English proficiency within coastal communities is typically low. Local (non-written) dialects within Region VI include Akeanon spoken in the northern part of Aklan, Capiznon in Capiz, Kinaray-a in interior Antique and Iloilo, and Cebuano in areas near the border to Negros Oriental. Akeanon differs substantially from Hiligaynon, but the other dialects are quite similar to the regional language, with only a few vocabulary and minor pronunciation differences.
Philippine society is hierarchical, with interactions determined by the rank of individuals, based on their class, power and age. Where no vertical ranking exists, relationships are determined according to closeness of affiliation, determined in terms of kinship, political and religious persuasion, and proximity of living (Andres, 1988).
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3. Communications Media
The communications media available in Region VI and their common uses are detailed below. Prices for the production of communications material can be found in Appendix 2.
The Philippine Information Agency (PIA)
The Philippine Information Agency (PIA) is one of the information agencies of the Office of the Press Secretary (OPS) which is directly under the Office of the President. The PIA is the government vehicle for information dissemination, and covers tri-media (radio, TV and print) communication, although there are two separate agencies for the broadcast (Radyo Ng Bayan, or People’s Radio, and Philippine News Agency). The PIA has in-house production facilities.
The Kapisanan ng mga Broadkaster ng Pilipinas (KBP) is the regulating body of the broadcast industry. Most radio and TV stations are members of the KBP, but one popular radio station, Bombo Radyo, is no longer a member. Through members of the KBP, PIA and other government departments, broadcasting is free for the first month, in exchange for which the KBP member stations get tax rebates on imported media equipment. However, for free broadcasting, government departments have no control over when the broadcasts will be aired.
3.1 Radio
Nationally, there are about 600 broadcasting stations, with 270 AM bands and 329 FM bands (PIA, 2000). Radio programs produced at PIA are broadcast through members of the KBP on 100 radio stations nationally, 40 of which are within the National Capital Region, with 60 additional stations broadcasting in the provinces. Within the National Capital Region, there are currently 22 AM and 24 FM radio stations (DPPC, 2003). In Region VI, there are 23 AM and 34 FM radio stations (PIA, 2000). Most of these are located in Iloilo Province.
National radio is normally aired in Filipino, and mixed Filipino and English. Within Region VI, Hiligaynon is the most common language used, including by radio stations such as Bombo Radyo, Radyo Ng Bayan and Aksyon Radyo. The music station 93.5 broadcasts in mixed English, Filipino and Hiligaynon.
In 2000, 81% of households in the country owned radio sets (PIA, 2000). In the coastal villages of Region VI, the vast majority of households own a radio (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
Radio Culture in the Philippines
One of the most popular national radio networks in the Philippines is Bombo Radyo. This network commonly raises controversial issues and criticizes individuals and institutions, especially political figures and government officials in high positions. Bombo Radyo is also politically vocal. The shows’ popularity mainly hinge on the presenters, who become well-known media personalities with followers among the population. Most who ran for local government positions during the last local election were elected.
Many people listen to radio stations which broadcast mainly music; radio soap operas are popular too, especially among women listeners. The government radio station, Radyo Ng Bayan, is not so popular.
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Within Region VI, 71% of coastal communities listen to news and public affairs programs, with DYOW (Bombo Radyo, Capiz) and DYFM (Bombo Radyo, Iloilo) showing the highest listenerships (about 40% each) in costal communities (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). However, in many coastal municipalities, only one station (AM) can be received, so identification of the media available to target groups is essential prior to the formulation of any communication strategy using radio.
Radio in Extension
Radio is broadly believed to be the most widely disseminating media by Philippine government departments. A number of government agencies use radio broadcasting to disseminate information to people. The Department of Health (DOH) have their own in-house production facilities, and commonly use radio in their information campaigns. The DOH normally pays for airtime, because this gives them greater control over when and on what stations their programs will be aired.
The DENR, DA and BFAR regularly use radio programs as part of information campaigns. Bombo Radyo used to air a DENR program called “Environmentally Yours” on Sundays, which was popular among fishers in the region, but was not sustained due to lack of funding. Presently, the station airs “Ikaw at ang Palibot” (You and the Environment) twice a week at noon through Radyo Ng Bayan. The DA’s “School-on-the-Air” is a long running (30 years) program which teaches farmers agriculture over the radio, using leading farmers as lecturers. However, this year it was temporarily taken off the air because of lack of funding. The DA also broadcasts shorter messages on five commercial channels in Region VI. Within the BFAR FRMP, short radio advertisements are made on Radyo Ng Bayan.
Within Region VI, as part of the FARMC initiative, radio programs are produced by municipal FARMC groups (with the assistance of BFAR and the provincial government of Aklan), and aired on local radio stations within the municipalities.
The NGO PhilDHRRA produces a weekly radio program in Region VII. The program is made in the field, and comprises interviews with local fisherfolk, highlighting recent activities, news, problems and success stories. Following a survey documenting the media habits of the audience, the program is aired on the most popular local station from 1:30-2:00 p.m. on Saturdays, when fisherfolk normally rest and listen to the radio.
3.2 Television
Within the National Capital Region, there are 13 TV stations, one (PTV 4) of which is government owned (DPPC, 2003). In Region VI, there are nine TV stations (PIA, 2000). There are a total of 217 cable stations throughout the Philippines, of which two are located in Region VI.
In 2000, 45% of Philippine households owned a TV, with TV ownership in coastal households within Region VI estimated at 55% (MACECOR-AIJC, 2002).
Within the Visayan region, 67% of coastal households watch news and public affairs programs on TV, and the most popular station is ABS-CBN (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). GMA is another popular station in the region. Both ABS-CBN and GMA broadcast mainly in Filipino, with some English programs. The most popular programs on the two channels are soap operas, in particular Mexican tele-novelas and Philippine tele-series, both broadcast in Filipino.
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Television in Extension
Most government departments use TV as an extension medium. The bigger departments have their own in-house production facilities, and normally air short messages through the PIA on a number of TV stations.
In addition to messages aired through the PIA, the DA pays for the release of feature stories and news on the “TV Patrol” program aired on ABS-CBN and a twice weekly guest appearances on the “Serbisyo Publiko” (Public Service) program aired on Sky Cable, and the DOH also occasionally pays for prime time on popular stations.
3.3 Newspapers and Magazines
Within the Philippines, a total of 559 print media were produced in 2000, which included 43 daily newspapers, and an additional 314 weekly papers. In the National Capital Region alone, 12 broadsheets and 16 tabloids are produced daily for nationwide distribution. Six of these (all tabloids) are in Filipino, the remainder in English. There are also five Chinese daily newspapers (DPPC, 2003). In 2000, the nationwide circulation of broadsheets was 1.6 million, and that of tabloids 3.3 million.
Within Region VI, a total of 12 daily and 12 weekly newspapers are produced (PIA, 2000). The circulation of the total 19 provincial dailies in the Visayas was estimated to be 139,000 in 2000. All regional daily newspapers are in English, and only one of the weekly news magazines is in Hiligaynon. Within Region VI, the national tabloids in Filipino are also popular.
Nationwide, there are a total of 45 magazines, most of which are published weekly, with an estimated circulation of 4.4 million. The most widely circulated magazines are the Sunday Supplement of newspapers, followed by entertainment and news magazines (Glitter, Pilipino Reporter News and Woman Today). Sports and horoscope magazines are also popular.
Printed Media in Extension
Most government departments regularly distribute press releases to national and regional newspapers. The use of press conferences to highlight important issues is common too.
One example of efficient use of printed news media is the DOH, which, as part of their Health Advocacy Promotion, produces and distributes three to four press releases a week. Under the same program, the DOH produces a bi-monthly newsletter highlighting their most recent activities, e.g., featuring prizes for active Local Government Units, which is distributed to all news agencies, LGUs, NGOs and other government departments. Once a year the newsletter includes a feedback questionnaire, and readers are also encouraged to e-mail comments to the DOH.
3.4 Cinema
Cinema is popular in Philippine culture, with 31 cinema houses in Region VI, most of which are located in Negros and Iloilo. Both English-language and Filipino films are shown.
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Cinema in Extension
The DOH use cinema advertising as part of their extension activities. Cinema adverts are produced at the central office level in Filipino, and are translated in the regional offices and distributed to local cinema houses, where adverts are shown in the break between shows. The same adverts are also distributed to local TV stations.
3.5 Comic Books
The Philippine comic book tradition began in the 1920s, spearheaded by Antonio Velasquez, the “father of Filipino komiks”. Comics can be classified into Wakasan and Nobelas. Wakasan stories have fewer pages and each comic is a separate story, whereas Nobelas are serials which continue for months or years.
The most popular weekly comics include True Horoscope (circulation 320,000), Star Horoscope(circulation 190,000), Crossword Puzzle (circulation 171,000) and Romance Special (circulation 162,000) followed by a number of others.
Nationally, there are 39 comic magazines produced, mostly weekly in the National Capital Region (with nationwide circulation). The total circulation of weekly comics is 2.9 million (PIA, 2000). There are no local comic magazines produced in Region VI, but a 2002 survey showed that 24% of all respondents within coastal communities regularly read the comics (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
Comics in Extension
Comic book style is widely used in extension media targeting fishers and farmers, because the easy language and entertaining illustrations are thought to reach the rural population well.
The majority of government departments use comic style designs for extension media distributed to fishers and farmers. Examples include leaflets and booklets produced by the DENR, DA and BFAR, which are mainly text-based but include comic drawings illustrating the topic.
The DOH use small two-page comic inserts in magazines to deliver short messages to rural populations. They also produce whole comics devoted to one health issue (for example, the benefits of using iodized salt), which are published in Filipino and distributed to health centers in the regions.
The NGO PhilDHRRA worked with coastal communities and an illustrator to produce four comic style posters highlighting the most important implications of the regulations following a change in the Fisheries Code. The posters were distributed to the communities that PhilDHRRA work with.
Comics are normally love stories, and text is in simple Filipino, accompanied by lots of colorful cartoon drawings depicting the action. Because of the rise of television soap operas, comics are no longer commonly available in Region VI. Most people asked agreed that women read more comics than men.
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3.6 Video
Within the coastal communities in the Visayas region, about 14% of households own a video player (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). Remote coastal areas have no electricity, but even here entertainment video houses are common, where generators are used to power local video shows on a regular basis, for which villagers pay a small amount.
Video in Extension
Video is a widely used tool in extension in the Philippines. The information caravans used by the DA are traveling extension vans, bringing agriculture technology to the barangay level, with expert speakers, video shows, displays of equipment and plants.
Within FRMP, BFAR has produced ten educational videos of project activities for general teaching and promotional purposes.
Region VI DOH has in-house video production facilities, and produce videos in local languages on topics such as SARS, dengue fever and AIDS. The department has donated TVs and VHS players to most regional health centers, and distribute their videos for patients to watch while they are waiting for the doctor. In an attempt to increase the relevance of the programs, many are filmed in local areas.
3.7 Traditional and Folk Media
Philippine folk media can be categorized as religious, quasi-religious (festivals) and secular. Several studies have shown that folk media can be effective channels in delivering development messages (MADECOR-AJIC, 2002).
Town Criers are a traditional means of communication in Philippine villages, and a 2002 survey showed that 72% of respondents in coastal communities in the Visayas region obtained information from Town Criers (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). Recently in Region VI, however, the popularity of Town Criers has fallen with the advent of more efficient communications media such as radio and TV.
Karaoke is a popular pastime in the Philippines, and about one-fifth of coastal households in Region VI own a karaoke machine (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). Karaoke was used in communication centers in remote villages in the Philippines in the Tambuli Community Project, named after a horn used traditionally to call villagers to an assembly where important decisions were made and information shared. Tambuli trained and encouraged people to make their own neighborhood radio programs in barangays using their own karaoke recording machines (which are available in every village). The resulting radio program was called Baranggayan sa Himpapawid, or Village Activity on the Air.
Quasi-religious festivals in honor of St Nino, such as the Ati-atihan in Kalibo, the Dinagyang in Iloilo, and the Sinulog in Cebu, are celebrated in January. These festivities have become tourist attractions and most consumer product companies use this opportunity to launch their products. These present a potential communication channel to reach people from all over the country, who gather to see the parades and join the street dancing.
The composo is another folk media favored by communities in Region VI. Composos are folk ballads which recount tragedies, love’s frustrations, life stories, struggles and triumphs of individuals or families. Composo contests are held during annual thematic celebrations such as the Ocean Month and Fisherfolk Day.
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Another folk media recently revived is Development Theater. There is no recorded account of its use for fisheries extension, but agencies like the DA and PIA have used theater in extension. An example is the highly acclaimed PIA-trained Cordillera Theater Group, which is a product of an innovative project of the Population Commission called “Strengthening and Mobilizing the Youth in the Cordillera Using Development Theater and Folk Media”, which was funded by the United Nations Population Fund.
3.8 Other Printed Media
It is generally accepted that Filipinos are “not a reading people”, and that poorer people in particular have limited access to books because these are expensive and rarely available in their local dialect. Philippine extension experts recommend the targeting of written material to a ‘grade 6’ audience, as this should be understandable to 90% of the population, and to produce written media in local dialects.
Information materials are often posted in the barangay hall, and a 2000 survey showed that more than half of respondents in a fishing community in Region VI were aware of information posted in their village (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). Leaflets were a common source of information, and many respondents reported having received T-shirts and caps promoting some information.
IIRR Write Shops
The NGO International Institute of Rural Reconstruction (IIRR) facilitate what they call Write Shops. A current topic about which more information is needed is identified, and expert participants are invited to prepare a paper on the topic for the Write Shop. The participants read out their paper at the workshop, and a plenary discussion follows, during which changes to the presentation are made. The writer is assigned their own personal team of an artist, an editor and a desktop publishing expert, with whom they work on the revisions. Once the paper is complete, the writer is free to comment on papers from other participants. The final papers are presented once more, and discussed again, and final changes implemented. The Write Shop lasts for 5-6 days, and at its completion, the final paper draft is ready.
A book is published with donor funding to the Write Shop. For example, Utilizing Different Aquatic Resources for Livelihoods in Asia – A Resource Book was supported by AIT Outreach, Deutsche Welthungerhilfe, FAO, ICLARM, IDRC, IIRR, NACA, the Netherlands Embassy Manila and SEAFDEC. These organizations all promote the publication as their own.
The Write Shop is normally held in English, but because of limited English proficiency in Bangladesh, a Write Shop was conducted in Bangla, and farmers were invited to take part.
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Other Printed Media in Extension
All government departments use posters, leaflets and booklets as part of their extension campaigns. Within the DA, DENR and BFAR, printed materials are produced at the national level in English or Filipino. These are provided to a Regional Office, which distributes them in the community and to other target audiences. Because of limited resources, the materials are rarely translated into local languages. Budgetary constraints normally prohibit pre-testing of materials.
Within the DOH, printed media prototypes are distributed to Regional Offices, who then pre-test materials in local languages within the region. Following pre-testing, material design is finalized, and the media produced and distributed. Evaluation of the efficiency of printed media by the DOH showed that posters are most efficient when health workers or other extension workers use them as a teaching tool, especially when supporting leaflets providing more detail are also distributed.
Advertising using billboards is common in the Philippines, and is particularly effective in larger cities where persistent traffic jams maximize the exposure of city dwellers to such media. Billboard advertising is now increasingly used in election campaigns and by the Catholic Church to spread its message. Most recently, the DOH has started using billboards in health campaigns.
3.9 Telecommunications
Within Region VI, access to telecommunications facilities is low. In a 2000 survey of a number of bays in the Visayas, only 2% of respondents had ever used a landline or cellular telephone (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). The telephone density per 100 people within Region VI was 1.7 in 2001 (NTC, 2002).
Mobile telephones and text messaging are becoming increasingly popular in the Philippines, where networks cover all but the most remote areas, and the overwhelming majority of working professionals own mobile telephones. In some coastal areas mobile phones are becoming popular too.
3.10 Information Technology
Information technology has yet to become a regular feature of Philippine society. Although computers are available in all government departments, they are often scarce and typewriters are still a common feature in the office landscape. Computing facilities are rarely available within LGUs. Internet cafes have sprung up in most Philippine cities, but the users are still mainly the young and educated. NGOs and research institutions have been faster to take up information technology than government departments (although this is beginning to change, see box below), mainly because of their high information requirements and the need to collaborate with international funding agencies.
Within coastal communities, computers and information technology are still largely unknown quantities, although the access to high-tech equipment often occurs through children studying at college, or working overseas.
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Information Technology in Extension
There is a current move towards the use of information technology, in particular databases, in coastal resources management projects within the Philippines. In Region VI alone, three such projects exist:
The Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanology of the University of the Philippines in the Visayas, in collaboration with the Department of Agriculture Bureau of Agricultural Research, are developing (at the time of writing) a “Knowledge-based, Decision Support and Adaptive System for Coastal Resources Management and Sustainable Offshore Fisheries Development Project” (KDACS for short). KDACS is a tool designed for LGUs, which includes:
¶ A tool for generating Municipal Fisheries Ordinances ¶ A tool for generating indicators for Fisheries Reserves (such as coral cover and catch per
unit effort statistics) ¶ A fish identification tool (databased dichotomous keys), and ¶ A Fishery Law helper tool, integrating all relevant laws in a searchable database.
BFAR, in the FRMP, established the Philippine Fisheries Information System (PhilFIS), a centralized database comprising several databases on the project areas. The databases are initially intended for BFAR internal use, but an extension of the FRMP to 2006 intends to base them on the World Wide Web. The databases gathered include:
¶ Catch and effort ¶ Map database ¶ Licensing violation ¶ Resource and ecological assessment ¶ Social-economic assessment ¶ Bibliographic database ¶ Document database, and ¶ Fisherfolk registration.
The DENR’s Municipal Coastal Database (MCD) was created as part of its Coastal Resource Management Project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The database comprises a number of fields dealing with budgets, resource management plans, operational status of marine sanctuaries and mangrove reforestation, and training activities. Activities are currently being implemented in 40 municipalities in three regions. MCD aims to:
¶ Provide a framework for monitoring and evaluation of coastal resources projects for use by the Local Government Unit and other organizations
¶ Identify current status of, and information gaps within, coastal resources management activities, and
¶ Facilitate the collection of information by LGUs.
3.11 Groups and Individual Communication
Group identity (kapwa) is a strong tradition in the Philippines (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). In a study of fisherfolk in Region VI, 70% of respondents were members of at least one organization, including the Small Fishermen’s Organization, Bantay Dagat, Comprehensive and Integrated Delivery of Social Services, Gintong Pamana, GLA, HMK, Catholic Organization, Farmers’ Coop and Youth Movement (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
The organization of fisherfolk into groups as a step towards empowerment and efficient extension has long been recognized by government departments and NGOs, and a vehicle for fisherfolk
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organizations to influence policy was established with the introduction of the FARMCs (see Section 4).
DENR and Community Organizing
The DENR have institutionalized community organizing within project development through their Coastal Resources Management Projects. The process began with the Coastal Environment Project, initialized in 1993. The follow-up activity, the Coastal Resources Management Project, was so successful that the DENR turned it into the Coastal Marine Management Division (CMMD), the remit of which is community organization, mangrove reforestation and coastal habitat conservation and protection.
Personal contacts are also important in Philippine culture, and in a 2000 survey, many NGO and government employees stated that they received most of their aquatic resource and fisheries information from contacts or friends (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
In the same study, the majority of respondents reported having seen barangay and other LGU officials, as well as government and non-governmental officials, making announcements in the village. Members of the community seeking out information reported having consulted mainly barangay officials, with smaller numbers seeking information from municipal agricultural and fisheries officers, community organization officers, local police or fisheries enforcers. Local NGO officials and the local mayor were also cited as information sources.
Training Extension through Priests
The NGO PhilDHRRA extends training in coastal resources management to priests in the coastal areas that they work in. The protection of natural resources can be integrated within a Christian framework by progressive priests, and PhilDHRRA report one area where a priest devoted whole sections of sermons to teachings about sustainable resources management.
A similar approach is used within BFAR-FRMP with great success in a number of regions.
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The Church in Extension
The strong Catholic tradition in the Philippines means that the Church is often one of the most trusted sources of information in coastal communities. In the Catholic faith, the priest officiating the mass represents Christ. The teachings of Christ through the Gospel (which usually are related to relevant current national or community issues by the priest through his homily) are perceived as the truth.
