Phase 3 - Science Report Final

8/14/2019 Phase 3 - Science Report Final

1/54

Global Vision International Costa Rica

Phase 3 Report

(16th January 27th March 2006)

Britt M. Larsen, Nicole Evans, Lydia Chaparroand James P. Lewis


2/54

i

1. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The third 10-week phase of the Costa Rican Global Vision International (GVI)

Expedition has now been completed. The expedition has continued to gather

important environmental scientific data whilst working with local, national andinternational partners. The expedition has also maintained working relationships with

local communities through both English classes and Inter-cambio. The following

projects have been run during phase 3:

I. Jaguar predation on sea turtles. In collaboration with the Costa Rica Ministry

of Environment and Energy (MINAE);

II. Marine Turtle Monitoring Programme (collaboration with the Canadian

Organization for Tropical Education and Rainforest Conservation (COTERC),MINAE and the Caribbean Conservation Corporation (CCC));

III. EBCP Resident Bird Project (collaboration with Steven Furino, Waterloo

University, Canada);

IV. Tourist impact assessment within the Tortuguero National Park;

V. English language lessons (collaboration with the San Francisco community);

and

VI. Inter-cambio with staff from Cabinas Vista al Mar and the Tortuguero National

Park staff at Cuatro Esquinas.

GVI has initiated an additional preliminary study during phase 3:

VII. Tourist impact assessment on Cao Palma canal in addition to and in

comparison with the tourist impact assessment conducted in Tortuguero

National Park.


3/54

ii

1.1. Introduction

The Coastal Rainforest Conservation Expedition at the Biological Station Cao

Palma in Tortuguero, Costa Rica has now completed its third phase (3 x 10 weeks).

The expedition to date has assisted in collecting a substantial amount of scientific

data. Although this data is already helping to identify potential future research areas

and providing important data to the international scientific community it is still at the

preliminary stage. Methodologies continue to be improved and focused as

experience is gained and improvement to data quality is continuous. A full Annual

Report in December 2006 will collate and summarize all data and enable more

descriptive and accurate analysis. The main aim of the GVI projects established with

MINAE is to collect raw data, which will then be handed over to MINAE for collation,analysis and comparison with other relevant data.

Acknowledgements

This report is successful due to the hard work of all Expedition Members who took

part in this third phase of the Costa Rican Rainforest and Wildlife Expedition:

Andrew Metcalfe Alyssa Mummert Julie JacksonJoanna Miller Melissa Martin Karen DonnorAmie Smith Derek Harder Jayne ElliottBen Stubbens Sally-Ann Haw Gabriela Mora CamacNadia Gergova Clayton Bostock Holly GuestJennifer Smith Helen Smith Alan CollinsTracy Keyte Kelsey Doods

We also thank our partners COTERC, MINAE, ACTo, Steven Furino, and San

Francisco community for all their help and support.


4/54


5/54

iv

3.4.3. Monitoring of female turtles ................................................................ 103.4.4. Tagging............................................................................................... 11

3.4.5.

Biometry of female turtles................................................................... 11

3.4.6. Human impact data ............................................................................ 113.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 12

3.5.1. Track census and nest surveys.......................................................... 123.5.2. Monitoring of nests ............................................................................. 123.5.3. Tagging and monitoring of female turtles ...........................................133.5.4. Biometry of female turtles................................................................... 13

4. EBCP RESIDENT BIRD PROJECT.................................................................... 134.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 13

4.2.

Aim ............................................................................................................. 13

4.3. Method ....................................................................................................... 144.3.1. Point Count Method............................................................................ 144.3.2. Area Search Method........................................................................... 15

4.4. Results ....................................................................................................... 164.4.1. Point Count Results............................................................................ 174.4.2. Area Search Results........................................................................... 19

4.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 225. NATIONAL PARK TOURIST IMPACT ASSESSMENT......................................23

5.1.

Introduction................................................................................................. 23


6/54

v

5.2. Aims ........................................................................................................... 245.3. Methods...................................................................................................... 24

5.3.1.

Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 25

5.3.2. Terrestrial Trail ................................................................................... 265.3.3. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) transects ..........26

5.4. Results ....................................................................................................... 275.4.1. Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 275.4.2. Terrestrial Trail ................................................................................... 315.4.3. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) Transects.........31

5.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 315.5.1. Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 32

5.5.2.

Terrestrial Trails.................................................................................. 33

5.5.3. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog Transects .............................................336. TOURIST IMPACT SURVEY CAO PALMA .....................................................33

6.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 336.2. Aims ........................................................................................................... 346.3. Methods...................................................................................................... 34

6.3.1. Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 346.3.2. Boat Dock Survey............................................................................... 35

6.4. Results ....................................................................................................... 35

6.4.1.

Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 35


7/54

vi

6.4.2. Boat Dock Survey............................................................................... 376.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 37

6.5.1.

Aquatic Trails...................................................................................... 37

6.5.2. Boat Dock Survey............................................................................... 387. COMMUNITY WORK.......................................................................................... 39

7.1. Introduction................................................................................................. 397.2. Aims ........................................................................................................... 397.3. Method ....................................................................................................... 397.4. Results ....................................................................................................... 407.5. Discussion .................................................................................................. 40

8. SUMMARY CONCLUSION................................................................................. 41

9.

Bibliography ........................................................................................................ 43


8/54

vii

Tables

Table 3-1. Number of Monel tags, Details of previous and recent tags and

measurements of carapace lenght and width from the turtles encountered during

nesting on the North Beach, Tortuguero 2006........................................................... 11Table 4-1 Data collected during Point Count surveys ................................................15Table 4-2 Data collected during Area Searches ........................................................ 15Table 4-3 Species composition of birds, recorded during both Point Counts and Area

Searches, based on abundance within the Tortuguero area .....................................16Table 4-4 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on

abundance within the Tortuguero area ...................................................................... 17Table 4-5 Species composition of birds, recorded during Area Searches, based on

abundance within the Tortuguero area ...................................................................... 19Table 5-1 Comparison of the six most common bird species found within the different

study areas................................................................................................................. 29Figures

Figure 2-1 Beach distribution of Jaguar and turtle track along the 14.5 miles in

Tortuguero National Park. Period: 3 February 22 March 2006.3

Figure 2-2 Date distribution of tracks (Jaguar and Turtles) and turtle carcasses in

Tortuguero National Park. Period: 3 February 22 March

2006...4

Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2 Temporal and spatial nesting distribution of total tracks

(nests and half moons) for Leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) on the North Beach

during the first month of the nesting season in 2006. ................................................10Figure 4-1 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on

abundance within the Tortuguero area ...................................................................... 16Figure 4-2 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on

abundance within the Tortuguero area ...................................................................... 17


9/54

viii

Figure 4-3 Variation between number of birds and frequency of records during Point

Counts........................................................................................................................ 18Figure 4-4 Variation in identification of species and comparison between seen and

heard recordings during Point Counts........................................................................ 19Figure 4-5 Species composition of birds, recorded during Area Searches, based on

abundance within the Tortuguero area ...................................................................... 20Figure 4-6 Variation between number of birds and frequency of records during Area

Searches.................................................................................................................... 20Figure 4-7 Variation in identification of species and comparison between seen and

heard recordings during Area Searches. ................................................................... 21Figure 5-1 Data categories for aquatic survey. ..........................................................25Figure 5-2 Mean percentage difference for combined mean percentage difference for

time, number of records and number of birds ............................................................ 28Figure 5-3 Quantity of the top six non-avian species recorded during aquatic surveys

................................................................................................................................... 30

Figure 5-4 Distribution of non-avian species within Aquatic Study site......................30Figure 5-5 Number of individuals recorded per trail sector ........................................31Figure 6-1 Data categories for aquatic survey ........................................................... 34Figure 6-2 Comparison of mean average data from National Park and Cao Palma36Figure 6-3 Top 6 avian species recorded on Cao Palma.........................................36

