Phenomenological Approaches What is Phenomenology? Binswanger: Authenticity Carl Rogers:...
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Transcript of Phenomenological Approaches What is Phenomenology? Binswanger: Authenticity Carl Rogers:...
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Phenomenological Approaches
• What is Phenomenology?
• Binswanger: Authenticity
• Carl Rogers: Self-Actualization
• George Kelly: Constructive Alternativism
• Csikszentmihalyi: Flow
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Psychodynamics
• Subjective, unconscious experience
• Unobservable, can’t use scientific method
Biological Approach
• Objective, observable situational influences
• Rigorous use of scientific method
Phenomenology
• Focus on conscious individual experience
• Introspection
• Integrative view
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Three Aspects of Existence
Umwelt“Aroundworld”
Mitwelt“Withworld”
Eigenwelt“Ownworld”
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Main Characteristics ofPhenomenological Approaches
• Holistic, Qualitative, Idiographic– complete description of human existence– taking the individual’s own perspective
• Phenomenological Method– focus on individual experience of the world– focus on interpretation of events, not the events
themselves
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• Humanistic Psychology– e.g. Rogers, Kelly– looks at higher human motives, self-development, esthetics
• Existential Philosophy– e.g. Sartre– focus on people’s personal decisions, subjectivity, individuality– life is only meaningful, if we make it meaningful
Theoretical Background of Phenomenological Approaches
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What makes life meaningful?• Achievement• Spirituality• Relationships• Art• Social Responsibility• Developing One’s Potential• •
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Ludwig Binswanger (1881-1966)
• Existence vs. Essence
• The “Givens” of Existence– thrownness
– ambivalent physical body
– choice/freedom
– anxiety/guilt
– death
• Authenticity vs. Inauthenticity
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Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
• Core of human nature is positive
• Culture and environment teach us to behave in negative ways.
• Basic goal is self-actualization.
• Individuals perceive the world uniquely phenomenal field
• “Self”: Key part of one’s personality
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Rogers’ Definition of “Self”• Organized and consistent pattern of perceptions
• Primarily conscious
• Different from the “ideal self” (perceptions and meanings that are self-relevant and that are valued highly)
• Is measured by:• Adjective Checklist
• Q-sort
• Semantic Differential
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Demonstration Semantic Differential
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• Conditions of Worth– conditional positive regard– conditional positive self-regard
• Incongruity– real self– ideal self
• Defenses– perceptual distortion– denial, projection
Ideal Therapist- congruent- unconditional positive regard- empathy- respect
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George Kelly (1905-1966)
• Used the “fruitful metaphor” of seeing ordinary people as scientists:
“A person’s processes are psychologically channelized by the way in which he anticipates events”
• Laypeople AND scientists
– subject to hidden psychological forces
– trying to predict the world by understanding its mechanisms
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Constructive Alternativism
• Multiple possible world views• People describe the world along bipolar
dimensions (“constructs”)• Some constructs are related (“schemas”)• Social groups/cultures/families have
similar constructs
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Measuring the Construct System
• Role Construct Repertory Test (REP)
• Participant gives list of persons who are most important
• Participant lists dimensions on which pairs of three are rated
• Constructs differ in content and complexity
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Demonstration REP
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Constructs & Emotions• New information challenges existing construct
system - constructs are no longer validated (predicting the world correctly)
• Impermeable and preemptive constructs are problematic
• Constructs need to change - if not, negative emotions are the consequence– anxiety = existing constructs threatened– guilt = behaving in discordance to constructs– aggression = forcing others to fit my constructs