Presently, Social Action Centers (SACs) have been established in dioceses all over the Philippines. They envision building Basic Ecclesial Communities (BEC) rooted in gospel values at the barangay level. The SAC is headed by the Archbishop and a Director who is usually a priest or a nun. An example in Region VI is the Jaro Archdiocesan Social Action Center (JASAC). It maintains paid regular professional staff members who handle its various desk assistance services and programs, which include justice and peace, poverty reduction, Alay Kapwa3, emergencies and ecology.
JASAC has a regular staff development program wherein staff are sent at least once a year for training in community organizing, cooperative development, PRA, monitoring and evaluation and other development training. JASAC is currently piloting BECs in Barangay Amurao, Cabatuan, Iloilo through the support of the Cabatuan municipal parish, and in Barangay Jawod, San Joaquin, Iloilo through the Pitogo Parish.
Interested parishes send potential BEC animators (barangay-level extension workers) for a one-month training conducted by the Jaro Archdiocesan Pastoral Secretariat (JAPS) which collaborates closely with the JASAC in the modular training that the BEC animators have to undergo. Trained BEC animators, in consultation with their parish priests, identify pilot BEC (barangay) sites in their municipalities. The BEC animators work closely with the parish priests and the apostolic parish councils in organizing BEC cells composed of 7-15 cluster households in the pilot site. In facilitating non-religious training and seminars for the BECs, BEC animators and the parish councils also collaborate with other service providers.
BEC development is categorized into three phases: liturgical, developmental and liberational. The major support of JASAC staff to the BECs starts when the communities are already organized and prepared to handle livelihoods projects or initiatives. For projects like fish pen culture or resource enhancement, JASAC engages the support of LGUs but otherwise, it directly conducts its activities in the communities through the parish network. At the barangay level, the barangay captains are involved in or informed of all activities being initiated. The BEC program is still in its first year of implementation and there is yet no concrete impact documented. However, it is interesting to note that the Director of JASAC, in his regular “Social Conscience” column under the “Opinion” section of two local dailies, the Panay News and Visayas Examiner, sometimes popularizes JASAC’s program accomplishments through a “significant change story” format.
3 Alay Kapwa relief and emergency rehabilitation is a humanitarian support program of the Jaro Archdiocesan Social Action Center (JASAC), including food, clothing, medicines, housing materials and financial support for victims of manmade or natural calamities; medicines, used clothing, food or sometimes money to walk-in indigents who seek assistance; free regular medical, dental and optical services, and scholarship assistance, to deserving students at the college level. In Tagalog, Alay means “offer or offering”, and Kapwa, “fellow human being”.
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4. Information Exchange within the Fisheries Sector
The Philippine Extension Service was organized into a national system in 1952; since then it has undergone a number of reorganizations. One of the most recent of these was with the Local Government Code of 1992, when agricultural and fisheries extension was devolved to LGUs. However, a number of studies suggest that effective extension within the fisheries sector is still not in place within the Philippines.
A 2001 investigation by the University of the Philippines Los Baños showed that uptake of extended technologies is still poor within most fishing communities, who reported inadequate access to information about fisheries and aquaculture (Cadiz and Garcia, 2001). The study highlighted the lack of comprehensive extension strategies within government departments, poor institutional networking, lack of incentives for extension workers, and the extension of inappropriate technologies to farmers, such as practices requiring large investments, which are inaccessible for poor fisherfolk.
These findings were supported in a 2002 report which formed part of BFAR’s Fisheries Resource Management Project (FRMP). The findings of this survey highlighted the lack of access to appropriate information regarding alternative livelihoods options to the destructive fishing widely practiced in the country (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002).
Since the devolution of extension, the responsibility for fisheries and aquaculture extension have been with LGUs. The code was implemented in an attempt to aid meaningful governance of local natural resources by local governments. Unfortunately, the devolution has meant that no clear fisheries and aquatic resources extension strategy is in operation within the country, as it is up to individual local politicians to decide on the priority given to fisheries and aquaculture extension within the municipalities they govern. A 2001 study found that fisheries projects received less than 2% of total municipal budgets within Iloilo Province in Region VI (Hablo, 2001). This study identified poor training and technical skills among extension workers, low participation of communities in local planning of project priorities, lack of thorough assessment of the technical viability and feasibility of projects, and low levels of monitoring and evaluation of existing extension efforts. Another important constraint identified was frequent political interventions and changes in political leadership. The poor skill levels of extension workers were also highlighted by Encanto (2000).
Following is a description of access to information by, and information exchange between and within, the main institutional stakeholders of the fisheries sector in Region VI. Further details of information sources used by various stakeholders can be found in Appendix 3.
4.1 Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR)
The Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources (BFAR) is a line agency under the Department of Agriculture (DA). BFAR has a national office and regional offices in the sixteen geographic regions of the country.
The extension activities of BFAR have changed dramatically with the introduction of several different legislations within the last 15 years. BFAR was integrated into the DA as a staff bureau (an agency providing advisory services on fisheries matters) in 1986, at which time fisheries extension became part of the numerous agricultural extension services of the Department. Just as fisheries extension was becoming established, devolution of all DA field personnel into LGUs was implemented through the newly approved Local Government Code of 1991. Agriculture and fisheries extension services became the immediate concern of LGUs, backed by technical support from the DA. Extension officers who were employees of DA prior to the devolution were mainly integrated within LGUs to continue providing agricultural and fisheries services to local communities. The recommendations
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from, and relations with, fisheries office of the DA greatly determine the importance attached to fisheries extension within LGUs.
In 1998, BFAR was reconstituted as a line bureau (an agency implementing fisheries policies and projects) under the DA through the passage of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998. However, the reorganization into a line bureau was not supported with ‘plantilla’ positions (approved and funded list of permanent positions in the civil service) so BFAR was unable to undertake its mandate as a line bureau in the short term following the Code.
The Fisheries Resource Management Project (FRMP)
The FRMP is a BFAR-led development project funded by the Asian Development Bank and the Japan Bank for International Cooperation. The project started in 1998, and has been implemented in 100 coastal municipalities in 18 bays within ten regions of the country. A third phase is expected to take the project to 2006. The aim of FRMP is to facilitate reforms to conserve the country’s fishery and coastal resources, and to promote sustainability and ensure food security.
The project works closely with LGUs and communities to identify alternative livelihoods options for community members engaged in destructive fishing, and to draft and implement coastal resource management plans. The main activities include the rehabilitation and management of fish sanctuaries and mangrove reserves, institutionalizing community-based law enforcement (through the provision of training, patrol boats and wireless communication devices), and bay-wide coastal resource management. Activities include workshops with LGUs to formulate and implement their resource management plans, and community organization through contracted NGOs. FRMP also aims to build capability and help reorganize BFAR to enable the Bureau to better assist its customers, in particular the LGU, to implement measures required for sustainable coastal management.
The structural changes required within BFAR are achieved through human resources and career development programs, staff training plans and the long-term installation of a centralized computer system linking all units and regional offices, as well as the development of management systems to ease administration efforts within BFAR.
A major part of the FRMP is the production of the Philippine Fisheries Information System (PhilFIS), which is a centralized database located within the Fisheries Information Management Center (FIMC). [For more details on PhilFIS, see Section 3.10.]
In BFAR Region VI, there are presently only 53 permanent employees, most of whom are over 40 years old. To enable the bureau to carry out its functions, contractual employees are hired (currently comprising about two-thirds of the work force of BFAR in the region). They do not earn leave credits, and are not entitled to the benefits of civil servants or of the Bureau’s staff development programs. With permanent staff nearing the age of retirement, and no training provisions for new staff, BFAR is finding it harder to provide high levels of technical assistance to LGUs.
4.1.1 Communication within BFAR
The structure of BFAR is outlined in Appendix 4. The hierarchy of the system is adhered to in terms of communications, and any formal contact between employees normally goes through faxed or mailed requests to regional and group superiors. Similarly, information is disseminated via official channels.
National and regional offices have landlines for telecommunications, and have recently been provided with internet access. However, most employees have mobile phones and much of the communications within and between regions is carried out using mobile phones, either through calls or via text messages. Higher-ranking officials in BFAR Region VI are provided with mobile phones from the
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office, which also provides the first P 2,000 (US$ 40) for work-related calls. Fax is another commonly used communications medium.
BFAR has an extensive staff development program, and all BFAR employees attend frequent updates and orientations, and have opportunities for training in specific technologies, extension methodology, and various other topics. The national office also initiates frequent meetings discussing specific topics or technologies, and senior officials in BFAR regional offices attend 3-4 such conferences and meetings per year. Because employees get many opportunities to meet each other, networking within BFAR is strong.
Internet access is sporadic within both national and regional BFAR offices, and where available, most employees are not comfortable using e-mail or accessing the internet for information. However, the FRMP project (see Section 4.1) is providing internet access and information technology (IT) training to many BFAR regional offices. Most written communication within BFAR is carried out in English.
4.1.2 Information Exchange with other Government Departments, Research Institutions and NGOs
BFAR Region VI publishes a quarterly newsletter (in English), detailing events and activities within the Bureau. This is distributed to other regional BFAR departments, other government departments, research institutions, NGOs and local government units.
Personal interaction with other agencies occurs via official channels, and normally requires the mailing or faxing of requests, which are always written in English. More informal contact may then ensue, using landline telephones, mobile phones (including text messages) and fax.
Within Region VI there is a functioning network between BFAR and other regional government departments, research institutions involved in aquatic research and NGOs. Apart from conferences and meetings regarding specific technologies, contact is not scheduled formally, and interaction tends to occur as and when needed.
Because of annual budgeting within BFAR, NGO contracts have to be renewed every year, which is problematic for projects where longer-term relationships have to be established. Within the FRMP, community organizing and livelihoods development activities are facilitated by NGOs. These activities are often delayed because of the requirement of having to renew the NGO contracts annually.
4.1.3 Contact with LGUs
Initial contact with LGUs occurs through official channels, between the BFAR Regional Director and the municipal mayor. Primary contact is through mailed or faxed (in English) requests for meetings. Following initial meetings, more informal contact occurs via landline telephone calls, fax and mobile phones (including text messages) where available. Another point of contact is through fishers’ organizations or the FARMCs , which is the only formalized framework for collaboration between BFAR and LGUs.
Because interaction is largely determined by the relationships between individuals, the state of collaboration differs from LGU to LGU, and relationships have to be renewed with each change of political leadership (as often as every three to nine years if the mayor is re-elected for the maximum three terms allowable) to ensure continued support of ongoing initiatives. This situation could be best addressed if aquatic resources management were institutionalized as one of the basic services mandated in the local government code, as are health, education and social welfare.
Regular updating of fisheries and aquaculture skills of LGU extension workers is carried out by BFAR when new technologies emerge, but most extension workers report having attended only one or
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two such courses in the last ten years. Municipal extension workers are also provided with a P 1,500 (US$ 30) per month incentive by BFAR to carry out fisheries and aquaculture extension in addition to their other duties.
4.1.4 BFAR Extension
In 2003, national priorities focused on food security, generation of employment and increased fish production. So-called Project Implementation is allocated half the P 23 million budget (US$ 460,000) in BFAR Region VI. Individual project activities are conceived at the regional level with ensuing training activities and the provision of fingerlings and other inputs such as fish traps, fishing nets and related materials to fishing communities.
Backyard aquaculture is encouraged through extension, mainly to inland communities, where technical training and fingerlings (tilapia or catfish) are provided to farmers. About 90 three-day training sessions are conducted each year. The target group is low-income farmers who own less than 500 m2 of land. Low-income subsistence farmers willing to participate in the program are selected from a list of potential beneficiaries provided by LGU extension workers. Following BFAR inputs, the project participants are helped by the extension officers. Other activities aimed at increasing fish production and generating employment include training in oyster and mussel culture, grouper or tilapia cage culture, seaweed farming and crab fattening.
A major effort is directed towards the stopping of illegal fishing through orientation about the provisions of the Fisheries Code of 1998, and through fisheries law enforcement. Several projects on coastal resources management are being implemented in the region, including the Visayan Sea Project, the FRMP and the National Stock Assessment Project, which all aim to address resource depletion and alleviate poverty in coastal communities. These projects teach sustainable coastal resources management and promote alternative livelihoods strategies such as crab fattening and seaweed culture.
Extension Methods Used
Municipal training seminars for LGUs and community members, often with invited experts from research organizations such as SEAFDEC or universities. Common seminar topics include technical issues, record keeping and husbandry procedures. Training materials include video (where available in municipalities), overhead projectors and flip-charts (used in municipalities without electricity). All training materials are in English, and teachers translate as they go along. Within Region VI, more than 100 training seminars are held each year.
Demonstration farms for aquaculture (mainly seaweeds). About 200 demonstration farms for seaweed culture are currently in operation.
At festivals, conferences and fairs, such as the Month of the Ocean Celebration, and Aquafair, BFAR promote their activities through the distribution and display of posters, brochures, T-shirts, caps, calendars and banners.
Mass dissemination of information occurs through radio programs and distribution of leaflets and booklets, mainly written in English or Filipino.
The success of BFAR extension efforts are compromised by the lack of direct control over extension workers, and the need to constantly re-negotiate relationships with ever-changing political priorities at the LGU level. In areas where local powerful politicians endorse high profile fisheries or aquaculture projects, political considerations sometimes override the technical feasibility of projects, with ensuing low rates of uptake following project completion (Hablo, 2001). Politics are important in the Philippines, and in some cases political differences stall project initiation.
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Because all extension is implemented through LGUs, no national extension strategy has been planned or budgeted for (Pilar Fontelar4, personal communication). Attempts are made to monitor the efficiency of extension efforts and individual project activities, but as no funding is allocated for this purpose, efforts are often sporadic. Limited community involvement in the formulation of project goals has been noted to reduce uptake and feelings of ownership of projects within communities (Hablo, 2001).
The fact that only about one-third of staff within BFAR VI is permanent, decreases extension efforts because contract staff cannot travel or receive training. The non-approval of new permanent positions limit career development, so advancement through the ranks is slow, which acts to dampen staff morale.
4.1.5 BFAR Access to Information from Communities
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Councils (FARMCs) are community forums which link BFAR and LGUs. The FARMC structure has been in operation for some time, but BFAR internal reviews of the organization have recently revealed that a great deal of further empowerment and capacity-building is needed before FARMCs function effectively in all areas.
The FARMC
The Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management Council (FARMC) is a multi-sectoral body of fisherfolk representatives from municipal and commercial fisheries, a fisheries worker (casual or long-term employee in the fishing industry), representatives from NGOs and the private sector, representatives from the LGU (planning and development officer), chairperson of the Agriculture and Fisheries Committee of the Sangguniang Bayan (municipal legislative body) and a representative from the DA-BFAR.
FARMCs were established to enable fisherfolk to take an active role in the development, management and conservation of local fisheries resources. The Council also provides a venue to raise fisheries-related issues, discuss problems and recommend solutions that could eventually be adapted into legislative agenda.
The FARMC was created in 1995 through Executive Order No. 240 from the Office of the President and was amended through the Fisheries Administrative Order (FAO) Number 196 by virtue of the Fisheries Code of 1998. The law mandates the creation of national and municipal FARMCs to institutionalize the major role of fisherfolk and other resources users in the planning and formulation of sustainable development of fisheries resources.
Adequate representation of fishers is constrained by low educational levels of fisherfolk leaders who, as members of the FARMCs, are expected to negotiate with local government officials, politicians and industry leaders. Moreover, despite FAO 196 and the guidelines on the organization of FARMCs, exactly how FARMCs should be formed is still unclear to many. Section 69 of the Philippine Fisheries Code of 1998 states that, “the FARMCs shall be formed by fisherfolk organizations/cooperatives and NGOs in the locality and be assisted by the LGUs and other government entities. Before organizing the FARMC, the LGUs, NGOs, fisherfolk, and other concerned people’s organizations shall undergo consultation and orientation of the formation of FARMC.”
However, interview findings suggested that some FARMCs in Region VI, and perhaps in other regions, were formed without existing people’s organizations in the locality. In these cases, FARMC
4 Division Chief, Fisheries Industry Development and Support Division, Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources
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members were appointees of the mayor, which questions the validity of FARMCs as an independent council. Further, it seems that the appreciation of the FARMC mechanism is still not fully developed within BFAR itself nor the LGUs.
In a national review of FARMCs, BFAR identified limited awareness about FARMCs among fisheries extension workers as one of the constraints to further development, and awareness creation is now being conducted. In addition, BFAR focuses on learning from the experiences of successful FARMCs, and carrying out capacity-building in terms of seminars, workshops and training in coordination with LGUs. Seminar topics include coastal ecology, resource enhancement (e.g., fish sanctuaries, mangrove reforestation), fisheries law enforcement, plus skills training in documentation of meetings and preparation of resolutions or position papers.
Additional communication from the community to BFAR occurs through written requests for assistance, most often from fisherfolk associations, often assisted by NGOs. Limited by budgetary constraints, BFAR primarily focuses on extension to those groups that actively seek assistance.
4.2 Local Government
4.2.1 Information Exchange within Local Government
The structure of the LGU is hierarchical, and communications tend to follow official channels, with all written communication in English. The mayor meets the head of the Municipal Agriculture Office once or twice a week, and the Municipal Agriculture Officer meets with extension workers several times a week.
The level of support from the LGU to Municipal Extension Workers depends largely on the degree to which extension is prioritized within the LGU. The municipal government is elected for three years, for a maximum of three consecutive terms. Regular changes in municipal leadership mean that standards and practices within the Municipal Agriculture Office frequently change, and that employees have to repeatedly sensitize new politicians to the importance of fisheries and aquaculture extension.
Many Extension Officers feel that they do not get the support they need from the LGU. Facilities are often run down, and access to information and seminars is restricted because of the unwillingness of superiors to provide funds for training.
Few municipal agriculturists and extension workers have access to computing facilities, and some municipalities are without telephone landlines. Internet access is only available in a few municipalities. Where there is mobile coverage, most municipal employees have personal mobile telephones, which they often use for work. Where there is no fax, the office often has an arrangement with a telecommunications company so that they can receive faxes at their number.
Again, politics are important in the Philippines, and the political persuasion of a person is commonly known within local communities. This often causes tension when a change of political leadership occurs, where politicians commonly extend less support to employees who supported the opposition. Similarly, a number of interviewees suggested that opposing political views between the mayor and the Sangguniang Bayan member on Fisheries can freeze support for any fisheries or aquatic resources management activities within the municipality.
4.2.2 Interactions between Local Government and Other Parts of the Fisheries Sector
LGUs collaborate with a number of research institutions, NGOs and government departments. Within the fisheries sector, LGUs receive training from, and participate in projects run by, research institutions such as UPV and SEAFDEC.
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Malalison Island
An eight-year community-based fisheries resources management project was carried out by SEAFDEC in collaboration with the NGO PROCESS Foundation, on Malalison, a small island located within Region VI. The project had four stages:
¶ Community organizing and institution-building ¶ Sea farming and land-based livelihoods ¶ Implementation of territorial use rights in fisheries and deployment of artificial reefs, and ¶ Sea ranching.
Within the project, SEAFDEC extended mainly technical training to the community, and the PROCESS Foundation facilitated the formation of the Fishermen’s Association of Malalison Island with the support of the municipal government.
(See Aldon, 1998 and Surtida, 1998)
UPV also support capacity-building of Local Government Units through studies funded by the Local Government Support Program. Within this program, a survey published in 1999 highlighted the need for organizational restructuring of, and organized support to, LGUs, in an effort to enable them to effectively coordinate and implement plans and activities on environmental management and sustainable development. This led to the “Organization and Strengthening of LGU-Based Environmental Institutions Project” (Bedano and Vargas, 1999). Another project, focusing on strengthening gender and development advocacy for municipal LGUs, was completed in 1998 (Asong and Espano, 1998).
Communications between LGUs and NGOs tend to take place on the initiative of the NGO, who arrange for contact through fax or mail (in English), or, once relationships are established, by telephone. Once joint projects are operational, contact tends to occur between fisheries extension workers and NGO personnel in the field.
4.2.3 LGU Extension
There are 172 fisheries extension officers in Region VI. Within each Municipal Agriculture Office, there can be between zero and three fisheries extension workers.