Appendix

Appendix 1. GVI Costa Rica Key Avian Species List..44


10/54

1

2. JAGUAR PREDATION ON MARINE TURTLES

2.1. Introduction

Marine turtle predation by Jaguars (Panthera onca) seems to have increased within

the past 10 years in Tortuguero National Park (Trong, 2000; Magally Castro, pers.

comm.). In 1998 a minimum of 25 Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) were killed by

Jaguars in Tortuguero National Park and several sightings occurred in the late 1990s

(Trong, 2000). Although there is not much evidence of this atypical foraging

behaviour, documentation exists from Suriname, where 82 Green Turtles were killed

in the period 1963-1973 (Autar, 1994) and French Guiana (Trong, 2000). Data has

also been collated from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica, where Jaguars prey upon

Olive Ridleys (Lepidochelys olivacea), Black (Chelonia agassizii) and Hawksbill

Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) (Trong, 2000).

Due to lack of human resources the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and Energy

(MINAE) invited GVI to continue data collection on Jaguar presence and predation of

marine turtles in Tortuguero National Park. Data collection has now been conducted

by GVI since 11 July 2005, and together with the existing sets of data collected by

MINAE, it will aid in their future analysis in order to use as a tool for further

management of Jaguars, turtles and their habitat in Tortuguero National Park.

2.2. Aim

The Jaguar project aims to document the presence of Jaguars (Panthera onca) on

the beach of Tortuguero National Park and their predation of nesting marine turtles.

Data collection from this season will be compared with the previous years collected

data and added to the long-term monitoring of Jaguar predation on marine turtles in

Tortuguero National Park.

2.3. Methodology

Jaguar walks are conducted over the 14 mile stretch of beach from the entrance of

Tortuguero National Park (mile 3) south to Jalova lagoon (mile 18). One to two GVI

staff member and three to five Expedition Members conduct the survey once per

week, starting from either Tortuguero or Jalova at dawn. General data such as date,

name of researchers, weather, sand condition and start time is noted at the

beginning of the survey. Beach size (distance from vegetation to high tide mark) is

recorded every four miles (at mile 4, 8, 12 and 16) to give an indication of how much


11/54

2

beach was exposed during the previous night. Sand condition and general weather

are also recorded every four miles. During the survey, researchers count the total

number of fresh (1-2 nights old) turtle tracks on the beach, including both half moons

(not nested) and full tracks (nested). When Jaguar tracks are encountered, the right

hind foot is photographed and the length and width of the track are measured. The

direction of the track (north or south) and location (mile marker and GPS coordinates)

are also recorded. The track is then followed until it ends (goes into the vegetation or

is washed away by the tide) and the mile marker and GPS coordinates are recorded

again. As would be expected intense and prolonged rain, high winds and very dry

sand, can reduce the quality of Jaguar prints making data collection very difficult. As

weather conditions vary throughout the year it is possible data quality will be affected.

In order to minimise this Jaguar surveys are undertaken during and after periods of

optimal weather conditions where possible.

Data on fresh carcasses of turtles killed by Jaguars is collected where possible. Data

includes location (mile marker and GPS coordinates), species, point of attack, nights

since kill, amount of meat eaten, location of carcass relative to the vegetation,

whether the turtle is on its front or back, and any extra comments/observations.

Photographs of particular features may be taken.

2.4. Results

A total of 7 full surveys1 were conducted between 3 February and 22 March 2006,

with an average time of 9 hours and 20 minutes. A total of 31 surveys have been

conducted by GVI since 11 July 2005.

During Phase 3, two Green Turtles (Chelonia mydas) were killed by Jaguars (8

March and 22 March 2006). The number of separate sets of Jaguar tracks found

during this phase was 39. A total of 67 Green tracks (full tracks

2

: n = 37 and halfmoons: n = 30) and 21 Leatherbacks tracks (full tracks: n = 19 and half moons: n = 2)

was recorded. The distribution of turtle and Jaguar tracks per mile and the location of

the two turtle carcasses are shown in figure 2.1.

1 The total number of surveys was 8, but one (1) was aborted.

2 One ascending and one descending track independent of nest information; attempted nest or nest.


12/54

3

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

4

4/8

5 5

4/8

6 6

4/8

7 7

4/8

8 8

4/8

9 9

4/8

10 10

4/8

11 11

4/8

12 12

4/8

13 13

4/8

14 14

4/8

15 15

4/8

16 16

4/8

17 17

4/8

18Mile

#

# jaguar set of tracks # turtles tracks

Figure 2-1 Beach distribution of Jaguar and turtle track along the 14.5 miles in Tortuguero

National Park. Period: 3 February 22 March 2006. The symbol ( ) represents the location of the

two turtle carcasses found during this period

In this phase, the highest concentration (more than 15 sets of tracks) of Jaguar

tracks was between mile 7 and 13. The overall distribution of tracks and carcasses in

relation to date of survey is shown in figure 1.2.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

3-feb 10-feb 17-feb 24-feb 3-mar 10-mar 17-mar Date

#

Jaguar tracks Turtles tracks

Figure 2-2 Date distribution of tracks (Jaguar and Turtles) and turtle carcasses in Tortuguero

National Park. Period: 3 February 22 March 2006. The symbol ( ) represents the date of the

two turtle carcasses found during this period (8 March and 22 March 2006)

2.5. Discussion

Data collection during Phase 3 incorporates off season data (January and February)

for Green and Leatherback Turtles and the beginning of the nesting season (March

to July) for Leatherback Turtles. This information gives us a good picture of Jaguar


13/54

4

presence on the beach of Tortuguero National Park during non-nesting and low

density nesting periods.

The presence of Jaguar tracks was registered in all the surveys. However, due to

heavy rain washing out the tracks in the days before the survey, no data wascollected on the size of tracks during the last survey on 22 March. The presence of

tracks were recorded from mile 4 to 17 4/8, with an important concentration from mile

4 to 17 4/8 and in particular there seem to be two areas with a higher concentration

from 7 4/8 to 8 and from mile 9 to 11. The two turtle carcasses located around mile

11 and mile 13 2/8 were found in the area of highest concentration of Jaguar tracks

(> 15 sets of tracks).

During Phase 3 there was evidence of Jaguar presence from all beach surveys. Ittherefore seems to indicate that Jaguars include this habitat in their home range

during turtle non-nesting season and indeed most of the year (based on data

collected by GVI since July 2005).

Although the Green Turtle nesting seasons is recognised to begin on the 1st of June

a few turtles came up the beach to lay eggs before this date (full tracks, n = 37). Two

Green Turtles were recorded as being killed by Jaguars during Phase 3. It should be

acknowledged however that although the Green Turtles came on to the beachoutside of their nesting period it did fall within the nesting period of Leatherback

Turltes. Currently there is insufficient data to support the theory that Jaguars

foraging behaviour is directly correlated to marine turtle nesting seasons. Further

long term research will help to identify any correlation that may be present and may

possibly identify if there is an adaptive behavioural trait within the jaguar population,

relating to turtles nesting. There are several hypotheses for jaguar presence on the

beach, these include an increase in the jaguar population, deforestation forcing

jaguars out on the beach and the decline in other prey species. At present none ofthe hypothesis can be supported or disproved (Trong, 2000).

The current method being used by GVI to distinguish between Jaguar prints involves

comparison of print width and length. This method however is not ideal as track sizes

can be statistically similar based on these two characteristics alone. Computer

analysis of tracks enables up to 48 different measurements to be taken from each

print. This increases significantly the statistical confidence with which it can be

assumed a print belongs to a specific animal (Miller, 2001). However, accuracy of thebasic width and length is still important and thus in order to minimise any error that


14/54

5

may occur during the measurement of Jaguar tracks, all future records will involve

taking a minimum of 10 sets of track measurements where possible. From this a

mean average print size can be calculated and used for analysis.

The measurements of individual tracks seems to indicate that there may be differentJaguars in the two areas of high activity (from miles 7 4/8 to 8 and from 9 to 11).

Most of the tracks found in the first half of the beach (closer to Tortuguero) were of a

Jaguar with hind-foot prints of approximately 80mm x 100mm. This individual was

usually found together with another individual with prints of about 80mm x 80mm.