Extension tends to focus on transfer of technology, and is commonly limited to activities with fishers or their organizations. The extension agenda is set by the LGU, and mainly concentrates on cage culture of tilapia, catfish, grouper and milkfish targeted to middle-income farmers and Coastal Resources Management (CRM) Projects targeting whole communities. These include the establishment of marine sanctuaries and the deployment of artificial reefs. Indeed the main extension activity of the LGUs visited was law enforcement to curb illegal fishing within marine sanctuaries, extended in the form of personnel, vessels and fuel for patrolling sanctuaries and the provision of watch towers.
Some emphasis is also placed on the extension of alternative livelihoods options to fishers (who are among the poorest in the community). Such options include livestock raising, passive fishing gear, and seminars on seaweed, mollusk and finfish cage culture. The uptake of these technologies is generally low, because of limited initial feasibility studies, and the requirements for investments are beyond the capacities of the poorest fisherfolk.
Extension methods used include training seminars for fisherfolk (organized through BFAR or research institutions), the distribution of leaflets and posters (mainly in English, produced by BFAR,
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DENR or research institutions), and demonstration farms (particularly for seaweed and backyard aquaculture of tilapia, catfish or milkfish).
Most extension workers were originally employed under the DA before the devolution into the local government. They have science bachelor degrees in agriculture or fisheries, but often find themselves extending information from areas other than their specialty. None of the extension workers have any training in community organizing or facilitation, and many have only limited knowledge of marketing, accounting and other skills required to run a business.
Retraining of fisheries extension workers used to occur regularly when they were employed under BFAR, but nowadays it is rare. All fisheries extension workers interviewed had received less than two re-training courses since devolution in 1991. This they attributed to lack of political will within the LGU to provide funds for re-training. The lack of skills updating led some extension workers to feel that they sometimes knew less than the fishpond owners they were trying to extend information to, and middle-income fish farmers were commonly cited as an information source.
Within Philippines municipalities, political leaders are aware of which barangays, and to a certain extent, which individuals, voted for them at the last election. Barangays which did not support the current mayors tend to get less support in terms of extension.
Extension officers are paid about P 9,000 (US$ 180) per month, to which incentives from BFAR are added (P 1,500 per month, update seminars, and occasional training and study tours). They do not receive travel allowances, and rarely have access to vehicles. Field visits thus have to be paid out of their own pocket, which in practice means that many extension officers rarely go to the field. In addition, several extension workers reported that because of limited resources they focus on supporting existing projects, which leaves barangays without any existing projects rarely visited.
The FARMC provides the organizational structure for fisherfolk to have a say in the direction of development within their community, and the municipal FARMC is supposed to meet every month. However, extension workers report that many FARMCs exist only in name, with little true representation of fisherfolk because the members were put in place by the LGU rather than elected. Where strong FARMCs exist, they were either formed from existing fishermen’s organizations, or are the result of intensive capacity-building by NGOs. Within the municipal agriculture office, there is a general opinion that organization of communities should be facilitated by NGOs, and that fisheries extension workers should focus on technical matters. The need to strengthen FARMCs is recognized, however, and in some areas where bay management councils operate (e.g., BBRMCI), honoraria are provided by the council to barangay FARMC chairmen.
4.3 Civil Society
4.3.1 Communication within the NGO Sector and between NGOs and Other Parts of the Fisheries Sector
NGOs working in Region VI report a strong network. The NGO PhilDHRRA acts as a national umbrella organization for NGOs, and strengthening networks. As a result of this, there are regular meetings between most NGOs in the region. English is the most common language used in communications within and between NGOs, and e-mail is cited as the most commonly used medium.
NGOs work closely with local government units, but complain that government departments often do not recognize the existence of an NGO in a community when they initiate projects, with the result that many organizations work separately towards the same goal in the same area.
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4.3.2 NGO Fisheries and Aquaculture Extension
A number of NGOs operating in Region VI work with coastal communities, including Save the Children, PhilDHRRA and the PROCESS Foundation. NGOs mainly focus on capacity-building and longstanding relationships with coastal communities. Organization of fisherfolk is considered a priority, as is strengthening the operation of existing frameworks such as the FARMCs.
Strengthening FARMCs
When the NGO PhilDHRRA started working in Leyte in Region VII, the Fisherfolk Organization was already strong. Once Executive Order 240 was issued in 1995, they helped the fishers adapt to the FARMC structure. Aided by the NGO’s facilitation, the FARMC decided to initiate the establishment of a Marine Protected Area (MPA). In collaboration with the NGO, the FARMC arranged a study tour to fishing communities in Dumaguete and Bohol to view successful MPAs and mangrove reforestation projects. Once back, the FARMC set up a marine sanctuary in Leyte, hiring divers to assess the area required. The FARMC made a resolution, with policies on sanctuary management practices, such as the prohibition of motorized crafts within the sanctuary, and the provision of fines for persons violating the resolution. The resolution was endorsed at barangay and municipal levels.
Local LGUs and the international NGO Save the Children have been running the “People and Environment Co-Existence Development (PESCO-Dev) Project” since 1999 in two provinces in Region VI. The project is funded by the Packard Foundation, and aims to develop reproductive health and coastal resources management capacities within coastal communities. The project uses awareness-raising about environmental and reproductive health issues, in addition to capacity-building with local government health workers. Training materials for family planning are produced with the community, and youths trained to act as ‘peer facilitators’ for adolescent reproductive and sexual health. LGUs have allocated staff to work with the NGO within the community, and have provided ‘counterpart funds’ for the project. An important part of project activities was the strengthening of FARMCs, through the training of members. A positive project outcome so far is the reduced incidence of illegal fishing within project areas.
In addition to training and other forms of personal interaction, extension media used by NGOs in Region VI include printed materials such as leaflets, comics and posters, as well as radio programs. Many NGOs develop training materials with the local community, and teach community members to act as local coaches.
Creating Extension Media with Users
The NGO PhilDHRRA worked closely with communities to produce extension materials within the theme ‘gender and reproductive health’. Using a process-oriented approach, the NGO worked with a group of women to identify the most important issues that the group wanted to highlight, and the materials they wanted to produce. The group identified a number of topics and appropriate materials, including:
¶ T-shirts illustrated with comic style drawings advocating equal division of labor ¶ Posters on the topic of incestuous rape ¶ Comics depicting the plight of women in rural households, and ¶ Bookmarks detailing the impacts of teenage pregnancies, for distribution to schoolgirls.
The materials were all authored and designed by the women, who were assisted by artists to add the final touches. The materials were mass-produced and distributed to other households in the area.
The advantage of a participatory approach to the production of extension materials is that the relevance of material content and format is ensured, and that capacity-building forms an essential part of the production process for the groups involved.
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4.4 Other Sectors
4.4.1 Department of Health
Within the Philippines, the Department of Health (DOH) is broadly considered effective in its extension campaigns, and Region VI is no exception. The DOH owes part of its success to the large national and regional budgets directed towards health. A large number of staff is employed at the regional level.
The Center for Health Development (CHD) based in Iloilo City has a total of 237 staff and personnel, 58 of which compose the technical staff and 80 comprising administrative and support groups. There are 99 DOH representatives assigned in all the provinces, cities and municipalities of the region. The CHD has four divisions – Health Operations; Local Health Assistance; Management Support; and Licensing, Regulation, and Enforcement – which are appropriately situated to facilitate communication, mobility and being client-friendly.
The DOH is also progressive in its approach to information dissemination, perhaps because the current Health Secretary has a background in Information Management. The department recognizes the need for efficient communications systems, for efficient accounting and administrative functioning, and for continuous retraining of personnel. These goals form an integral part of the DOH strategy, which also emphasizes materials pre-testing and the monitoring and evaluation of the impact of extensive campaigns.
At the time of writing, the DOH is running 47 different programs, in addition to which four to five monthly advocacy campaigns are carried out. A large effort is directed at capacity-building at the LGU level and improving mechanisms for inter-LGU cooperation, as well as towards the strengthening of collaborations between communities and civil society.
The DOH uses all traditional extension media such as radio, TV and printed materials such as posters, leaflets and banners. At the regional level, these are all translated into local languages. In addition, a range of more novel techniques are used, including:
¶ Puppetry and drama for reproductive health campaigns for women, using local theater groups comprised of communications students
¶ Production of comics and comic inserts ¶ Cinema advertising ¶ Endorsement by famous personalities ¶ Billboards¶ Production of CD-ROMs for use by health workers in their teachings, and ¶ Provision of funding directly to LGUs to increase their promotional activities in, for
example, nutrition programs.
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5. Access to Information by Coastal Communities
As part of the Fisheries Resource Management Project (FRMP), a social assessment of communities was conducted in the Region VI site in Sapian Bay. The study found that communities saw effective information dissemination as important to participatory development and community organizing. Information and community education were seen as factors that promote cooperation among community members. The study also showed that within the community, 21% consulted their village officials, 14% consulted other fisherfolk and 13% their family or relatives. Outside of the community, about 75% had not consulted any entity, 11% mentioned municipal or local government and 4% consulted BFAR.
Common sources of information on technology and fishing grounds included “own experience”, “other fisherfolk” and family or relatives. The village officials were perceived as doing well in disseminating information on trainings and credit. The local fish buyers were the main source of marketing information. A quarter of fisherfolk shared fisheries-related information with fellow fisherfolk, 24% with family or relatives, and 18% with neighbors. New information on fishing was mainly shared through informal discussions (56%) and barangay assemblies and meetings (32%).
Appendix 5 shows the results from the fieldwork conducted in three communities within Region VI.
5.1 Sources of Information in Coastal Communities
5.1.1 Education
In a 2000 survey conducted in Sapian Bay in Region VI, the majority of respondents (fisherfolk and farmers) were high school graduates, but a quarter of respondents had not gone further than elementary graduate (MADECOR-AIJC, 2002). In the Philippines, English is the medium of instruction in the majority of the subjects taught at all levels. Although most people in communities may not speak English, they can usually understand simple messages on billboards and in brochures.
Public education is one of the tools adopted by CRM practitioners to supplement local knowledge and awareness of resource management problems and solutions. Public education also helps motivate people to change their values, beliefs and behaviors to promote sustainable use of resources. For public education, information materials disseminated to communities may be in English or locals dialect, but seminars and meetings usually accompanying such campaigns are conducted in the local dialect.
5.1.2 Radio
Radio was perceived as the most efficient source of information because of its wide reach. Almost all households owned or had access to radios. Listening to local news and commentary programs in the morning while preparing for work, after lunch when arriving back from fishing trips, and in the evenings (from 6 p.m.) was a daily habit for the majority of the population. Bombo Radyo network was mentioned as one of the preferred stations because of its clear signal in all areas. Most radio programs favored by fisherfolk are either in Filipino (from Manila stations) or Hiligaynon (Iloilo and Capiz stations). Women in particular listen to local Ilonggo radio dramas in the afternoon.
5.1.3 Television, VHS and CD
Between 25-55% of people living in coastal communities own or have access to television. Those who own both radio and TV say that they prefer TV over radio. The most popular station in all communities visited was ABS-CBN because of its clear signal. Men and women who had access to
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television watched news programs with live reports from field reporters in the evenings (6-9 p.m.). Women also watch the local Filipino tele-series (soap operas) after the evening news programs. Women and teenage girls favor imported Filipino-dubbed Mexican tele-series shown in the afternoon. For children, the current favorite program was Meteor Garden (on ABS-CBN 5:30-6:00 p.m. Mondays-Saturdays), a Taiwanese love story dubbed in Filipino.
Several municipalities within the region have local VHS or CD rental stores which also serve as mini-cinemas showing popular movies, the majority of which are local Filipino love stories and action movies, and Chinese and American action movies. Karaoke tapes are also popular.
5.1.4 Church
The vast majority of people in Region VI are devout Catholics (96%), and the misallete5 was identified as a possible means for extension in the FRMP (MADECO-AIJC, 2002). About half of villagers reported receiving information from the church.
The church is significant in the Philippines, not only in religious matters but also socio-politically. In fact, the mass mobilization during the first so-called “People-Power Revolution6” was attributed to the call for action by the Catholic Church. The Church publishes a weekly national newsletter, TheVeritas, and the Archdiocese of Jaro publishes a weekly newsletter, Candlelight, which features activities, events and Wedding Banns7 of the church.
Going to church on Sundays in the poblacion (town proper) is part of the weekly life of people in communities living near the town. For remote barangays, the assistant Catholic parish priests in the municipalities try to hold masses at least once a week, not necessarily on a Sunday. Occasionally, in their sermons they relate gospel teachings to pressing national and local issues to raise community awareness of socio-political and environmental topics that have implications on their lives.
Presently, each Catholic diocese has its own Social Action Center (SAC) headed by the Archbishop and a Director who is usually a priest or a nun. The SAC maintains a regular paid staff to run its various desk assistance services, which cover justice and peace, poverty reduction, emergency relief and ecology. A good example is the Jaro Archdiocesan which conducts its community programs and activities through the Basic Ecclesial Communities (BEC) organized in pilot barangays or through the municipal or barangay parishes. Through the BEC, communities learn about the liturgy as well as about other issues that have implications on their lives. Each pilot barangay has a trained BEC animator who, in close coordination with the parish priest, conducts regular meetings with the BEC members and facilitates seminars or training on self-awareness, relationships with self, God and community, the sacraments and bible studies. After this liturgical phase, the BEC animator engages the support of JASAC staff to conduct training and seminars on cooperative formation, CBCRM, electoral education during election years, and other awareness-raising and strengthening.
The language used during training or in meetings is Hiligaynon mixed with some English, but most information materials distributed are in English and a few in Filipino. VCDs and VHS, brown manila paper with diagrams, and text written in colored marker pens, mostly in English but a few in Filipino, are also used during seminars. However, JASAC facilitators use Hiligaynon for discussing topics or information contained in the brochures and other communications media used.
5 Misallete are mass guides distributed to church parishioners at the start of every service. 6 The peaceful mass actions which led to former president Marcos being deposed. 7 The publication of Wedding Banns (Notice of an Intended Marriage) is a legal requirement in the Philippines.
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5.1.5 Word of Mouth
Friends, neighbors and relatives are common sources of information in communities. In the barangays, community members gather near sari-sari stores8 or in waiting sheds (transport stops) during their free time, especially early in the morning and late afternoon. During these informal gatherings, information and news are shared. Most NGOs see these gatherings as opportunities to establish good relationships with the community during the social integration phase of community organizing. However, most community members did not consider ‘word of mouth’ a reliable source of information for official matters conveyed to the community. They would prefer to receive a formal letter from the municipal office, usually written in English.
5.1.6 Punong Barangay (Barangay Captain) and Point (Contact) Persons
Official communications written in English from the municipal office are usually coursed through the Barangay Captain who may then call a Barangay Council meeting or an assembly meeting to inform residents of activities or programmes that the Municipal Office is extending or facilitating. In the case of health information from the Municipal Health Unit, information is disseminated to midwives and Barangay Health Workers, who in turn conduct meetings or relay house-to-house messages for information that needs to be disseminated.
For fisheries concerns, messages usually pass through the Barangay Captain, who would in turn delegate the dissemination of information to the Barangay Kagawad (Village Council Person) on fisheries and the BFARMC if the barangay has one. Community members preferred the use of this established communication network for relaying important messages or information.
5.1.7 Written Communications and Mobile Phones
Written correspondence in English is the most common, and the preferred, means of formal communication between the Municipal Office and the community.
In most barangays where there is a cell site, mobile phone text messaging is becoming a popular means of communication between the Municipal Office and the community, mainly because it is faster and cheaper than post. Text messages may be in English, Hiligaynon or Filipino. In some municipalities mobile phones are issued to Barangay Chairpersons to facilitate communication. Text messaging is usually preceded by formal written communication in English.
5.1.8 Fish Vendors and Transient Vendors
Fish vendors (lab-asero), transient vendors (bolantero) and fish buyers are the main sources of marketing information. Communities are updated about current market prices by fish vendors. The bolanteros – who peddle their varied wares (utensils, clothes, food stuffs) from one barangay to another – are rich sources of information on events in nearby municipalities or barangays.
5.1.9 Extension
Other extension techniques favored by communities include trainings and seminars, regular meetings, study tours (coupled with colored and effective informative materials such as livelihoods or technical brochures, preferably with big fonts), and posters with colored drawings and clear messages. Women preferred colored posters to brochures because they liked to post them on the walls of their houses. Men tended to favor technical brochures because they are handy to carry along. Both men and women preferred colored drawings and photos to comics because serious messages might not be absorbed if using the latter. Comics are perceived to be more appropriate for children and teenagers.
8 Small local shops selling provisions.
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Most community members preferred information materials written in either Hiligaynon or Filipino, although they thought they could understand simple messages written in English. Both men and women stressed the importance of the presence of extension workers to explain messages or information every time information materials were distributed in communities, whether in English or local languages, as posters or leaflets.
Study tours or cross-visits were also perceived to be one of the most effective extension techniques. NGO or government projects that can afford it facilitate cross-visits of community and municipal representatives to model CRM or livelihood sites. Cross-visits provide good opportunities for community leaders to share experiences and lessons learned with communities they visit. It usually motivates and encourages the visiting group to initiate similar projects in their own communities.
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6. Discussion and Recommendations
6.1 Recommendations to Maximize the Effectiveness of Information Access and Exchange
In this study, a number of areas were identified which, if addressed, could increase the effectiveness of communication within the fisheries sector in Region VI of the Philippines. The needs identified are summarized below.
6.1.1 Need for a National Framework for Fisheries Extension Services
The limited funding available for communications and extension within the fisheries sector means that it is important to ensure that all activities are coordinated and that funds are spent in the best possible way. The framework should clearly identify policy, organizational and operational frameworks for municipal and commercial fisheries and aquaculture. This issue was addressed in a national workshop aiming to formulate such an extension strategy, held from 10-12 July 2003. The workshop participants included representatives from LGUs, NGOs, government departments (BFAR, DA), FARMCs and community members. A draft of this survey was presented at the workshop.
6.1.2 Rethinking of the LGU Role, and Interaction between the LGU and Other Stakeholders
It is important to provide a mechanism to ensure that fisheries activities are prioritized and funded where relevant within LGUs, and that BFAR is more closely tied in with project implementation and fisheries extension. BFAR could look into strategies adopted by other devolved agencies with strong LGU communication linkages, like the DOH. The DOH takes a progressive approach towards information dissemination and seemed successful in forging strong collaborations with local governments and communities. The DOH directs a large effort at capacity-building at the LGU level and improving mechanisms for inter-LGU cooperation.
6.1.3 Increasing the Efficiency of LGU Activities
This could be done through creating awareness of the intended role of the FARMCs, regular training of extension workers, and the provision of additional incentives for extension workers to visit the field (through remuneration of travel expenses, bonuses for field visits, and the creation of a better work environment through personal development and upgrading of facilities). There is a need for activities and budgets to be planned at a national level, so the efforts are not left up to individual LGU and BFAR employees.
6.1.4 Targeting of Information and Projects to Identified Audiences
This could be done through participatory planning at many stages, involving many stakeholders (BFAR, LGUs, research institutions, NGOs, communities), comprehensive feasibility studies, audience profiling and thorough pre-testing of information materials, and monitoring and evaluation of activities and information campaigns. These issues are currently addressed in individual government departments through the FRMP and CMMD, which budgeted for participatory coastal assessments, audience surveys, planning of communications strategies, pre-testing of materials, and monitoring and evaluation. These activities could be integrated more widely in implementing agencies.
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6.1.5 Strengthening the FARMC Process, Where This is Not Yet Working Optimally
Activities could include capacity-building within fishing communities to ensure that representation is fair, and consideration of the power issues related to communication between largely uneducated fisherfolk and powerful politicians. This might utilize the SPARK-STREAM Livelihoods and Languages Process9 for building shared understandings, which forms part of STREAM’s activities. The basic steps involve:
1. Defining the “conversation group”
¶ Who the conversation partners are¶ Their relationships with each other ¶ Relevant communication issues, which may include power dynamics within the
“conversation group”, languages to be used and how the conversation might best be facilitated
¶ The purpose of the conversation, and ¶ The purpose of working together
2. Exploring ranges of meanings of concepts or terms being discussed, and arriving at shared understandings
3. Agreeing on the outcomes of the conversation and follow-up steps to be taken.
There is also a need to increase awareness of the intended function of the FARMCs within LGUs and BFAR. BFAR monitors the performance of FARMCs in annual national surveys. In Region VI, it started engaging FARMCs in capacity-building activities through seminars and exposing them to communities with successful CRM experiences and practices. These initiatives could be integrated into a framework for national action.