The second half of the beach was dominated by a larger Jaguar with hind-foot prints

that measured 90mm x 110mm. However, this observation was more evident during

Phase 1 (July September), whereas the prints were more mixed in the two areas

towards and after the end of the season (November - February). In addition, weather

conditions and thus conditions of the sand make it very difficult to always obtain

accurate measurements and good photos of the prints, so it remains a very biased

assumption until more valid data supports this theory.

Nevertheless, from the data collected so far, it is plausible to assume that there may

actually be three different Jaguars walking on the beach in the Tortuguero National

Park between mile 4 and 18. The print measurements could indicate a female with a

one-year old cub usually in the area between mile 7 to mile 11. These two prints

have been observed together many times. The second half of the beach has been

dominated by larger Jaguar prints, possibly a male. The tracks from this individual

have been recorded most frequently between miles 14 and 17, suggesting that the

beach may have two separate Jaguar territories. In the beginning of Phase 1 this

data proved consistent as only one size of prints were observed per area. In recent

months (January March) the ranges have been overlapping, and the larger Jaguar

prints have been observed as far north as mile 7 and two prints together (one

larger than the other) as far south as mile 16.

Data from fresh turtle carcasses shows that the amount eaten by Jaguars is usually

relatively small. They seem to kill the turtle, and then only eat a small amount of the

internal organs (including the heart) found immediately below the fat layer. This could

be due to the relative low energy expenditure of hunting turtles compared to hunting

other prey like peccary (Tayassuspp.), deer or other mammals inside the forest (M.

Castro, pers. comm.)


15/54


16/54

7

available turtle data and compare poaching rates of turtles nesting on the National

Park beaches.

The project will be conducted during the main nesting season of Leatherback Turtles

(March to mid-July) (Troeng et al., 2004), and that of Green Turtles (June toNovember). Data will also be collected during the nesting season for Hawksbill

Turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata) and Loggerhead Turtles (Caretta caretta), which

extends from June to September, but very few of these species are expected to nest

on the North Beach.

3.2. Aim

According to previous studies (conducted by COTERC) there is a great amount ofillegal harvesting of turtle eggs, and to a lesser extent meat, on the North Beach.

Thus, the aim of this project is to study the spatial and seasonal distribution of

nesting females, the number of nesting emergences, illegal harvesting of turtle meat

and eggs, and natural depredation of nests in order to study, monitor and protect the

sea turtles coming to nest on the North Beach.

3.3. Methodology

The methodology used for the marine turtle monitoring programme follows the

COTERC and GVI protocol which is adapted from and approved by the CCC.

3.3.1. Track and Nest Surveys

Each survey consisted of walking the beach between mile 0 and 3 1/8, recording

tracks and nesting turtles during 5 hours (9 p.m. to 2 a.m.) for the night team and 2

hours in the morning (starting at 5.30 a.m.) for the day team. The teams identify

tracks as full (turtle nested), half moon (turtle came out intending to lay but turnedaround before even attempting to nest), or a lifted/poached turtle (no tracks going

back into the sea). Nests (full tracks) were then identified as either an attempted

nest, a natural nest, or a poached nest.

Data was also recorded from encountering dead turtles on the beach. The size, sex,

state of the turtle, and an estimated time of death were recorded. Any obvious signs

of an unnatural death were also recorded such as harpoon marks, machete cuts or

blows to the head and/or limbs and photographs are taken. If the turtle had beentagged, the ID number was recorded and checked against CCC tagging data.


17/54


18/54

9

two people and reviewed three times. Deformation or pieces missing of the carapace

and flippers or any other relevant data was also recorded.

3.3.5. Human impact data

Due to the recent increase in human activity on the North Beach all artificial

light (white or red) observed during the night surveys was recorded. Number

of people present and direction of travel was also recorded.

3.4. Results

Data for Phase 3 was collected during the day between the 1st 25th March (total:

25 days) covering the beginning of the Leatherback Turtle nesting season. Nightsurveys started on the night of 10th March, after two researchers from COTERC and

GVI completed training provided by the CCC.