The needs identified above and the suggested actions taken by the different stakeholders within the fisheries sector in Region VI of the Philippines are summarized in Figure 1 below. Table 1 on the following pages details specific suggestions for consideration by different stakeholders within the fisheries sector.
In addition, to effectively reach different stakeholders involved in fisheries and aquatic resources management within Region VI, communications could be targeted to the intended audiences. Section 6.2 summarizes recommended channels for communication to the audiences identified in Section 2. These recommendations follow from the fieldwork conducted as part of this study. Before implementing any communications strategy, however, it is advisable to conduct a brief investigation to ensure local relevance.
9 Developed jointly by the SPARK (Sharing and Promotion of Regional Awareness and Knowledge) Program of Voluntary Service Overseas (VSO) and the STREAM Initiative. For more details see <www.streaminitiative.org/Library/Livelihoods/livelihoods.html>.
31
Figu
re 1
Iden
tifie
d N
eeds
and
Sug
gest
ed A
ctio
ns fo
r D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
Nat
iona
l fra
mew
ork
for
exte
nsio
n se
rvic
es
1. Ju
ly w
orks
hop
& fo
llow
-up
activ
ities
Nat
iona
l & re
gion
al B
FAR
, res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, NG
Os,
LGU
s, co
mm
uniti
esFi
sher
ies
Sect
or
Effe
ctiv
e co
mm
unic
atio
n
Bet
ter r
epre
sent
atio
n of
fish
ers
FAR
MC
s10
. L&
L pr
oces
s for
bui
ldin
g sh
ared
und
erst
andi
ngs
11. C
apac
itybu
ildin
g &
gro
up fo
rmat
ion
at c
omm
unity
leve
lST
REA
M, N
GO
s
NG
Os,
LGU
s
Empo
wer
men
t, po
litic
al a
war
enes
s, al
tern
ativ
e liv
elih
oods
, inc
ome-
gene
ratin
g ac
tiviti
es
Coa
stal
Com
mun
ities
12
. Cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g &
gro
up fo
rmat
ion
13. T
rain
ing
& a
war
enes
s cre
atio
n N
GO
s, LG
Us
Reg
iona
l BFA
R, r
esea
rch,
NG
Os
Bet
ter u
nder
stan
ding
of F
AR
MC
Skill
s dev
elop
men
t
Bet
ter u
nder
stan
ding
of e
xten
sion
LGU
s
May
ors
Mun
icip
al
Agr
icul
ture
Off
icer
s
Exte
nsio
n W
orke
rs
2. A
war
enes
s cre
atio
n, tr
aini
ng
3. T
rain
ing
4. A
war
enes
s cre
atio
n, tr
aini
ng
Nat
iona
l and
regi
onal
BFA
R
Reg
iona
l BFA
R, L
GU
s, re
sear
ch in
stitu
tions
, NG
Os
LGU
s, re
gion
al B
FAR
Wha
tN
eed(
s)B
est a
ddre
ssed
thro
ugh
By
Incr
ease
d ef
ficie
ncy
Info
rmat
ion
targ
etin
g
Indi
vidu
al
Proj
ects
5. P
artic
ipat
ory
plan
ning
invo
lvin
g al
l sta
keho
lder
s 6.
Ade
quat
e fe
asib
ility
stud
ies
7. In
crea
sed
netw
orki
ng b
etw
een
diff
eren
t sta
keho
lder
s 8.
Com
preh
ensi
ve M
&E
– ‘s
igni
fican
t cha
nge’
? 9.
Aud
ienc
e id
entif
icat
ion
& p
re-te
stin
g of
mat
eria
ls
STR
EAM
, LG
Us,
natio
nal /
regi
onal
BFA
R, r
esea
rch
inst
itutio
ns
LGU
s, na
tiona
l / re
gion
al B
FAR
, res
earc
h in
stitu
tions
, NG
Os
LGU
s, re
gion
al B
FAR
, res
earc
h, N
GO
s
Con
cept
s / A
ctiv
ities
Stak
ehol
ders
Nee
ds
Sugg
este
d A
ctio
ns
32
Tabl
e 1
Spec
ific
Actio
ns fo
r D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
in th
e Fi
sher
ies
Sect
or o
f the
Phi
lippi
nes
Regi
on V
I N
eeds
Sugg
este
d A
ctio
ns
Stak
ehol
ders
Spec
ific
Sugg
estio
ns
Nat
iona
l fr
amew
ork
for e
xten
sion
se
rvic
es
1. Ju
ly
wor
ksho
p &
fo
llow
-up
activ
ities
All
Parti
cipa
te in
wor
ksho
p an
d sh
are
findi
ngs o
f the
surv
ey, p
artic
ular
ly th
e ne
eds a
nd su
gges
ted
actio
ns.
Bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
FA
RM
Cs
in L
GU
s
2. A
war
enes
s cr
eatio
n,tra
inin
g
Nat
iona
l and
re
gion
al B
FAR
In
crea
se b
udge
t for
, and
con
duct
, ext
ensi
ve in
form
atio
n ca
mpa
igns
usi
ng w
orks
hops
to in
form
LG
U e
mpl
oyee
s of t
he
inte
ntio
n be
hind
, rol
e of
, and
stru
ctur
e of
FA
RM
C. C
ontin
ue a
nd d
ocum
ent c
urre
nt e
valu
atio
n of
FA
RM
Cs,
and
thro
ugh
this
, ide
ntify
crit
ical
attr
ibut
es o
f suc
cess
ful F
AR
MC
s. Pu
blis
h th
ese
(in E
nglis
h an
d lo
cal l
angu
ages
) and
mak
e th
em
avai
labl
e to
com
mun
ities
, NG
Os,
LGU
s and
oth
er st
akeh
olde
rs w
orki
ng w
ith c
omm
uniti
es (i
nclu
ding
the
Chu
rch)
and
th
roug
h FA
RM
Cs.
Reg
iona
l B
FAR
Prio
ritiz
e bu
dget
for h
ands
-on
train
ing
in n
ew te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gy; f
acili
tate
trai
ning
in e
xten
sion
, par
ticip
ator
y m
etho
ds, c
omm
unity
org
aniz
ing,
faci
litat
ion
skill
s and
bus
ines
s dev
elop
men
t. Tr
aini
ng sh
ould
be
at se
min
ars i
n th
e re
gion
, an
d su
ppor
ted
with
mat
eria
ls w
ritte
n in
Eng
lish.
LG
Us
Prio
ritiz
e bu
dget
for h
ands
-on
train
ing
in n
ew te
chni
ques
, tec
hnol
ogy;
faci
litat
e tra
inin
g in
ext
ensi
on, p
artic
ipat
ory
met
hods
, com
mun
ity o
rgan
izin
g, fa
cilit
atio
n sk
ills a
nd b
usin
ess d
evel
opm
ent.
Res
earc
hPr
ovid
e in
expe
nsiv
e tra
inin
g (th
roug
h ha
nds-
on se
min
ars)
in n
ew te
chni
ques
, tec
hnol
ogy;
ext
ensi
on, p
artic
ipat
ory
met
hods
, com
mun
ity o
rgan
izin
g, fa
cilit
atio
n sk
ills a
nd b
usin
ess d
evel
opm
ent.
Supp
ort t
rain
ing
with
mat
eria
ls w
ritte
n in
En
glis
h.
Exte
nsio
n w
orke
r ski
lls
deve
lopm
ent
3. T
rain
ing
NG
Os
Prov
ide
inex
pens
ive
train
ing
in c
omm
unity
org
aniz
ing,
par
ticip
ator
y m
etho
ds a
nd e
xten
sion
. Sup
port
train
ing
with
m
ater
ials
writ
ten
in E
nglis
h.
LGU
sR
evie
w b
udge
t allo
catio
n fo
r ext
ensi
on a
nd d
evel
op sc
hem
es to
pro
vide
fina
ncia
l inc
entiv
es fo
r fie
ldw
ork
activ
ities
. Cov
er
all t
rans
port
cost
s. Pr
ovid
e be
tter f
acili
ties w
here
pos
sible
(wor
k st
atio
ns, a
cces
s to
com
pute
rs a
nd v
ehic
les)
and
rew
ard
empl
oyee
s for
goo
d ef
forts
, e.g
., th
roug
h pr
ize-
givi
ng c
erem
onie
s.
Bet
ter
unde
rsta
ndin
g of
ext
ensi
on
wor
k
4. A
war
enes
s cr
eatio
n,tra
inin
g
Reg
iona
l B
FAR
Con
tinue
to p
ay in
cent
ives
to e
xten
sion
wor
kers
. Rel
ate
BFA
R ne
wsl
ette
r to
the
LGU
s, us
e th
is a
s a v
ehic
le fo
r sen
sitiz
ing
LGU
s to
the
role
of e
xten
sion
and
pra
isin
g ex
tens
ion
wor
kers
(suc
cess
stor
ies,
pict
ures
of l
ocal
pro
ject
s) a
nd p
ersu
adin
g LG
Us t
o in
crea
se fi
nanc
ial s
uppo
rt fo
r fis
herie
s ext
ensi
on.
33
Tabl
e 1
Spec
ific
Actio
ns fo
r D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
in th
e Fi
sher
ies
Sect
or o
f the
Phi
lippi
nes
Regi
on V
I (co
ntin
ued)
N
eeds
Sugg
este
d A
ctio
ns
Stak
ehol
ders
Spec
ific
Sugg
estio
ns
LGU
sPr
ovid
e tra
inin
g in
par
ticip
ator
y ne
eds a
sses
smen
t for
ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs (a
ctio
n 13
) and
con
duct
thes
e in
com
mun
ities
. U
se fi
ndin
gs to
pla
n pr
ojec
ts w
ith c
omm
unity
mem
bers
and
oth
er st
akeh
olde
rs, u
sing
FA
RM
C a
s a fo
rum
. R
egio
nal
BFA
RFa
cilit
ate
parti
cipa
tory
nee
ds a
sses
smen
ts in
com
mun
ities
. Dev
olve
pro
ject
pla
nnin
g to
com
mun
ity le
vel,
and
plan
in
divi
dual
pro
ject
s res
pond
ing
to id
entif
ied
need
s with
all
stak
ehol
ders
(inc
ludi
ng c
omm
unity
mem
bers
and
NG
Os
wor
king
in th
e ar
ea).
Res
earc
hFa
cilit
ate
parti
cipa
tory
nee
ds a
sses
smen
ts in
com
mun
ities
. Dev
olve
pro
ject
pla
nnin
g to
com
mun
ity le
vel,
and
plan
in
divi
dual
pro
ject
s res
pond
ing
to id
entif
ied
need
s with
all
stak
ehol
ders
(inc
ludi
ng c
omm
unity
mem
bers
and
NG
Os
wor
king
in th
e ar
ea).
5. P
artic
ipat
ory
plan
ning
NG
Os
Con
duct
par
ticip
ator
y ne
eds a
sses
smen
ts in
com
mun
ities
, and
col
labo
rate
with
oth
er st
akeh
olde
rs to
pla
n in
divi
dual
pr
ojec
ts.
LGU
sB
udge
t for
, and
car
ry o
ut, a
com
preh
ensi
ve fe
asib
ility
stud
y (a
sses
sing
env
ironm
enta
l, so
cial
, pol
itica
l, ec
onom
ic a
nd
mar
ket p
aram
eter
s) p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of a
ny p
roje
ct. I
nvol
ve o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
whe
re n
eede
d.
Nat
iona
l and
re
gion
al
BFA
R
Bud
get f
or th
e de
velo
pmen
t of a
pro
toco
l for
car
ryin
g ou
t com
preh
ensi
ve fe
asib
ility
stud
ies (
asse
ssin
g en
viro
nmen
tal,
soci
al, p
oliti
cal,
econ
omic
and
mar
ket p
aram
eter
s) fo
r ind
ivid
ual p
roje
cts.
Publ
ish
prot
ocol
in E
nglis
h an
d di
strib
ute
to
LGU
s. C
ondu
ct p
rovi
ncia
l sem
inar
s tra
inin
g al
l ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs to
car
ry o
ut fe
asib
ility
stud
ies,
supp
ort w
ith w
ritte
n m
ater
ials
in E
nglis
h. S
tress
the
impo
rtanc
e of
feas
ibili
ty st
udie
s prio
r to
initi
atio
n of
pro
ject
s to
avoi
d w
astin
g fu
nds.
Rew
ard
proj
ects
whe
re g
ood
feas
ibili
ty st
udie
s are
don
e by
men
tion
in B
FAR
new
slet
ter.
Mak
e th
orou
gh fe
asib
ility
st
udie
s a m
anda
tory
par
t of a
ny p
roje
ct.
Res
earc
hB
udge
t for
, and
car
ry o
ut, a
com
preh
ensi
ve fe
asib
ility
stud
y (a
sses
sing
env
ironm
enta
l, so
cial
, pol
itica
l, ec
onom
ic a
nd
mar
ket p
aram
eter
s) p
rior t
o th
e in
itiat
ion
of a
ny p
roje
ct. I
nvol
ve o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
whe
re n
eede
d.
6. F
easi
bilit
y st
udie
s
NG
Os
Bud
get f
or, a
nd c
arry
out
, a c
ompr
ehen
sive
feas
ibili
ty st
udy
(ass
essi
ng e
nviro
nmen
tal,
soci
al, p
oliti
cal,
econ
omic
and
m
arke
t par
amet
ers)
prio
r to
the
initi
atio
n of
any
pro
ject
. Inv
olve
oth
er st
akeh
olde
rs w
here
nee
ded.
LG
Us
Hol
d qu
arte
rly m
eetin
gs w
ith a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs w
orki
ng in
mun
icip
ality
, and
repr
esen
tativ
es fr
om c
omm
uniti
es.
Reg
iona
l B
FAR
Iden
tify
othe
r sta
keho
lder
s in
loca
l are
as th
roug
h th
e ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent a
nd fe
asib
ility
stu
dy (a
ctio
ns 4
and
6),
and
invi
te
them
to c
ontri
bute
in th
e pa
rtici
pato
ry p
lann
ing
proc
ess (
actio
n 5)
. R
esea
rch
Iden
tify
othe
r sta
keho
lder
s in
loca
l are
as th
roug
h th
e ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent a
nd fe
asib
ility
stu
dy (a
ctio
ns 5
and
6),
and
invi
te
them
to c
ontri
bute
to th
e pa
rtici
pato
ry p
lann
ing
proc
ess (
actio
n 5)
.
Incr
ease
d ef
ficie
ncy
of
indi
vidu
al
proj
ects
7. In
crea
sed
loca
l net
wor
king
NG
Os
Iden
tify
othe
r sta
keho
lder
s in
loca
l are
as th
roug
h th
e ne
eds
asse
ssm
ent a
nd fe
asib
ility
stu
dy (a
ctio
ns 5
and
6),
and
invi
te
them
to c
ontri
bute
to th
e pa
rtici
pato
ry p
lann
ing
proc
ess (
actio
n 5)
.
34
Tabl
e 1
Spec
ific
Actio
ns fo
r D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
in th
e Fi
sher
ies
Sect
or o
f the
Phi
lippi
nes
Regi
on V
I (co
ntin
ued)
N
eeds
Sugg
este
d A
ctio
ns
Stak
ehol
ders
Spec
ific
Sugg
estio
ns
STR
EAM
Faci
litat
e w
orks
hop
to a
dapt
‘sig
nific
ant c
hang
e M
&E’
to R
egio
n V
I, pa
rtici
pant
s sho
uld
incl
ude
regi
onal
BFA
R,
rese
arch
inst
itutio
ns in
volv
ed in
fish
erie
s pro
ject
s, N
GO
s wor
king
with
coa
stal
com
mun
ities
and
LG
Us.
From
w
orks
hop
outp
uts,
crea
te e
asy-
to-f
ollo
w p
rinte
d gu
idel
ines
in E
nglis
h, a
nd d
istri
bute
thes
e to
all
stak
ehol
ders
. Fol
low
up
with
ann
ual w
orks
hop
to a
sses
s pro
gres
s. LG
Us
Wor
k w
ith re
gion
al B
FAR
to d
evel
op w
ritte
n pr
otoc
ol fo
r cos
t eff
ectiv
e M
&E
of a
ll pr
ojec
ts, a
nd m
ake
M&
E a
man
dato
ry p
art o
f pro
ject
pla
nnin
g.
Nat
iona
l and
re
gion
al
BFA
R
Dev
elop
writ
ten
(in E
nglis
h) p
roto
col f
or c
ost e
ffec
tive
M&
E of
all
proj
ects
thro
ugh
regi
onal
wor
ksho
p w
ith F
RM
P st
aff,
to sh
are
M&
E sk
ills a
nd e
xper
ienc
es. M
ake
M&
E a
man
dato
ry p
art o
f pro
ject
pla
nnin
g. C
ondu
ct tr
aini
ng in
the
prot
ocol
for e
mpl
oyee
s wor
king
on
proj
ect i
mpl
emen
tatio
n. S
tress
the
impo
rtanc
e of
con
side
ring
M&
E in
pro
ject
pl
anni
ng, a
nd it
s use
for i
dent
ifica
tion
of su
itabl
e pr
ojec
ts a
nd c
ost-e
ffec
tive
plan
ning
. Rew
ard
good
M&
E pr
actic
e w
ith m
entio
n in
the
BFA
R n
ewsl
ette
r, an
d us
e su
cces
s sto
ries t
o se
ek fu
ndin
g an
d de
velo
p ne
w st
rate
gies
.
Incr
ease
d ef
ficie
ncy
of
indi
vidu
al
proj
ects
(con
tinue
d)
8. M
&E
Res
earc
hIn
col
labo
ratio
n w
ith L
GU
s, ca
rry
out M
&E
with
in a
ll pr
ojec
ts im
plem
ente
d. P
ublis
h fin
ding
s and
dis
tribu
te to
re
gion
al B
FAR
and
LG
Us t
o sh
are
expe
rienc
es. U
se su
cces
s sto
ries t
o se
ek fu
rther
fund
ing
and
deve
lop
new
stra
tegi
es
and
rese
arch
ave
nues
. LG
Us
Col
labo
rate
with
pro
duce
rs o
f inf
orm
atio
n m
ater
ials
to e
nsur
e th
at a
udie
nce
iden
tific
atio
n an
d pr
e-te
stin
g in
loca
l ar
eas a
re c
arrie
d ou
t. R
egio
nal
BFA
RPr
ovid
e a
foru
m to
dis
cuss
the
deve
lopm
ent o
f a p
roto
col f
or a
udie
nce
iden
tific
atio
n an
d pr
e-te
stin
g of
info
rmat
ion
mat
eria
ls w
ith a
ll st
akeh
olde
rs in
volv
ed (e
xten
sion
wor
kers
, NG
Os,
rese
arch
and
com
mun
ity re
pres
enta
tives
). Pu
blis
h pr
otoc
ol in
Eng
lish
and
distr
ibut
e to
LG
Us,
rese
arch
gro
ups a
nd N
GO
s wor
king
with
coa
stal
com
mun
ities
. Pub
lish
pre-
test
ing
resu
lts in
regi
onal
new
slet
ter t
o sh
are
findi
ngs w
ith o
ther
stak
ehol
ders
. Use
reco
mm
enda
tions
of t
his
surv
ey a
s bas
is fo
r aud
ienc
e id
entif
icat
ion.
R
esea
rch
Col
labo
rate
with
BFA
R a
nd L
GU
s to
ensu
re th
at a
udie
nce
iden
tific
atio
n an
d pr
e-te
stin
g in
loca
l are
as a
re c
arrie
d ou
t w
hene
ver i
nfor
mat
ion
mat
eria
ls a
re u
sed.
Use
reco
mm
enda
tions
of t
his s
urve
y as
bas
is fo
r aud
ienc
e id
entif
icat
ion.
Indi
vidu
al
proj
ects
info
rmat
ion
targ
etin
g
9. A
udie
nce
iden
tific
atio
n &
pr
e-te
stin
g of
in
form
atio
n m
ater
ials
NG
Os
Col
labo
rate
with
BFA
R a
nd L
GU
s to
ensu
re th
at a
udie
nce
iden
tific
atio
n an
d pr
e-te
stin
g in
loca
l are
as a
re c
arrie
d ou
t. Sh
are
expe
rienc
es o
f the
pro
duct
ion
of in
form
atio
n m
ater
ials
with
com
mun
ities
in Ju
ly w
orks
hop.