During the daily track census a total of 812/8 miles (total: 37 hours 22 minutes) was

walked, taking an average of 1 hour and 30 minutes to complete the 31/8 miles.

Meanwhile, the nightly surveys covered 133 miles (total: 74 hours 16 minutes), taking

an average of 5 hours to cover an average of 86/8 miles.

3.4.1. Track census and nest surveys

All tracks encountered on the North Beach were identified as Leatherbacks. A total of

10 tracks were observed during the survey period divided into five nests and five half

moons. The spatial and temporal distribution of activity is shown in figure 3.1 and 3.2.


19/54

10

Figure 3-1 and Figure 3-2 Temporal and spatial nesting distribution of total tracks (nests and halfmoons) for Leatherbacks (Dermochelys coriacea) on the North Beach during the first month of

the nesting season in 2006.

3.4.2. Monitoring of nests

60% of the nests (n = 3) seemed to be left in their natural state without any signs of

poaching, erosion or predation. 20% (n = 1) of the total nests were poached based

on various combination of evidence such as human foot prints, stick marks and / or

an exposed egg chamber. Finally, it was not posible to determine whether the last

20% (n = 1) was poached or not, although there was evidence of stick marks and a

deep hole in the sand which was not exactly where the egg chamber was located.

3.4.3. Monitoring of female turtles

During three of the 15 days of night surveys, a Leatherback turtle was encountered

nesting on the North Beach. The first female (No 1) was encountered during the

process of covering her nest and it was not possible to count the eggs laid. The

second female (No 2) was encountered during egg chamber excavation and the

whole process of counting eggs, tagging and measuring took place. The third female(No 3) was encountered whilst covering her nest and thus it was not possible to go

LEATHERBACK SPATIAL NESTING DISTRIBUTION

IN NORTH BEACH 2006

0

1

2

3

4

0 2/8 4/8 6/8 1 1 2/8 1 4/8 1 6/8 2 2 2/8 2 4/8 2 6/8 3 3 2/8

Nest Half moon

LEATHERBACK TEMPORAL NESTING DISTRIBUTION

IN NORTH BEACH 2006

0

1

2

3

1-mar

3-mar

5-mar

7-mar

9-mar

11-m

ar

13-m

ar

15-m

ar

17-m

ar

19-m

ar

21-m

ar

23-m

ar

Nest Half Mon


20/54

11

through the normal process of counting eggs. These three turtles came out of the

water to nest between the hours of 23:00 and 01:15.

3.4.4. Tagging

Two of the three turtles (No 1 and No 3) encountered during this phase had already

been tagged or had evidence of previous Monel tags (OTH). The second turtle

encountered had no evidence of old tags and was thus tagged by the night survey

team. See table 3.1 for more details.

MONEL TAG's OTN / OTH

Left Right Left RightCCL (cm) CCW (cm)

Turtle No 1 VA1872 - None OTH 145 145 - - - -

Turtle No 2 VA8206 VA8205 None none 161 161 160,5 116 116,1 116

Turtle No 3 VA2494 VA2495 OTH none 150 150 149,9 107 107 107

Table 3-1. Number of Monel tags, Details of previous and recent tags and measurements ofcarapace lenght and width from the turtles encountered during nesting on the North Beach,Tortuguero 2006.

All three turtles presented complete caudal projection and some small bites to the

flippers. However, none showed any signs of deformation or any obvious disease.

With respect to the position of the nest, all three turtles were found to nest in the

open zone, a few metres above the high tide line.

3.4.5. Biometry of female turtles

The counting of eggs was conducted once (Turtle No 2) and a total of 125 large eggs

and 20 small eggs (infertile) were counted. The measurements of the carapace was

152 cm CCL and 111.5 cm, see table 3.1 for more detail.

3.4.6. Human impact data

During the night surveys a minimum of 2 strong, white lights were observed at

various times throughout the patrol. A total of 8 other white lights were observed from

various locals or tourists passing by the survey team during a patrol. Only one red

light was encountered during the night surveys when meeting a guide with a group of

20 tourists. In various places along the beach a few permanent lights from private

houses have been observed, including a very bright external light on the top part of

the beach in front of Turtle Beach Lodge.