ST
REA
MFa
cilit
ate
the
use
of th
e ‘li
velih
oods
and
lang
uage
s pro
cess
’ for
bui
ldin
g sh
ared
und
erst
andi
ngs (
thro
ugh
mee
tings
, se
min
ars,
wor
ksho
ps) t
o ex
plor
e th
e ef
fect
of p
ower
rela
tions
on
com
mun
icat
ions
in F
AR
MC
s. W
ork
with
NG
Os a
nd
FAR
MC
mem
bers
to in
tegr
ate
‘live
lihoo
ds a
nd la
ngua
ges’
con
cept
s int
o ev
ery
FAR
MC
.
Effe
ctiv
e co
mm
unic
a-tio
n w
ithin
FA
RM
Cs
10. L
ivel
ihoo
ds
and
lang
uage
s pr
oces
s N
GO
s W
ork
with
STR
EAM
to in
tegr
ate
the
proc
ess o
f bui
ldin
g sh
ared
und
erst
andi
ngs i
n th
e co
nduc
t of l
ivel
ihoo
ds a
naly
sis.
35
Tabl
e 1
Spec
ific
Actio
ns fo
r D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
in th
e Fi
sher
ies
Sect
or o
f the
Phi
lippi
nes
Regi
on V
I (co
ntin
ued)
N
eeds
Sugg
este
d A
ctio
ns
Stak
ehol
ders
Spec
ific
Sugg
estio
ns
NG
Os
Con
tinue
to w
ork
with
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izin
g an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
to st
reng
then
fish
erfo
lk re
pres
enta
tion
in
FAR
MC
s. U
sing
han
ds-o
n w
orks
hops
, tea
ch c
omm
unity
org
aniz
ing
tech
niqu
es to
fish
erie
s ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs in
LG
Us.
Bet
ter
repr
esen
-ta
tion
of
fishe
rfol
k in
FA
RM
Cs
12. C
apac
ity-
build
ing
and
grou
p fo
rmat
ion
in c
oast
al
com
mun
ities
LG
Us
Bud
get a
nd a
rran
ge fo
r tra
inin
g of
ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs in
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g te
chni
ques
.
NG
Os
Con
tinue
to w
ork
with
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izin
g an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
in c
oast
al c
omm
uniti
es. U
sing
han
ds-o
n w
orks
hops
, tea
ch c
omm
unity
org
aniz
ing
tech
niqu
es to
fish
erie
s ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs in
LG
Us.
Empo
wer
-m
ent o
f co
mm
u-ni
ties
13. C
apac
ity-
build
ing
and
grou
p fo
rmat
ion
LGU
sA
rran
ge fo
r tra
inin
g of
ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs in
cap
acity
-bui
ldin
g te
chni
ques
.
Reg
iona
l B
FAR
Rea
sses
s cur
rent
alte
rnat
ive
livel
ihoo
ds (t
o de
stru
ctiv
e fis
hing
) por
tfolio
and
use
the
outc
omes
from
the
M&
E pr
oces
s (a
ctio
n 9)
to a
sses
s whi
ch o
ptio
ns w
ork
best
. Use
radi
o (B
ombo
Rad
yo a
nd lo
cal s
tatio
ns) f
or a
war
enes
s cre
atio
n (in
lo
cal l
angu
ages
) abo
ut th
ese
livel
ihoo
ds o
ptio
ns w
ithin
coa
stal
com
mun
ities
, and
dis
sem
inat
e in
form
atio
n ab
out t
his t
o th
e C
hurc
h. C
ontin
ue to
pro
vide
trai
ning
in te
chni
ques
and
tech
nolo
gy to
LG
U e
xten
sion
wor
kers
, sup
port
teac
hing
s w
ith te
chni
cal b
roch
ures
in E
nglis
h. C
ontin
ue to
est
ablis
h de
mon
stra
tion
farm
s, an
d ac
tivel
y en
cour
age
cros
s-vi
sits
. A
rran
ge tr
aini
ng se
min
ars f
or fi
sher
folk
in sp
ecifi
c te
chni
ques
, sup
port
teac
hing
s with
pos
ters
and
leaf
lets
in lo
cal
lang
uage
s fea
turin
g co
lors
and
pic
ture
s but
not
car
toon
dra
win
gs.
Res
earc
hC
ondu
ct o
n-si
te p
artic
ipat
ory
rese
arch
into
alte
rnat
ive
livel
ihoo
ds (t
o de
stru
ctiv
e fis
hing
) with
coa
stal
com
mun
ities
. En
sure
that
feas
ibili
ty st
udie
s (ac
tion
7) a
re in
pla
ce, t
o ta
rget
rese
arch
to th
e ne
eds o
f com
mun
ities
so th
at fi
ndin
gs
are
rele
vant
and
pra
ctic
al.
Prom
ote
alte
rnat
ive
livel
ihoo
ds
& in
com
e-ge
nera
tion
in c
omm
u-ni
ties
14. T
rain
ing
and
awar
enes
s cr
eatio
n
NG
Os
Con
tinue
to w
ork
with
com
mun
ity o
rgan
izin
g an
d ca
paci
ty-b
uild
ing
in c
oast
al c
omm
uniti
es. U
sing
han
ds-o
n w
orks
hops
, tea
ch c
omm
unity
org
aniz
ing
tech
niqu
es to
fish
erie
s ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs in
LG
Us.
36
6.2 Recommendations for Communication with Stakeholders
6.2.1 Government Agencies
When communicating with government departments, it is important to go through official channels, and to request interaction or collaboration in writing. English is the preferred language for written communication, and also for any information material disseminated to government departments.
Although a number of government agencies aim to increase their access to computers and the internet, only a few divisions within agencies in Region VI have fully functioning systems, and most employees have no access to a computer or the internet. Aside from the standard practice of distributing hard copies of information to government departments, digital copies may be provided to individuals with computer access.
Most government employees have no access to research published in international scientific journals, but would welcome articles sent to them.
One of the most efficient ways of reaching government employees would be the common practice of tapping into existing training programs within departments, through guest speakers or lecturers, where a large number of employees could be reached. Similarly, regular conferences attended by government agencies and research institutions could be used as an avenue for communicating novel approaches.
Mass communication could be used to reach employees of government departments. Within Region VI, most government employees read the Philippine Daily Inquirer, the Manila Times, the ManilaBulletin, and the local Panay News. Radio programs favored by government employees include Bombo Radyo, DYOK and DCRH. Government employees most often reported watching ABS-CBN and GMA news programs.
6.2.2 Civil Society
NGOs operating within the Philippines generally have good access to computers, and prefer to receive information through e-mail or electronic media such as CDs, although file formats should be agreed upon before dissemination to ensure compatibility. Most employees have bachelor degrees, and English is the preferred communications media for all technical information.
NGOs generally access information through the World Wide Web, and are easily reached through electronic newsletters pointing them to appropriate information on specific websites.
Within Region VI, the best way to communicate with NGOs would be to work through the established network of PhilDHRRA and CODE NGO, where information dissemination to members already occurs.
For specific training of NGO personnel, workshops or demonstration facilities can be used, where lectures should be supported with printed materials in English.
General awareness-raising on specific issues for NGO personnel could be done through advertising in mass media, including the national daily newspapers, Philippine Daily Inquirer and Philippine Star,advertising between news programs on ABS-CBN or GMA TV stations, and on Bombo Radyo. However, as NGO personnel often work late and in the field, they may not read newspapers or watch news programs regularly.
Community-based People’s Organizations (POs) are best reached through the FARMCs and NGOs working in the area, or contacting existing projects by government departments (who most often work through POs rather than individuals).
37
6.2.3 Research Institutions
Research institutions often already have access to a lot of information. All research staff generally have access to the internet, and can be reached by e-mail or through electronic newsletters.
Although research scientists read journals, many universities have not got subscriptions to more than a few journals because of limited funds, and scientists could be made aware of novel techniques or approaches through mailing hard or soft copies of research papers. Research staff can also be reached through local and international conferences and workshops.
English is the working language of most universities, and researchers prefer to receive technical or scientific information in English.
Mass media communication suitable for reaching university and research institution lecturers include the newspapers, Manila Bulletin, Philippine Star, and Philippine Daily Inquirer, adverts between news programs on ABS-CBN and GMA TV stations, and Bombo Radyo.
6.2.4 Local Government Units (LGUs)
Communication with LGUs is best directed through official channels, initiated with written communication in English, and followed up by more informal contact via telephone, fax or visits. Computing facilities and access to e-mail is limited, and many employees have no experience with computers. In some municipalities, landline telephones are not available, and LGU staff can only be reached by mail or visit, or perhaps by mobile phone if available.
The most efficient way to reach employees within LGUs would be through training seminars and workshops, where written materials (in English) are also distributed. Extension workers in particular would benefit from training in capacity-building, facilitation, extension techniques, community organizing, and a range of technical and business-related topics.
Mass communication techniques could successfully be employed to reach LGU officials. Most employees within LGUs read the national newspapers, Philippine Daily Inquirer, Philippine Star,Manila Times or Manila Bulletin. Many also read the national tabloid Bandera. Many people in LGUs listen to Bombo Radyo for political news (although some mayors specifically avoid this station for fear of hearing criticism of themselves), as well as local provincial radio stations. Preferred TV stations include various cable channels as well as ABS-CBN and GMA (the last two for news programs). Because LGUs differ greatly in their access to different media, it is recommended that smaller local surveys identifying locally preferred media be carried out when information dissemination is planned.
6.2.5 Coastal Communities
When communicating with coastal communities, a combination of mass communication media and personal interaction is most appropriate. For information campaigns which would need wider dissemination, use of local commercial AM stations such as Bombo Radyo, Aksyon Radyo and DZRH would be effective. For localized provincial or municipal campaigns, provincial radio stations (e.g., DYKA and Radyo Natin in Antique) would be more cost-effective. Technical programs should be aired early in the morning, and short awareness-raising campaigns could be aired throughout the day between news programs. The language used should be Hiligaynon or Filipino. Television adverts with clear messages in Filipino between news programs in the evenings would reach a wide range of community audiences. Collaborating with local churches (either through the parish or Social Action Center network) to disseminate messages to communities during homily or announcements is also a potential channel of communication.
38
Face-to-face communication in the form of training, seminars or meetings, coupled with the distribution of colored posters and leaflets, are favored extension media. Preferred languages during training seminars are Hiligaynon or Filipino. Information materials distributed may be written in Hiligaynon or Filipino, or could be in English for simple and catchy messages. Colored drawings or photographs would be most suitable to reach men and women, and comics for youth and children.
For formal communications, the use of written communications in English – coursed through the Mayor at the municipal level and through the Barangay Captain at the barangay level – is the preferred channel. Within the community, communication should occur through assembly or focus group meetings, the dissemination of which is then coursed through different contact persons such as barangay council members, the Barangay Health Worker or the BFARMC.
39
References
Aldon E T 1998 Organizing the Malalison Community. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 20(6), 18-19.
Andres T Q D 1988 Community Development: A Manual. Quezon City, Philippines: New Day Publishers.
Asong R H and Espano A 1998 GAD Advocacy and Integration in LGU Policies, Plans and Programs: The Case of Region VI. Terminal Report. Funding Agency: Local Government Support Program (LGSP) Region VI. Miagao, Iloilo: College of Arts and Sciences.
Bedano J A F and Vargas B J D 1999 Environmental Capability Status and Needs Assessment Survey.Terminal Report. Funding Agency: Local Government Support Program (LGSP) Region VI. Miagao, Iloilo: School of Technology, University of the Philippines in the Visayas.
Cadiz M C H and Garcia L M 2001 Efficiency and Effectiveness of Technology Delivery Systems in the Fisheries Sector. Final Report. College of Development Communication, University of the Philippines Los Baños College, Laguna, and Philippine Council for Aquatic and Marine Research and Development, Los Baños, Laguna.
DPPC 2003 Tri-Media Directory 2003. Makati City, Philippines: Diplomatic Post Publishing Corporation.
Encanto V S 2000 The Flow of Information in the National Extension System and Current Information Needs, 3 Philippines. Taiwan Extension Bulletin 482, 12-18. Taipei, Republic of China: Food and Fertilizer Technology Center.
Hablo R S T 2001 Issues and Challenges in the Planning and Implementation of Coastal Fisheries Projects in the Province of Iloilo. University of the Philippines in the Visayas.
MADECOR-AIJC 2002 Integrative Report: Community/Audience Profile and Community Consultations (August 2002) of the Consulting Services for the Information, Education and Communication (IEC). Quezon City, Philippines: Mandala Agriculture Development Corporation, in association with the Asian Institute of Journalism and Communication.
NSIC 2002 Regional, Social and Economic Trends 2002. Iloilo City, Philippines: National Statistical Information Center, Republic of the Philippines National Statistics Office.
NTC 2002 Annual Accomplishment Report. Iloilo City: National Telecommunications Commission Region VI.
PIA 2000 Philippine Media Factbook – Other Facts and Figures 2000. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Information Agency (PIA).
Surtida M B 1998 Malalison Makes Full Circle. SEAFDEC Asian Aquaculture 20(6), 12-13.
40
Appe
ndix
1 L
GU
Org
aniza
tiona
l Stru
ctur
e
May
or
Sang
guni
ang
Bay
an(le
gisl
ativ
e bo
dy)
MSW
DO
BH
U
LRO
AO
MPD
OM
RH
U
Bar
anga
y C
hairp
erso
n
Bar
anga
y K
agaw
ad
Engi
-ne
er’s
Off
ice
Bud
get
Off
ice
Trea
-su
rer’
s O
ffic
e
Acc
oun-
ting
Off
ice
Mun
icip
al
Agr
icul
ture
O
ffic
e
Cro
ps
Tech
nici
anFi
sher
ies
Tech
nici
anLi
vest
ock
Tech
nici
an
B
DC
MFA
RM
C
BFA
RM
C
AO
Ass
esso
r’s O
ffic
e B
DC
Bar
anga
y D
evel
opm
ent C
ounc
il B
HU
Bar
anga
y H
ealth
Uni
t K
agaw
ad
Cou
ncil
LRO
Loca
l Reg
istra
r’s O
ffic
e M
PDO
Mun
icip
al P
lann
ing
& D
evel
opm
ent O
ffic
e M
RH
U
Mun
icip
al R
ural
Hea
lth U
nit
MSW
DO
M
unic
ipal
Soc
ial W
elfa
re D
epar
tmen
t Off
ice
Tech
nici
an
Exte
nsio
n w
orke
r
The
form
atio
n of
a B
FAR
MC
is n
ot m
anda
tory
.
41
Appe
ndix
2 C
omm
unic
atio
ns M
edia
in P
hilip
pine
s Reg
ion
VI
Rad
io
Exa
mpl
es o
f Cos
tsB
ombo
Rad
yo, C
onso
lidat
ed
Bro
adca
stin
g Sy
stem
, Sky
City
To
wer
Bld
g, M
apa
St, I
loilo
C
ity, T
el 3
37-9
393
30 se
cond
s: P
1,5
00*
15 se
cond
s: P
920
* Pr
oduc
tion
cost
s: P
500
/scr
ipt
*Aire
d fo
ur ti
mes
per
day
Lo
nger
slot
s not
ava
ilabl
e
DY
SI-A
M (S
uper
Rad
yo
Iloi
lo),
RG
MA
, Pha
se V
, Alta
Ti
erra
, Jar
o, Il
oilo
City
, Tel
32
9-10
41
30 se
cond
s: P
375
15
seco
nds:
P 2
25
Prod
uctio
n co
sts:
P 1
,000
/scr
ipt
DY
MK
-FM
(Cam
pus R
adio
),R
GM
A, P
hase
V, A
lta T
ierr
a,
Jaro
, Ilo
ilo C
ity, T
el 3
29-1
041
30 se
cond
s: P
250
15
seco
nds:
P 1
75
Prod
uctio
n co
sts:
P 1
,000
/scr
ipt
DY
MC
-FM
, AB
S-C
BN
C
ompl
ex, L
apaz
, Ilo
ilo C
ity,
Tel 3
20-9
453
30 se
cond
s: P
165
15
seco
nds:
P 9
9
Thro
ugh
the
PIA
(for
go
vern
men
t age
ncie
s onl
y)
30-6
0 se
cond
s: P
25,
000
(100
AM
/FM
stat
ions
with
na
tionw
ide
broa
dcas
t, ai
red
2-3
times
dai
ly fo
r 30
days
)
Oth
er R
adio
Sta
tions
in R
egio
n V
ID
YK
R-A
M
Rad
io M
inda
nao
Net
wor
k, C
Ls
erna
St,
Kal
ibo,
Akl
an, T
el
268-
5129
, 268
-313
6, 2
62-3
118
DY
RG
-AM
In
tern
atio
nal B
road
cast
ing
Cor
pora
tion,
Tot
ing
Rey
es S
t, K
alib
o, A
klan
, Tel
268
-520
6
Rad
yo N
atin
-FM
(San
Jos
e)
Man
ila B
road
cast
ing
Com
pany
, Fu
nda-
Dal
ipe,
San
Jose
, A
ntiq
ue, T
el 0
36-5
40-8
254
DY
VR
-AM
(Rad
yo A
gong
) R
adio
Min
dana
o N
etw
ork,
M
adis
on B
ldg,
Led
esm
a St
, Ilo
ilo C
ity, T
el 3
37-0
610,
335
-02
44
Punt
a Ta
buc,
Rox
as C
ity, T
el
6-21
0-83
6, 2
10-9
72
DY
BB
-AM
(Sup
er R
adyo
) R
oxas
Ave
nue,
Rox
as C
ity, T
el
6-21
5-62
7
DY
LL-A
M (R
adyo
ng
Baya
n)
Phili
ppin
e B
road
cast
ing
Serv
ice,
PN
RC
Bld
g, B
onifa
cio
Driv
e, Il
oilo
City
, Tel
337
-54
45, 3
35-1
060
DY
IC-F
M (S
mile
Rad
io)
Rad
io M
inda
nao
Net
wor
k,
Mad
ison
Bld
g, L
edes
ma
St,
Iloilo
City
, Tel
335
-024
4, 3
37-
0610
Pu
nta
Tabu
c, R
oxas
City
, Tel
6-
211-
972
DY
BQ-A
M (R
adyo
Bud
yong
) Is
land
s Bro
adca
stin
g C
orp,
U
EC B
ldg.
, Map
a St
, Ilo
ilo
City
, Tel
335
-089
4, 3
35-0
377
DY
EZ-
AM
M
anila
Bro
adca
stin
g C
ompa
ny,
Wild
rose
Bld
g, B
urgo
s-Lo
csin
St
, Bac
olod
City
, Tel
2-0
8-93
, 2-
69-0
3
Supe
r R
adyo
-AM
R
adio
Glo
bal M
edia
Arts
, 3rd
Fl
oor,
Plan
ters
Pro
duct
s Bld
g,
Riz
al-L
acso
n S,
Bac
olod
City
, Te
l 434
-208
5, 4
34-2
086
DY
KR
-FM
Uni
ted
Bro
adca
stin
g N
etw
ork,
R
m 2
08, 2
FG, E
steb
an B
ldg,
G
alo-
Gat
usla
o St
, Bac
olod
C
ity, T
el 2
-52-
07
DY
OK
-AM
(Rad
yo B
alita
) M
anila
Bro
adca
stin
g C
ompa
ny,
Kah
irup
Bld
g, G
uanc
o St
, Ilo
ilo
City
, Tel
338
-158
4
Star
FM
B
ombo
Rad
yo, O
ye T
oron
g St
, K
alib
o, A
klan
, Tel
268
-633
7
DY
JJ-A
M (R
adyo
Bud
yong
) In
terc
ontin
enta
l Bro
adca
stin
g C
orp,
Arn
aldo
Blv
d, R
oxas
C
ity, T
el 6
-211
-363
DY
RL
-AM
R
adyo
Pili
pino
Cor
pora
tion,
C
amer
oli A
venu
e, R
odrig
uez
Bay
bay,
Bac
olod
City
, Tel
2-
52-2
4 P
50 =
US$
1
42
Tel
evis
ion
Exa
mpl
es o
f Cos
ts
GM
A 6
GM
A, P
hase
V, A
lta T
ierr
a V
illag
e, Ja
ro, I
loilo
City
, Te
l 329
-104
1
Prim
e tim
e 6-
10 p
m, 3
0 se
cond
s: P
9,5
00
Prim
e tim
e 11
am
to 2
pm
, 30
seco
nds:
P 7
,000
N
on-p
rime
time,
30
seco
nds:
P 5
,000
Prod
uctio
n co
sts:
P 3
,000
M
onth
ly sp
onso
rshi
p:
Loca
l New
s (R
atsa
da: 5
-5:3
0 pm
, Mon
-Fri)
; 1-3
0 se
c sp
ots/
day:
P 7
5,00
0
ABS
-CBN
TV
10
4, A
BS-
CB
N B
road
cast
Com
plex
, Lun
a St
, Lap
az,
Iloilo
City
, Tel
: 320
-945
3, 3
20-9
451
Prim
e tim
e 6-
10 p
m a
nd 1
1 am
to 2
pm
, 30
seco
nds:
P
1,98
0, 1
5 se
cond
s: P
1,1
88
Bra
ndbu
g: P
900
N
on-p
rime
time,
30
seco
nds:
P 1
,188
, 15
seco
nds:
P
712
Bra
ndbu
g: P
500
Thro
ugh
the
PIA
(for
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies o
nly)
30
-60
seco
nds:
P 1
00,0
00
(Six
TV
stat
ions
and
four
cab
le st
atio
ns n
atio
nwid
e br
oadc
ast s
how
n 2-
3 tim
es d
aily
for 3
0 da
ys. F
ilipi
no
or E
nglis
h on
ly.)
Oth
er T
elev
isio
n St
atio
ns in
Reg
ion
VI
TV
12
Isla
nds B
road
cast
ing
Cor
pora
tion,
UEC
Bld
g, M
apa
St, I
loilo
City
, Tel
335
-089
4, 3
35-0
377
ABS
-CBN
– T
V 4
25
th L
acso
n St
, Man
dala
gan,
Bac
olod
City
, Te
l 2-9
2-97
SBN
TV
5So
uthe
rn B
road
cast
ing
Net
wor
k, B
aran
gay
Bat
a,
Bac
olod
City
, Tel
441
-070
0, 4
41-0
800
RPN
TV
8
Rad
io P
hilip
pine
s Net
wor
k, R
PN C
ompo
und,
Sum
-ag,
B
acol
od C
ity, T
el 2
-78-
13
GM
A T
V 1
03r
d Fl
, Adm
inis
tratio
n B
ldg,
Uni
vers
ity o
f Neg
ros
Occ
iden
tal –
Rec
olet
os, L
izar
es E
xt, B
acol
od C
ity,
Tel 2
-84-
05
AB
C 3
2 A
BC
DC
, 3rd
Fl,
HO
Bld
g, B
S A
quin
o D
rive,
B
acol
od C
ity, T
el 4
34-4
654
GM
A T
V R
elay
RG
MA
, Rox
as A
venu
e, K
alib
o, A
klan
, Te
l 268
-387
5-6
Alto
Cab
le
Alto
Cab
le S
ervi
ces,
Fuen
tes S
ubdi
visi
on, R
oxas
City
, C
apiz
, Tel
6-2
12-3
33
Wes
fard
ell C
able
Lapu
-Lap
u St
, Rox
as C
ity, C
apiz
, Tel
6-2
10-8
53
P 50
= U
S$ 1
43
Wor
ksho
ps, D
emon
stra
tion
Farm
s and
Stu
dy T
ours
Exa
mpl
es o
f Cos
ts
Wor
ksho
p
FAR
MC
est
imat
e: P
5,0
00 p
er d
ay
FAR
MC
Wor
ksho
p
Thro
ugh
the
PIA
(for
gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
onl
y):P
5,0
00 p
er p
erso
n fo
r 3
days
(for
30
peop
le)
Wor
ksho
p
Iloilo
City
: C
ente
nnia
l Hot
el: P
885
La
Fie
sta:
P 9
00
Punt
a V
illa:
P 6
50-7
50
John
B L
acso
n: P
600
Sp
ort P
ensi
on: P
750
(p
er p
erso
n pe
r day
, foo
d an
d
acco
mm
odat
ion
estim
ated
for 3
0 pe
rson
s for
3 d
ays)
Wor
ksho
p
Rox
as C
ity:
MV
W T
ouris
t Inn
and
Res
taur
ant:
P 65
0 (p
er p
erso
n pe
r day
, foo
d an
d ac
com
mod
atio
n es
timat
ed fo
r 30
pers
ons f
or 3
day
s)
Ivis
an, C
apiz
:P
200
(per
per
son
per d
ay fo
r foo
d on
ly)
Wor
ksho
p T
rain
ing
Kit
Iloilo
: Pe
r per
son:
P 3
00
Dem
onst
ratio
n Fa
rms
Seaw
eed
farm
: P 2
5,00
0 (f
or ¼
hec
tare
farm
: sup
plie
s and
m
ater
ials
; 3-d
ay tr
aini
ng fo
r 5 p
erso
ns
@ P
160/
day
for f
ood;
2-ti
me
trave
l ex
pens
es)
Tila
pia/
catfi
sh: P
6,0
00 (f
or 5
00
finge
rling
s, 1-
day
train
ing
for 1
5 pe
rson
s, 2-
time
trave
l exp
ense
s)
Tech
nica
l Tra
inin
g
SEA
FDEC
: In
-hou
se: P
12,
000
per p
erso
n fo
r 30
days
; P 1
5,00
0 fo
r 45
days
; P 2
9,00
0 fo
r 60
day
s D
ista
nce
lear
ning
: P 6
,500
for 1
03 d
ays
Stud
y To
ur
(team
of r
esea
rche
rs tr
avel
ing
from
one
m
unic
ipal
ity to
the
othe
r to
give
talk
s on
rese
arch
) P
8,00
0-15
,000
/per
son
(cos
t dep
ends
on
whe
re th
e to
ur g
oes)
P 50
= U
S$ 1
Vid
eo
Exa
mpl
es o
f Cos
ts
Con
trac
ted
Prof
essio
nal
10-m
inut
e pr
oduc
tion
in E
nglis
h an
d lo
cal l
angu
age
vers
ions
, with
bas
ic
scrip
t im
prov
ed: P
60,
000
(4 C
Ds a
nd 2
VH
S)
17-m
inut
e pr
oduc
tion
docu
men
tary
in
clud
ing
scrip
ting:
P 1
25,0
00
Thro
ugh
the
PIA
(for
gov
ernm
ent a
genc
ies o
nly)
: 10-
12
min
utes
: 250
,000
(sho
t with
in M
etro
M
anila
)
J&R
Fam
ily S
tudi
o
c/o
Jam
es C
hua,
Gai
sano
, La
Paz,
Tel
32
0-86
98
15 m
inut
es (1
VH
S &
1 C
D):
P 20
,000
Tab
ares
Pho
to &
Vid
eo C
over
age
281
Osm
ena,
Are
valo
15
min
utes
(1 V
HS
& 1
CD
): P
2,00
0
P 50
= U
S$ 1
44
Prin
ted
Med
ia
Exa
mpl
es o
f Cos
ts
New
spap
er
Pana
y N
ews,
Iloilo
Te
l 509
-416
3, 3
37-
6302
1/
4 pa
ge: P
4,0
00
1/8
page
: P 2
,000
New
spap
er
New
s Tod
ay, I
loilo
Tel 3
36-9
788)
1/
4 pa
ge: P
4,0
00
1/8
page
: P 2
,000
New
spap
er
Dai
ly H
eadl
ines
, Ilo
iloFu
ll pa
ge: P
15,
000
1/2
page
: P 8
,000
1/
4 pa
ge: P
4,5
00
1/8
page
: P 2
,500
Pe
r col
umn
cm: P
60
Col
or:
1 co
lor +
20%
2
colo
rs +
40%
3
colo
rs +
60%
Fu
ll co
lor +
100
%
Prin
ts
Mal
ones
Pri
ntin
g Lo
pez
Arc
ade,
Tel
320
-285
7 B
roch
ure:
P 3
,500
(2
-fol
d, g
loss
y, 2
col
ors,
1,00
0 co
pies
)
Prin
ts
Thro
ugh
the
PIA
(for
gov
ernm
ent
agen
cies
onl
y)
Post
er: P
300
,000
(1
8”³2
4”, f
ull c
olor
, 25,
000
copi
es)
Bro
chur
e: P
250
,000
(6
”³9”
, ful
l col
or, 1
6 pp
, 10,
000
copi
es)
Flye
r: P
50,0
00
(8.5
”³11
”, fu
ll co
lor,
10,0
00 c
opie
s)
Kom
iks i
nser
ts: P
5,9
40/p
ublic
atio
n (in
side
bac
k or
fron
t cov
er)
Mag
azin
e in
serts
: P 1
6,50
0/pu
blic
atio
n (w
eekl
y m
agaz
ines
, ins
ide
back
or f
ront
co
ver)
In
door
ads
: P 6
25,0
00
(60”³4
0”, a
t fiv
e si
tes w
ithin
Man
ila, 1
0 ho
urs d
aily
for 1
2 m
onth
s)
Prin
ts
Mak
inau
galin
gon
Pres
sN
ewsl
ette
r: P
59/c
opy
(8 p
ages
, siz
e 9”³1
2”; m
ater
ial W
NP
“14”
; co
lore
d, fo
lded
, off
set;
250
copi
es)
Box
boar
d ca
lend
ar: P
54/
copy
(h
ead:
chr
ome
cote
hea
d 18
9 lb
s; ti
dal
cale
ndar
, big
font
; 500
cop
ies)
B
roch
ure:
P 1
9/co
py
(col
ored
bon
d pa
per;
500
copi
es m
inim
um
orde
r)
Han
dboo
k: P
300
/cop
y (c
olor
ed b
ox c
over
; bon
d pa
per b
lack
& w
hite
te
xt; 9
”³6”
, 200
pag
es d
oubl
e-si
ded;
3,6
50
copi
es)
Chi
ldre
n’s b
ook:
P 3
23/c
opy
(col
or il
lust
ratio
n; g
loss
y; 2
0 pa
ges d
oubl
e-si
ded,
300
cop
ies)
O
ther
New
spap
ers i
n th
e R
egio
n w
ith C
ircu
latio
n >
1,00
0 Th
e Ak
lan
Repo
rter
(wee
kly)
Riz
al S
treet
, Kal
ibo,
A
klan
, Te
l 268
-415
8
Antiq
ue R
epor
ter
(bim
onth
ly)
Prov
inci
al C
apito
l, Sa
n Jo
se, A
ntiq
ue,
Tel 0
36-5
40-8
593
Dai
ly In
form
er
(dai
ly)
San
Jose
, Ant
ique
Te
l 036
-540
-897
4
New
s Exp
ress
(b
i-wee
kly)
Ban
taya
n, S
an Jo
se,
Ant
ique
, Tel
036
-540
-91
92; J
aro
Arc
ade,
Jaro
, Ilo
ilo C
ity, T
el 3
37-6
980,
32
0-15
09
Visa
yas C
hron
icle
(wee
kly)
159
Dem
ocra
cia
Stre
et,
Jaro
, Ilo
ilo C
ity,
Tel 3
20-2
074
Dai
ly In
form
er
(dai
ly)
Airp
ort A
rea,
Man
durr
iao,
Ilo
ilo C
ity,
Tel 3
21-2
522,
320
-805
4
The
Capi
z Tim
es(w
eekl
y)
Mar
c’s A
partm
ent,
Zam
ora
Stre
et, R
oxas
C
ity, C
apiz
, Te
l 6-2
10-5
91
Wat
chm
an’s
Rep
ort
(wee
kly)
San
Roq
ue S
t, R
oxas
C
ity, C
apiz
, Te
l 6-2
13-1
55
Sun
Star
Iloi
lo D
aily
(dai
ly)
153
Riz
al S
t, Ilo
ilo C
ity,
Tel 5
09-7
831
Sun-
Star
Bac
olod
Dai
ly(d
aily
)
12th
Agu
inal
do S
t, B
acol
od C
ity,
Tel 4
35-1
518,
435
-152
9
Neg
ros D
aily
Bul
letin
(dai
ly)
A-1
Est
eban
-M
agda
lena
Bld
g,
Her
naez
St,
Bac
olod
C
ity, F
ax 4
35-0
973
Visa
yan
Dai
ly S
tar
(dai
ly)
Sing
cang
, Bac
olod
City
, Te
l 2-3
4-46
, 8-1
7-75
P 50
= U
S$ 1
45
Appe
ndix
3 In
form
atio
n Ac
cess
with
in th
e Fi
sher
ies S
ecto
r
Sour
ces a
nd A
cces
s
Acc
ess t
o In
form
atio
n So
urce
by
Coa
stal
Com
mun
ities
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ce
Men
W
omen
L
ocal
G
over
nmen
t U
nits
Exte
nsio
n W
orke
rs
NG
Os
Gov
ernm
ent
Dep
artm
ents
R
esea
rch
Inst
itutio
nsC
hurc
h
TV
Med
ium
-low
M
ediu
m-lo
w
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Rad
io
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
New
spap
ers a
nd
mag
azin
esLo
w
Low
H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h
Leaf
lets
, bro
chur
es,
post
ers
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Med
ium
M
ediu
m
Med
ium
H
igh
Hig
h M
ediu
m
Res
earc
h ar
ticle
s Lo
w
Low
Lo
w
Low
Lo
w
Low
H
igh
Med
ium
In
tern
et
Low
Lo
w
Low
Lo
w
Hig
h Lo
w
Hig
h Lo
w
E-m
ail
Low
Lo
w
Low
Lo
w
Hig
h Lo
w
Hig
h Lo
w
Post
Lo
w
Low
H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h Fa
x Lo
w
Low
M
ediu
m
Med
ium
H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h La
ndlin
e te
leph
ones
Lo
w
Low
H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h M
obile
tele
phon
es
Low
-med
ium
Lo
w-m
ediu
m
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Hig
h H
igh
Pers
onal
co
mm
unic
atio
n M
ediu
m-h
igh
Med
ium
-hig
h M
ediu
m
Low
H
igh
Med
ium
M
ediu
m
Med
ium
Ran
k of
pre
ferr
ed
lang
uage
of
info
rmat
ion
mat
eria
ls
Hili
gayn
on
Filip
ino
Engl
ish
Hili
gayn
on
Filip
ino
Engl
ish
Engl
ish
Hili
gayn
on
Filip
ino
Engl
ish
Hili
gayn
on
Filip
ino
Engl
ish
Filip
ino
Hili
gayn
on
Engl
ish
Filip
ino
Hili
gayn
on
Engl
ish
Filip
ino
Hili
gayn
on
Engl
ish
Hili
gayn
on
Filip
ino
46
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces f
or D
iffer
ent S
take
hold
ers
Inte
rvie
wee
s Fi
sher
ies a
nd A
quat
ic R
esou
rces
M
anag
emen
t Iss
ues
Gen
eral
NG
Os
NG
O n
ewsl
ette
rs, i
nter
net b
ulle
tins o
f NG
O n
etw
orks
, B
FAR
, SEA
FDEC
, UPV
, frie
nds w
orki
ng in
oth
er N
GO
s, in
tern
et
New
spap
ers:
Phili
ppin
e D
aily
Inqu
irer
,Phi
lippi
ne S
tar
TV: A
NC
, AB
S-C
BN
, GM
A, C
NN
, BB
C W
orld
R
adio
: DC
RH
, Bom
bo R
adyo
G
over
nmen
tde
partm
ents
(nat
iona
l and
re
gion
al)
Supe
riors
, BFA
R, S
EAFD
EC, t
rain
ing,
sem
inar
s, w
orks
hops
, co
nfer
ence
s, fr
iend
s and
col
leag
ues w
orki
ng in
thos
e ar
eas,
ICLA
RM
’sN
AGA
Jour
nal,
mun
icip
al a
gric
ultu
re o
ffic
er
New
spap
ers:
Phili
ppin
e D
aily
Inqu
irer
,Man
ila B
ulle
tin,P
hilip
pine
Sta
r,Pa
nay
New
s,In
form
er,G
uard
ian
TV: G
MA
(new
s), A
BS-
CB
N (n
ews)
TV
and
cab
le: D
isco
very
, Nat
iona
l Geo
grap
hic,
HB
O (m
ovie
cha
nnel
), C
NN
, BB
C W
orld
R
adio
: DC
RH
, Bom
bo R
adyo
, DY
OK
, Rad
yo n
g B
ayan
M
ayor
s B
FAR
, DA
, DEN
R (l
eafle
ts a
nd tr
aini
ng),
may
ors’
as
soci
atio
ns se
min
ars,
Nat
iona
l Agr
icul
ture
and
Fis
herie
s C
ounc
il (N
AFC
), fis
herf
olk,
fish
erie
s ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs
New
spap
ers:
Phili
ppin
e D
aily
Inqu
irer
,Phi
lippi
ne S
tar,
Band
era
TV: A
BS-
CB
N (5
:30-
6:30
pm
), IB
C (6
am
, 1 p
m, 8
pm
for n
ews)
TV
and
cab
le: S
BN
, Sta
r Spo
rts, A
NC
(new
s), N
BN
, Nat
iona
l Geo
grap
hic,
Dis
cove
ry
Rad
io: R
adyo
Bom
bo, A
gong
, DC
MM
(Man
ila F
M st
atio
n, n
ews a
nd m
usic
) M
unic
ipal
agric
ultu
re
offic
ers
BFA
R, S
EAFD
EC, U
PV, P
CM
AR
D, N
OA
A, i
nter
net
New
spap
ers:
Phi
lippi
ne D
aily
Inqu
irer
,Man
ila T
imes
,Man
ila B
ulle
tin,S
un S
tar,
Dai
ly S
tar,
Band
era
TV a
nd c
able
: GM
A (5
-8 a
m &
6-1
2 pm
), A
BS-
CB
N (n
ews 6
-8 a
m),
CN
N, N
atio
nal G
eogr
aphi
c, sp
orts
ch
anne
ls (5
-10
pm)
Rad
io: R
adio
Ver
itas (
8-10
pm
), D
YK
A, R
adio
Nat
in (6
-8 a
m)
Mag
azin
e: L
iway
-way
(mon
thly
mag
azin
e w
ith c
omic
s)
Fish
erie
s and
ag
ricul
ture
ex
tens
ion
wor
kers
FRM
P tra
inin
g, le
afle
ts, B
FAR
(lea
flets
in E
nglis
h),
SEA
FDEC
, UPV
, fis
hpon
d ow
ners
, ELA
C (E
nviro
nmen
tal
Law
yers
Ass
ista
nce
Cen
ter,
a na
tiona
l org
aniz
atio
n) q
uarte
rly
new
slet
ter
New
spap
ers:
Man
ila B
ulle
tin,P
hilip
pine
Sta
r,Ph
ilipp
ine
Dai
ly In
quir
er,B
ande
raTV
and
cab
le: I
BC
, GM
A (7
-9 p
m),
AB
S-C
BN
(new
s 6-1
1 pm
), C
hann
el 1
0 (d
ram
as),
Dis
cove
ry, P
TV 4
R
adio
: Rad
yo B
ombo
(5-7
am
, 6-7
pm
), A
ksyo
n R
adyo
, DY
KA
(5-7
am
Sat
urda
y), R
adio
Nat
in (n
ews a
nd
mus
ic),
RM
M F
M st
atio
n (m
usic
, wee
kday
s 5-7
am
), 93
.5 F
M (m
usic
) C
omm
unity
(m
en)
Bar
anga
y of
ficia
ls, F
RM
P, B
FAR
, NG
Os,
FAR
MC
s TV
: AB
S-C
BN
(new
s)
Rad
io: B
ombo
Rad
yo, A
ksyo
n R
adyo
, Rad
yo N
atin
(new
s mor
ning
, lun
ch a
nd e
veni
ng)
Com
mun
ity
(wom
en)
Bar
anga
y of
ficia
ls, F
RM
P, B
FAR
, NG
Os,
FAR
MC
s TV
: AB
S-C
BN
(new
s, te
le-s
erie
s)
Rad
io: B
ombo
Rad
yo, A
ksyo
n R
adyo
, Rad
yo N
atin
(new
s and
dra
mas
, mor
ning
, lun
ch, a
ftern
oon
and
even
ing)
Bar
anga
y C
apta
ins
NG
Os,
LGU
ext
ensi
on w
orke
rs, D
A, B
FAR
, SEA
FDEC
, U
PV, l
eafle
ts (E
nglis
h), t
rain
ing
sem
inar
s, fis
hpon
d ow
ners
N
ewsp
aper
s:An
tique
Rep
orte
rTV
: AB
S-C
BN
, GM
A, B
ombo
Rad
yo, R
adyo
Nat
in
Res
earc
hers
(u
nive
rsiti
es,
SEA
FDEC
)
Inte
rnat
iona
l jou
rnal
s, in
tern
et, f
riend
s and
col
leag
ues
wor
king
in re
sear
ch, B
FAR
, lea
flets
and
bro
chur
es, t
rain
ing
sem
inar
s
New
spap
ers:
Man
ila B
ulle
tin,P
hilip
pine
Sta
r,Ph
ilipp
ine
Dai
ly In
quir
erTV
: AB
S-C
BN
(new
s, te
le-s
erie
s), G
MA
(6 p
m, n
ews,
tele
-nov
ela)
, AN
C (n
ews)
R
adio
: FM
stat
ions
(mus
ic),
Bom
bo R
adyo
(new
s)
Prie
sts
Mos
tly fr
om N
GO
new
slet
ters
like
NFR
, SIK
AT,
Sav
e th
e C
hild
ren,
VSO
, Lin
gkod
Tao
Kal
ikas
an; o
ccas
iona
lly fr
om
BFA
R, D
ENR
, UPV
CF
in th
e co
nduc
t of t
echn
ical
trai
ning
on
CR
M a
nd fi
sh c
ultu
re, m
angr
ove
refo
rest
atio
n, re
sour
ce
and
ecol
ogic
al a
sses
smen
t; ne
wsl
ette
rs, b
roch
ures
and
do
cum
ents
from
NG
Os,
writ
ten
in E
nglis
h m
ostly
and
a fe
w
in F
ilipi
no; i
nter
net f
rom
dire
ctor
s who
hav
e ac
cess
; fis
herie
s fo
rum
; tra
inin
g; c
ross
-vis
its
Rad
io: B
ombo
Rad
yo, A
ksyo
n R
adyo
(new
s and
com
men
tary
pro
gram
s)
TV: B
BC
for w
orld
new
s, G
MA
for l
ocal
new
s, es
peci
ally
from
mor
ning
new
s pro
gram
and
Rat
sada
in th
e af
tern
oon
New
spap
ers:
Phili
ppin
e D
aily
Inqu
irer
,Phi
lippi
ne S
tar,
natio
nal n
ews;
Pan
ay N
ews,
The
Visa
yas E
xam
iner
,lo
cal n
ews
Mag
azin
es: I
bon
Fact
s an
d Fi
gure
s for
eco
nom
ic-r
elat
ed d
ata
and
info
rmat
ion
Phili
ppin
e C
ente
r for
Inve
stig
ativ
e Jo
urna
lism
boo
ks a
nd m
agaz
ines
for a
yea
rEn
cycl
oped
ias a
nd b
ooks
, int
erne
t and
rele
vant
web
site
s for
a fe
w d
irect
ors
47
Media Mentioned
Newspapers
Philippine Daily Inquirer: national broadsheet, English Philippine Star: national broadsheet, English Manila Times: national broadsheet, English Manila Bulletin: national broadsheet, English Sun Star: regional broadsheet, English Daily Headlines: regional broadsheet, English Visayas Daily Star: regional broadsheet, English The Visayas Examiner: regional broadsheet, English Bandera: national tabloid, Filipino Antique Reporter: provincial monthly, Kinaray-a
Newsletters
Candlelight: Jaro, Iloilo City archdiocesan weekly newsletter, English Veritas: Catholic Church weekly national newsletter, English Linkod Tao Kalikasan: monthly NGO newsletter, English, Filipino
Radio Stations
Agong: local station, Hiligaynon DYOK, Aksyon Radyo: national network, local station, Hiligaynon DYKA: local station, Kinaray-a Bombo Radyo: national network, local station, Hiligaynon Radyo Natin: local franchise radio station owned by community, mixed Filipino and Kinaray-a Radio Veritas: national religious station, Filipino DZRH: national, Filipino
TV Stations
ABS-CBN: commercial national, Filipino, English GMA: commercial national, Filipino, English IBC: government national, Filipino
48
Appe
ndix
4 B
FAR
Org
aniza
tiona
l Stru
ctur
e
AQ
UA
CULT
URE
D
IVIS
ION
Fres
hwat
er
Fish
erie
s Se
ctio
n
Brac
kish
wate
r Fi
sher
ies
Sect
ion
Mar
icul
ture
Se
ctio
n
Fish
Hea
lth
Sect
ion
OFF
ICE
OF
THE
DIR
ECTO
R
FISH
ERIE
S PO
LICY
RE
SEA
RCH
AN
D
ECO
NO
MIC
S D
IVIS
ION
FISH
ERIE
S RE
SOU
RCES
A
DM
INIS
TRA
TIO
N
DIV
ISIO
N
EEZ
FISH
ERIE
S A
ND
ALL
IED
SE
RVIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
INTE
RNA
TIO
NA
L LI
CEN
SES
DIV
ISIO
N
POST
-HA
RVES
T TE
CHN
OLO
GYD
IVIS
ION
FISH
ERIE
S D
EVEL
OPM
ENT
AN
D S
UPO
R SE
RVIC
ES
DIV
ISIO
N
FSH
ERIE
S RE
SOU
RCES
RE
SEA
RCH
D
IVIS
ION
FISH
ING
TECH
NO
LOGY
DIV
ISIO
N
Indu
stry
Se
ctio
n
Econ
omic
s Se
ctio
n
Indu
stry
Pol
icy
and
Proj
ect
Eval
uati
onSe
ctio
n
Lega
l Adv
isor
y Se
rvic
es
Sect
ion
Fish
erie
s La
ws
and
Regu
lati
on
Sect
ion
Lega
l Res
earc
h Se
ctio
n
Mon
itor
ing
Surv
eilla
nce
Sect
ion
Cons
erva
tion
Se
ctio
n
EEZ
Alli
ed
Serv
ices
Se
ctio
n
Inte
rnat
iona
l Fi
shin
g Ve
ssel
Li
cens
ing
Sect
ion
Mis
c. L
icen
ses
&Po
licy
and
Lice
nsin
gSe
ctio
n
Fish
erie
s Fo
reig
n Tr
ade
Sect
ion
Fish
Han
dlin
g Se
ctio
n
Pilo
t Pr
oces
sing
Se
ctio
n
Prod
uct
Dev
elop
men
t Se
ctio
n
Chem
ical
and
M
icro
biol
ogic
al
Sect
ion
Fish
Ins
pect
ion
and
Qua
lity
Cont
rol S
ecti
on
Fish
erie
s M
anpo
wer
Stud
ies
Sect
ion
Fish
erie
s Ex
tens
ion
Dev
’t &
Adv
isor
y Se
ctio
n
Fish
erie
s In
stit
utio
nal
Ass
ista
nce
Sect
ion
Fish
erie
s In
form
atio
n Pu
blic
atio
nSe
ctio
n
Pela
gic
Vert
ebra
teRe
sour
ces
Sect
ion
Dem
ersa
l Ve
rteb
rate
Re
sour
ces
Sect
ion
Inve
rteb
rate
Re
sour
ces
Sect
ion
Seaw
eeds
-
Seag
rass
Re
sour
ces
Sect
ion
Oce
anog
raph
y Re
sour
ces
Sect
ion
Mun
icip
al
Fish
erie
s Se
ctio
n
Com
mer
cial
Fi
sher
ies
Sect
ion
Nat
iona
l Fre
shwa
ter
Fish
erie
s Te
chno
logy
Re
sear
ch C
ente
r
Tana
y Fr
eshw
ater
Ex
peri
men
tal S
tati
onN
atio
nal F
resh
wate
r Fi
sher
ies
Tech
nolo
gy
Rese
arch
Cen
ter
Fish
ery
Biol
ogic
al
Stat
ion
Com
plex
Nat
iona
l Br
acki
shwa
ter
Aqu
acul
ture
Te
chno
logy
Res
earc
h
Nat
iona
l Com
mer
cial
Fi
sher
ies
Dev
elop
men
tCe
nter
49
BFAR Organizational Structure (continued) (as of December 2002)
OFFICE OF THEREGIONAL DIRECTOR
OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT REGIONAL
DIRECTOR Support to Regional Aquatic Resources Management (STREAM)
Fisheries and Aquatic Resources Management (FARMC)
National Stock AssessmentProject (NSAP)
Visayan Sea Coastal Resources and Fisheries Management Project (VisSea) Finance and
Administrative Division
Fisheries Extension, Training and
Communications Division
Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation
Division
Fisheries Resources Management
Division
T E C H N O L O G Y O U T R E A C H S T A T I O N C H I E F S
Technology Outreach Station Chief Sta. Barbara, Iloilo
Technology Outreach Station Chief Pinamuc-an, Aklan
Technology Outreach Station Chief Hamtic, Antique
Technology Outreach Station Chief Himamaylan, Negros Occidental
P R O V I N C I A L F I S H E R Y D I R E C T O R S
Regional Fisheries Research and Development Center
Provincial Director Province of Aklan
Provincial Director Province of Antique
Provincial Director Province of Capiz
Provincial Director Province of Iloilo
Provincial Director Provinceof Neg. Occ.
Provincial Director Province of Guimaras
50
Appe
ndix
5 F
ield
work
Res
ults
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Rad
io: o
wne
rshi
p an
d ac
cess
ibili
ty
Pref
erre
d st
atio
n
Pref
erre
d pr
ogra
m, t
ime-
slot
, fre
quen
cy
Alm
ost a
ll ow
n ra
dios
Bom
bo R
adyo
and
Aks
yon
Rad
yo
beca
use
of th
eir c
lear
sign
al a
nd n
ews
prog
ram
s. R
adyo
ng
Bay
an, t
he
gove
rnm
ent s
tatio
n, h
as a
poo
r sig
nal i
n th
e ar
ea.
Zona
Lib
re (6
:30-
9:30
pm
dai
ly)
Bom
boha
nay
Big
Tim
e (7
-9 a
m d
aily
)
Bot
h pr
ogra
ms a
re n
ews a
nd
com
men
tary
pro
gram
s whi
ch k
eep
peop
le u
pdat
ed o
n ne
ws a
nd is
sues
, not
on
ly in
the
coun
try b
ut a
lso
from
oth
er
coun
tries
.
Wom
en a
lso
like
to li
sten
to d
ram
a bu
t no
par
ticul
ar p
rogr
am w
as c
ited
beca
use
they
onl
y lis
ten
if th
ey h
ave
free
tim
e,
whi
ch is
not
ofte
n.
Alm
ost a
ll ow
n ra
dios
Bom
bo R
adyo
bec
ause
of i
ts c
lear
sign
al
and
new
s pro
gram
s. R
adyo
ng
Bay
an,
the
gove
rnm
ent s
tatio
n, h
as a
poo
r si
gnal
in th
e ar
ea.
Bom
boha
nay
Big
Tim
e (7
-9 a
m d
aily
) U
gnay
an (1
2-1
pm d
aily
)
Bot
h ar
e ne
ws a
nd c
omm
enta
ry
prog
ram
s whi
ch k
eep
peop
le u
pdat
ed o
n ne
ws a
nd is
sues
, not
onl
y in
the
coun
try
but a
lso
from
oth
er c
ount
ries.
“Toy
ang
Her
mita
nia”
, a c
omic
and
na
ught
y dr
ama
who
se st
ory
revo
lves
ar
ound
var
ied
villa
ge c
hara
cter
s and
th
eir e
very
day
lives
, aire
d ov
er B
ombo
R
adyo
Mon
-Fri
3-3:
30 p
m, p
opul
ar w
ith
both
men
and
wom
en.
Wom
en a
lso
like
to li
sten
to d
ram
as in
th
e af
tern
oon
but n
o pa
rticu
lar p
rogr
am
was
cite
d be
caus
e th
ey o
nly
liste
n if
they
hav
e fr
ee ti
me,
whi
ch is
not
ofte
n.
The
maj
ority
ow
n ra
dios
DY
KA
bec
ause
loca
l lan
guag
e is
use
d an
d si
gnal
is c
lear
; DZR
H w
hich
br
oadc
asts
in F
ilipi
no a
nd c
omm
unity
m
embe
rs li
ke it
s new
s and
com
men
tary
pr
ogra
ms i
n th
e m
orni
ng; R
adio
Nat
in, a
co
mm
unity
bro
adca
st st
atio
n; B
ombo
R
adyo
Bug
taw
Ban
wa
(6:3
0-7
am M
on-F
ri)
Zona
Lib
re (6
:30-
9:30
pm
dai
ly)
5-7:
30 a
m n
ews a
nd c
omm
enta
ry
prog
ram
s of D
ZRH
A
grite
ch (4
:30-
5 am
Mon
-Fri)
Wom
en a
lso
like
to li
sten
to d
ram
as in
th
e af
tern
oon
but n
o pa
rticu
lar p
rogr
am
was
cite
d be
caus
e th
ey o
nly
liste
n if
they
hav
e fr
ee ti
me,
whi
ch is
not
ofte
n.
51
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
TV: o
wne
rshi
p an
d ac
cess
ibili
ty
Pref
erre
d ch
anne
l
Pref
erre
d pr
ogra
m, t
ime-
slot
, fre
quen
cy
Abo
ut 4
0-50
% o
wn
or h
ave
acce
ss to
TV A
BS-
CB
N b
ecau
se o
f its
cle
ar si
gnal
“TV
Pat
rol”
(new
s pro
gram
with
live
up
date
s in
Filip
ino:
6-7
pm
Mon
-Fri)
“G
ame
Ka
Na
Ba”
(a sh
ow u
sing
mix
ed
Engl
ish
and
Filip
ino:
7-7
:30
Mon
-Fri)
“M
agan
dang
Gab
i Bay
an –
Kno
wle
dge
Pow
er”
segm
ent (
new
s fea
ture
cov
ers a
va
riety
of t
opic
s and
issu
es: 6
-7 p
m S
at)
“Met
eor G
arde
n” (l
ife d
ram
a/lo
ve st
ory
of th
e po
pula
r F4
Taiw
anes
e si
ngin
g gr
oup
dubb
ed in
Fili
pino
, cur
rent
fa
vorit
e pr
ogra
m o
f wom
en a
nd th
eir
kids
: 5:3
0-6
pm M
on-S
at)
“Dan
iela
” (M
exic
an so
ap o
pera
dub
bed
in F
ilipi
no, p
refe
rred
by
wom
en: 1
1-12
am
Mon
-Fri)
Fi
lipin
o te
le-s
erie
s (pr
efer
red
by w
omen
an
d fe
mal
e te
enag
ers:
7:3
0-9:
30 p
m
Mon
-Fri)
Abo
ut 5
5% o
wn
or h
ave
acce
ss to
TV
AB
S-C
BN
and
GM
A b
ecau
se o
f the
ir go
od re
cept
ion
GM
A’s
“U
nang
Hiri
t” (n
ews p
rogr
am
with
live
upd
ates
from
upb
eat,
youn
g fie
ld re
porte
rs in
Fili
pino
: 5-7
am
Mon
-Fr
i)A
BS-
CB
N’s
“M
agan
dang
Um
aga
Bay
an”
in F
ilipi
no: 5
-7 a
m M
on-F
ri)
Bot
h pr
ogra
ms h
ave
new
s and
co
mm
enta
ry w
hich
kee
p pe
ople
upd
ated
on
new
s and
issu
es n
ot o
nly
in th
e co
untry
but
als
o fr
om o
ther
cou
ntrie
s.
“TV
Pat
rol”
, “G
ame
Ka
Na
Ba”
, “M
agan
dang
Gab
i Bay
an –
Kno
wle
dge
Pow
er”
segm
ent,
“Met
eor G
arde
n”,
“Dan
iela
”, F
ilipi
no te
le-s
erie
s [se
e in
form
atio
n in
col
umn
to th
e le
ft]
Abo
ut 2
5% o
wn
or h
ave
acce
ss to
TV
AB
S-C
BN
and
GM
A b
ecau
se o
f the
ir go
od re
cept
ion
GM
A’s
“U
nang
Hiri
t” (n
ews p
rogr
am
with
live
upd
ates
from
upb
eat,
youn
g fie
ld re
porte
rs in
Fili
pino
: 5-7
am
Mon
-Fr
i)A
BS-
CB
N’s
“M
agan
dang
Um
aga
Bay
an”
in F
ilipi
no: 5
-7 a
m M
on-F
ri)
Bot
h pr
ogra
ms h
ave
new
s and
co
mm
enta
ry w
hich
kee
p pe
ople
upd
ated
on
new
s and
issu
es n
ot o
nly
in th
e co
untry
but
als
o fr
om o
ther
cou
ntrie
s.
“TV
Pat
rol”
, “G
ame
Ka
Na
Ba”
, “M
agan
dang
Gab
i Bay
an –
Kno
wle
dge
Pow
er”
segm
ent,
“Met
eor G
arde
n”,
“Dan
iela
”, F
ilipi
no te
le-s
erie
s [se
e in
form
atio
n in
col
umn
to th
e le
ft]
52
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
VH
S an
d C
D p
laye
rs
Abo
ut 4
0% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
own
or
have
acc
ess t
o V
HS
and
CD
s. Th
ey a
re
rent
ed in
bet
ahan
in to
wns
, sm
all s
tore
s w
hich
rent
and
show
cur
rent
hit
mov
ies.
Ren
ted
VC
Ds a
re e
ither
kar
aoke
or
actio
n m
ovie
s.
Abo
ut 3
0% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
own
or
have
acc
ess t
o V
HS
and
CD
s. V
HS
and
CD
s are
rent
ed in
bet
ahan
in to
wns
. R
ente
d V
CD
s are
eith
er k
arao
ke o
r ac
tion
mov
ies (
Filip
ino
and
Chi
nese
).
Abo
ut 1
0% o
wn
or h
ave
acce
ss to
VH
S an
d C
Ds.
Ren
ted
VC
Ds a
re e
ither
ka
raok
e, F
ilipi
no lo
ve st
orie
s or a
ctio
n m
ovie
s (H
olly
woo
d an
d C
hine
se).
Cel
l pho
nes
SMA
RT
and
GLO
BE
netw
orks
hav
e si
gnal
s in
the
area
. Abo
ut 5
0% o
f the
po
pula
tion
owne
d pr
epai
d ce
ll ph
ones
, m
ostly
use
d fo
r tex
ting.
Tex
t mes
sage
s ar
e in
bot
h En
glis
h an
d H
iliga
ynon
; te
xtin
g ra
te is
P 1
/text
. Thi
s bec
ame
popu
lar b
ecau
se th
e un
it is
reas
onab
ly
pric
ed (c
heap
est a
t aro
und
P 2,
500/
unit)
an
d la
ndlin
es h
ave
not r
each
ed th
ese
area
s and
are
qui
te e
xpen
sive
to in
stal
l. U
sed
to te
xt re
min
ders
rega
rdin
g m
eetin
gs, f
or e
xam
ple.
SMA
RT
is th
e pr
efer
red
netw
ork
beca
use
of it
s cle
ar si
gnal
. Abo
ut 3
5%
own
or h
ave
acce
ss to
cel
l pho
nes,
mos
tly u
sed
for t
extin
g. T
ext m
essa
ges
are
mos
tly in
Fili
pino
. Tex
ting
rate
is P
1/
text
. Thi
s bec
ame
popu
lar b
ecau
se th
e un
it is
reas
onab
ly p
riced
(che
apes
t at
arou
nd P
2,5
00/u
nit)
and
land
lines
hav
e no
t rea
ched
thes
e ar
eas a
nd a
re q
uite
ex
pens
ive
to in
stal
l. Q
uite
use
ful t
o fo
llow
up
conc
erns
bet
wee
n m
unic
ipal
of
fice
and
bara
ngay
.
No
sign
al in
the
mun
icip
ality
.
Rom
ance
nov
elet
tes
Rom
ance
nov
elet
tes s
imila
r to
Har
lequ
in a
nd M
ills &
Boo
n w
hich
co
uld
be re
nted
at P
2/c
opy
are
popu
lar,
espe
cial
ly fo
r wom
en a
nd g
irl te
enag
ers.
Popu
lar c
omic
s suc
h as
Wak
asan
hav
e be
en p
hase
d ou
t due
to d
rop
in sa
les
with
the
adve
nt o
f VH
S an
d C
Ds.
Rom
ance
nov
elet
tes s
imila
r to
Har
lequ
in a
nd M
ills &
Boo
n w
hich
co
uld
be re
nted
at P
2/c
opy
are
popu
lar,
espe
cial
ly fo
r wom
en a
nd g
irl te
enag
ers.
Rom
ance
nov
elet
tes s
imila
r to
Har
lequ
in a
nd M
ills &
Boo
n w
hich
are
br
ough
t by
teen
age
daug
hter
s stu
dyin
g in
citi
es o
r by
bara
ngay
frie
nds f
rom
M
anila
.
New
spap
er
Onl
y a
few
, mos
tly m
en, r
ead
new
spap
ers.
Tabl
oids
(mai
nly
Band
era)
are
pref
erre
d be
caus
e th
ey a
re c
heap
, ha
ve c
atch
y he
adlin
es, c
onta
in lo
tto
resu
lts a
nd h
ave
attra
ctiv
e sp
orts
se
ctio
ns.
No
regu
lar d
istri
butio
n sc
hedu
le in
the
bara
ngay
so th
ey a
re n
ot p
opul
ar.
Onl
y po
pula
r in
the
mun
icip
ality
but
not
in
the
bara
ngay
.
53
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Mag
azin
es
Not
pop
ular
any
mor
e. O
nly
one
man
FG
D p
artic
ipan
t sai
d th
at h
e st
ill re
ads
Hili
gayn
on, t
he o
nly
mag
azin
e w
ritte
n in
the
loca
l lan
guag
e. M
agaz
ines
are
qu
ite e
xpen
sive
for v
illag
ers.
No
one
read
s mag
azin
es a
nym
ore
as fa
r as
they
kno
w.
No
acce
ss.
BB
RM
CI a
nd F
AR
MC
mee
tings
M
onth
ly m
eetin
gs o
f BB
RM
CI s
taff
and
B
FAR
MC
cha
irper
sons
hel
d in
diff
eren
t ba
rang
ays.
Bot
h En
glis
h an
d H
iliga
ynon
ar
e us
ed d
urin
g di
scus
sion
s.
O
ccas
iona
l mee
tings
in th
e m
unic
ipal
ity.
Writ
ten
com
mun
icat
ions
from
the
mun
icip
al o
ffic
e
For f
orm
al a
nnou
ncem
ents
or i
nvita
tions
fr
om th
e co
ncer
ned
loca
l mun
icip
al
offic
es, t
he u
sual
med
ia is
a le
tter
writ
ten
in E
nglis
h ad
dres
sed
to th
e B
aran
gay
Cha
irper
son,
Cou
ncil
or
FAR
MC
Cha
irper
son.
Off
icia
l cor
resp
onde
nce
writ
ten
in
Engl
ish
is th
e us
ual f
orm
al in
form
atio
n ch
anne
l.
Form
al c
omm
unic
atio
n ch
anne
l is
thro
ugh
lette
rs w
ritte
n in
Eng
lish
from
th
e m
unic
ipal
off
ice
addr
esse
d to
eith
er
the
Bar
anga
y C
hairp
erso
n, H
ealth
W
orke
r or F
AR
MC
. Com
mun
icat
ions
fr
om th
e N
GO
are
writ
ten
in K
inar
ay-a
. B
aran
gay
mee
tings
M
onth
ly jo
int o
r sep
arat
e FA
RM
C a
nd
bara
ngay
cou
ncil
mee
tings
are
impo
rtant
so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion
for v
illag
ers.
Co-
op m
eetin
gs a
re im
porta
nt re
gula
r m
eetin
gs in
the
villa
ge.
Val
uabl
e so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion
for
wom
en.
Hea
lth C
ente
rs
For w
omen
and
mot
hers
, mon
thly
m
eetin
gs o
r upd
ates
from
bar
anga
y nu
tritio
n sc
hola
rs a
nd c
omm
unity
vo
lunt
eer h
ealth
wor
kers
are
impo
rtant
so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion.
For w
omen
and
mot
hers
, mon
thly
m
eetin
gs o
r upd
ates
from
the
villa
ge
mid
wife
or b
aran
gay
nutri
tion
scho
lars
an
d he
alth
wor
kers
are
impo
rtant
so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion.
Mos
t wom
en g
et in
form
atio
n. M
onth
ly
mee
tings
or u
pdat
es fr
om th
e vi
llage
m
idw
ife o
r bar
anga
y nu
tritio
n sc
hola
rs
and
heal
th w
orke
rs a
re im
porta
nt
sour
ces o
f inf
orm
atio
n.
Mun
icip
al fi
sher
y te
chni
cian
s
Vis
it th
e vi
llage
regu
larly
to m
onito
r ac
tiviti
es a
nd sh
are
info
rmat
ion
upda
tes
with
bar
anga
y B
FAR
MC
off
icer
s.
Vis
it th
e ba
rang
ay o
nly
occa
sion
ally
. In
stea
d, p
eopl
e vi
sit t
heir
offic
e to
seek
in
form
atio
n.
BFA
R-F
RM
P
Te
chni
cal s
taff
of B
FAR
-FR
MP
(incl
udin
g co
ntra
cted
NG
Os)
vis
it th
e ba
rang
ay re
gula
rly to
do
mon
itorin
g ac
tiviti
es a
nd sh
are
upda
tes w
ith
bara
ngay
off
icer
s.
54
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Bar
anga
y Le
arni
ng R
esou
rce
Cen
ters
(B
LRC
)
Bar
anga
y of
ficer
s on
duty
, fis
herf
olk,
an
d sc
hool
chi
ldre
n so
met
imes
vis
it th
e B
LRC
to re
ad b
ooks
and
bro
chur
es th
at
are
avai
labl
e in
the
libra
ry. D
iscu
ssio
ns
or m
eetin
gs a
re a
lso
held
ther
e. S
atur
day
clas
ses f
or e
lem
enta
ry k
ids a
re
faci
litat
ed b
y th
e cu
stod
ian.
Prin
ted
info
rmat
ion
mat
eria
ls in
the
libra
ry a
re
in E
nglis
h an
d Fi
lipin
o. S
TREA
M
Jour
nals
in H
iliga
ynon
are
als
o av
aila
ble.
Last
sum
mer
, a p
oste
r-m
akin
g co
ntes
t (th
eme
AR
M) f
or sc
hool
chi
ldre
n w
as
faci
litat
ed b
y th
e B
LRC
cus
todi
an o
n to
p of
spor
ts a
ctiv
ities
org
aniz
ed b
y th
e SK
(bar
anga
y yo
uth
orga
niza
tion)
and
th
e ba
rang
ay c
ounc
il.
Stud
y to
urs o
r cro
ss-v
isits
O
ccas
iona
l cro
ss-v
isits
coo
rdin
ated
by
the
offic
e of
the
mun
icip
al a
gric
ultu
rist
and
the
BFA
R o
r DA
are
goo
d so
urce
s of
tech
nica
l inf
orm
atio
n an
d ap
proa
ches
in
CR
M im
plem
enta
tion.
Occ
asio
nal s
tudy
tour
s coo
rdin
ated
by
the
offic
e of
the
mun
icip
al a
gric
ultu
rist
and
the
BFA
R o
r DA
are
goo
d so
urce
s of
tech
nica
l inf
orm
atio
n an
d ap
proa
ches
in
CR
M im
plem
enta
tion.
Tr
aini
ngs a
nd se
min
ars
Sem
inar
s coo
rdin
ated
thro
ugh
the
BB
RM
CI o
r hea
lth c
ente
rs.
Trai
ning
s and
sem
inar
s con
duct
ed b
y B
FAR
-FR
MP
and
cont
ract
ed N
GO
; and
al
so h
ealth
sem
inar
s fac
ilita
ted
by th
e m
id-w
ife.
Trai
ning
s and
sem
inar
s are
pre
ferr
ed
exte
nsio
n m
edia
. Thu
s, it
is fi
ne fo
r th
em to
rece
ive
info
rmat
ion
mat
eria
ls in
En
glis
h du
ring
train
ing
beca
use
faci
litat
ors g
ive
illus
tratio
ns a
nd e
xpla
in
topi
cs c
over
ed.
55
Info
rmat
ion
Sour
ces
Ban
ate
Bay
Res
ourc
e M
anag
emen
t C
ounc
il: A
nila
o, B
anat
e, B
tac
Nue
vo,
Bta
c V
iejo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Chu
rch
and
Mas
s M
asse
s are
hel
d on
ce a
wee
k in
eve
ry
bara
ngay
. On
Sund
ays,
ther
e ar
e at
leas
t tw
o m
asse
s hel
d in
the
mor
ning
and
one
in
the
afte
rnoo
n, th
e m
ost a
ttend
ed o
ne
is u
sual
ly th
e se
cond
mas
s at a
roun
d 6:
30-7
:30
am.
The
maj
ority
of p
eopl
e go
to c
hurc
h on
Su
nday
s at t
he v
illag
e ch
apel
. M
asse
s are
hel
d on
ce a
yea
r dur
ing
fiest
a. T
hey
go to
the
tow
n fo
r Sun
day
mas
ses.
The
two
maj
or re
ligio
ns a
re
Cat
holic
(50%
) and
Agl
ipay
(50%
). So
me
resi
dent
s are
Bap
tist.
Scho
olin
g A
bout
10-
20%
of s
choo
l-age
chi
ldre
n,
espe
cial
ly b
oys,
stop
goi
ng to
scho
ol a
s so
on a
s the
y ar
e ol
d en
ough
to a
ssis
t th
eir p
aren
ts in
thei
r fis
hing
act
iviti
es.
The
maj
ority
of c
hild
ren
atte
nd
elem
enta
ry sc
hool
in th
e vi
llage
. H
owev
er, f
or h
igh
scho
ol, s
ome
child
ren
drop
out
to h
elp
thei
r par
ents
ear
n th
eir
livel
ihoo
d.
The
maj
ority
of c
hild
ren
atte
nd
elem
enta
ry a
nd h
igh
scho
ols.
Ther
e ar
e on
ly a
few
out
-of-
scho
ol y
outh
in th
e ba
rang
ay.
Frie
nds,
neig
hbor
s and
rela
tives
C
omm
on so
urce
s of i
nfor
mat
ion,
but
not
pr
efer
red
form
al m
atte
rs su
ch a
s sc
hedu
les o
f sem
inar
s and
vis
its,
beca
use
the
med
ium
is p
erce
ived
as
unre
liabl
e un
less
ther
e w
as a
writ
ten
advi
ce p
rece
ding
it.
Com
mon
sour
ces o
f inf
orm
atio
n, b
ut n
ot
pref
erre
d fo
rmal
mat
ters
such
as
sche
dule
s of s
emin
ars a
nd v
isits
, be
caus
e th
e m
ediu
m is
per
ceiv
ed a
s un
relia
ble
unle
ss th
ere
was
a w
ritte
n ad
vice
pre
cedi
ng it
.
Com
mon
sour
ces o
f inf
orm
atio
n, b
ut n
ot
pref
erre
d fo
rmal
mat
ters
such
as
sche
dule
s of s
emin
ars a
nd v
isits
, be
caus
e th
e m
ediu
m is
per
ceiv
ed a
s un
relia
ble
unle
ss th
ere
was
a w
ritte
n ad
vice
pre
cedi
ng it
. Fi
sh v
endo
rs a
nd tr
ansi
ent v
endo
rs
Fish
buy
ers u
pdat
e fis
herf
olk
abou
t m
arke
t pric
es a
nd so
me
lend
mon
ey.
Fi
sh v
endo
rs a
nd tr
ansi
ent v
endo
rs(b
olan
tero
s) a
re th
e m
ain
sour
ces o
f m
arke
t inf
orm
atio
n.
56
Pref
erre
d So
urce
s of I
nfor
mat
ion
B
anat
e Ba
y R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
Cou
ncil:
Ani
lao,
Ban
ate,
Bta
c N
uevo
, B
tac
Vie
jo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Ran
king
1)
Rad
io is
the
mos
t pop
ular
bec
ause
al
mos
t all
hous
ehol
ds h
ave
radi
os.
2) T
V is
the
seco
nd m
ost p
opul
ar
beca
use
abou
t 40%
of t
he p
opul
atio
n ow
n or
hav
e ac
cess
to T
V se
ts (b
ut
whe
n as
ked
if th
ey h
ave
both
radi
o an
d TV
, the
y pr
efer
TV
). 3)
Writ
ten
com
mun
icat
ions
in E
nglis
h fo
r for
mal
mat
ters
and
cel
l pho
ne te
xt
mes
sage
s for
info
rmal
mes
sage
s. 4)
Bar
anga
y co
unci
l mee
tings
5)
Bar
anga
y he
alth
wor
ker
1) R
adio
is th
e m
ost p
opul
ar b
ecau
se
alm
ost a
ll ho
useh
olds
hav
e ra
dios
. 2)
TV
is th
e se
cond
mos
t pop
ular
be
caus
e ab
out 5
0% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
own
or h
ave
acce
ss to
TV
sets
. 3)
Writ
ten
com
mun
icat
ions
in E
nglis
h fo
r for
mal
mat
ters
and
cel
l pho
ne te
xt
mes
sage
s for
info
rmal
mes
sage
s. 4)
Bar
anga
y nu
tritio
n sc
hola
rs a
nd
heal
th w
orke
r 5)
Bar
anga
y co
unci
l mee
tings
6)
Coo
pera
tive
mee
tings
7)
BLR
C
1) R
adio
is th
e m
ost p
opul
ar b
ecau
se
alm
ost a
ll ho
useh
olds
hav
e ra
dios
. 2)
TV
is th
e se
cond
mos
t pop
ular
be
caus
e ab
out 5
0% o
f the
pop
ulat
ion
own
or h
ave
acce
ss to
TV
sets
. 3)
Writ
ten
com
mun
icat
ions
in E
nglis
h or
Kin
aray
-a fo
r for
mal
mat
ters
. 4)
Bar
anga
y co
unci
l mee
tings
5)
Bar
anga
y he
alth
wor
ker
Pref
eren
ces i
n vi
sual
med
ia
Men
pre
fer t
echn
ical
or h
ow-to
br
ochu
res a
nd fl
yers
with
col
ored
dr
awin
gs o
r pho
togr
aphs
bec
ause
they
ar
e ha
ndy,
attr
activ
e an
d us
eful
.
Wom
en a
nd th
eir c
hild
ren
appr
ecia
te
mor
e po
ster
s with
com
ic c
olor
ed
draw
ings
and
cat
chy
mes
sage
s.
All
pref
er c
olor
ed p
ictu
res o
r ph
otog
raph
s with
AR
M m
essa
ges o
n to
p an
d w
ith ti
dal c
alen
dar w
ith b
ig fo
nt
atta
ched
.
Men
pre
ferr
ed to
hav
e bo
th 1
) the
big
po
ster
s with
col
ored
pho
togr
aphs
(not
th
e co
mic
dra
win
gs) a
nd b
ig fo
nt
mes
sage
s bec
ause
thei
r int
eres
t is
peak
ed w
ith fa
mili
ar sc
enes
in th
e ph
otog
raph
s; a
nd 2
) tec
hnic
al b
roch
ures
w
ith c
olor
ed p
ictu
res b
ecau
se th
ey c
an
brin
g th
em o
n si
te if
they
nee
d th
em.
They
do
not l
ike
com
ic d
raw
ings
if th
e m
essa
ges c
onve
yed
are
serio
us.
One
wom
an sa
id sh
e ap
prec
iate
s mor
e th
e po
ster
with
col
ored
dra
win
gs a
nd b
ig
font
mes
sage
s.
All
parti
cipa
nts a
gree
d th
at c
omic
dr
awin
gs w
ould
be
mor
e ap
prop
riate
for
the
yout
h gr
oup.
Bot
h m
en a
nd w
omen
pre
fer c
olor
ed
draw
ings
with
big
font
mes
sage
s. Th
ey
also
like
the
tech
nica
l fly
ers w
ith
colo
red
draw
ings
. Mos
t, ho
wev
er, s
aid
that
no
mat
ter h
ow a
ttrac
tive
the
mat
eria
ls m
ay b
e, th
ey w
ould
not
be
appr
ecia
ted
muc
h un
less
ther
e ar
e ex
tens
ion
wor
kers
who
dis
cuss
thei
r im
porta
nce
and
rele
vanc
e. T
hey
pref
er
Kin
aray
-a o
r Fili
pino
for t
he in
form
atio
n m
ater
ials
.
Com
ic c
hara
cter
s are
per
ceiv
ed a
s mor
e ap
prop
riate
for c
hild
ren.
57
Pref
erre
d So
urce
s of I
nfor
mat
ion
(con
tinue
d)
B
anat
e Ba
y R
esou
rce
Man
agem
ent
Cou
ncil:
Ani
lao,
Ban
ate,
Bta
c N
uevo
, B
tac
Vie
jo
Mam
buqu
iao,
Bat
an, A
klan
N
aba,
Cul
asi,
Ant
ique
Late
st m
essa
ge o
r act
ivity
rem
embe
red
The
SAR
S ca
mpa
ign;
tri-m
edia
(rad
io,
TV a
nd p
rint)
outle
ts w
ere
used
. B
aran
gay
offic
ials
and
bar
anga
y he
alth
w
orke
rs w
ere
calle
d to
a m
eetin
g at
the
mun
icip
al o
ffic
e fo
r a b
riefin
g. T
hen
the
bara
ngay
hea
lth p
rovi
ders
and
bar
anga
y co
unci
l off
icer
s con
duct
ed b
aran
gay
mee
tings
and
a h
ouse
-to-h
ouse
ca
mpa
ign.
The
SAR
S ca
mpa
ign
and
the
join
t se
ssio
n be
twee
n th
e SB
(leg
isla
tive
body
) and
the
villa
gers
abo
ut th
e de
lay
in th
e pa
ssag
e an
d im
plem
enta
tion
of
the
mun
icip
al o
rdin
ance
regu
latin
g nu
mbe
r of f
ishi
ng st
ruct
ures
in th
e ba
y.
Bar
anga
y of
ficia
ls a
nd m
idw
ives
wer
e ca
lled
to a
gen
eral
brie
fing
at th
e m
unic
ipal
off
ice.
The
n a
task
forc
e co
mpo
sed
of b
aran
gay
heal
th p
rovi
ders
an
d ba
rang
ay o
ffic
ials
mon
itor c
ases
of
SAR
S in
the
bara
ngay
by
goin
g fr
om
hous
e to
hou
se tw
ice
a w
eek.
The
SAR
S ca
mpa
ign
whe
re R
HU
team
s, th
roug
h th
e ba
rang
ay c
ounc
il, c
alle
d an
as
sem
bly
mee
ting
to ra
ise
awar
enes
s ab
out S
AR
S.
Bar
anga
y ev
alua
tion
for t
he c
onte
st o
n C
lean
and
Hea
lthy
Bar
anga
y fa
cilit
ated
by
the
RH
U.
Fish
erie
s ext
ensi
on n
etw
ork
Perc
eive
d as
rela
tivel
y go
od b
ut
reso
lutio
n of
som
e is
sues
is q
uite
de
laye
d or
susp
ende
d be
caus
e of
lack
of
supp
ort f
rom
the
may
or o
r the
SB
(p
oliti
cal).
Perc
eive
d as
eff
icie
nt b
ut so
met
imes
due
to
pol
itica
l rea
sons
, app
rova
l and
im
plem
enta
tion
of p
rogr
ams (
such
as
regu
latio
n of
est
ablis
hmen
t of f
ishi
ng
stru
ctur
es in
rive
rs) a
re d
elay
ed.
Perc
eive
d as
rela
tivel
y go
od b
ut n
ot a
s it
used
to b
e w
hen
it w
as su
ppor
ted
by
AN
IAD
(gov
ernm
ent p
roje
ct a
ssis
ted
by
the
Net
herla
nds g
over
nmen
t),
PRO
CES
S (N
GO
) and
BFA
R. H
ealth
se
rvic
e is
mor
e ef
ficie
nt (w
omen
).