21/54

12

3.5. Discussion

Since the data collection from Phase 3 only covers the very beginning of the nesting

season for Leatherback Turtles, there is only preliminary data from 3 worked turtles,

and 25 day and 15 night surveys.

In order to obtain better results from nesting female turtles, the aim of the project is to

continue collecting data from the entire nesting season of both Leatherbacks and

Green Turtles. Final results will be able to give an indication of nesting behaviour,

nest success, and the level of poaching as well as comparing this data to future

years of research.

3.5.1. Track census and nest surveys

Five tracks out of the total 10 were recorded as nests and the other five were

recorded as half moons, of which 2 presented a body pit and the initiation of egg

chamber excavation. The reason why 50% of the turtles made half moons and went

back into the sea without nesting could be various (Bjorndal et al., 1999) (due to

physical state of the sand, state of the tide, lights, etc.) and perhaps at the end of the

nesting season some factors which may have influenced it may be possible to

identify this behavior.

3.5.2. Monitoring of nests

At the moment it is not possible to determine if the nesting follows the Gauss curve

(gradual increase in numbers of nesting turtles culminating in a peak at mid-season

and then a gradual decrease towards the end of the season), but at the current rate it

seems that 1-2 turtles are observed every 2.5 days of work. With respect to neststhere has been one nest per five nights of surveys. From the limited data it seems

that nesting is concentrated around mile 5/8 and 15/8.

As previously mentioned, it is not possible to precisely know if out of the current five

nests on the North Beach one or two are poached. Consequently, the poaching rate

is somewhere between 20% and 40%, the remainder were left in a natural state.


22/54

13

3.5.3. Tagging and monitoring of female turtles

All three females coming up the beach to nest were tagged, either previously (Turtle

No 1 & 3) or by the COTERC/GVI team (turtle No 2). This tagging process will help

determine nesting frequency and location of individuals and the interval betweennesting events.

3.5.4. Biometry of female turtles

Based on previous studies, the average number of eggs layed by a nesting

Leatherback female is 82 normal sized and 30 infertile with a CCL of 154 cm. The

turtle tagged on North Beach varied from these by laying 125 normal eggs, but only

20 infertile eggs and measuring 160.8 cm. These numbers and in particular thecarapace length (CCL) seem to indicate that it was not a young adult, but instead an

older female which has not been tagged during any of her previous nesting events.

4. EBCP RESIDENT BIRD PROJECT

4.1. Introduction

Although much research into the migratory avifauna of the New World has been

conducted in Costa Rica, there is still much to be learned about the natural history of

residential species.

In collaboration with Steven Furino at Waterloo University, Canada, GVI is continuing

to accumulate data on the presence of resident and migratory bird species and

monitor their seasonal activity patterns in four different sites around the Estacin

Biolgica Cao Palma (EBCP). Steven Furino has designed a programme, WINGS,

in order to make this raw data available to fellow researchers and the general public.

In addition, the data may also provide the Costa Rican Ministry of Environment and

Energy (MINAE) with a management tool.

4.2. Aim

The aim of this study is to collect presence data on local bird communities which can

then be accessed and used for scientific research by anyone in the world. The data

collected may help to identify changes in population trends, migration patterns and

habitat usage and prove to become a useful management tool for MINAE and ACTo

(Area de Conservacin Tortuguero).


23/54

14

4.3. Method

The bird project is conducted using two standard bird monitoring methods; Area

Searches and Point Counts which are discussed below.

For both survey types the Widdowson Tortuguero Species Checklist for birds

(Widdowson & Widdowson, 2004) is used to allocate an abundance rating to each

bird species recorded. This rating is based on the probability of encountering the

species in its preferred habitat in the appropriate season. This system is used to

assess how many of the species recorded fall into the following categories:

I. Common; Easily seen most days, often in moderate to high numbers;

II. Fairly Common; Should be seen most days, in small numbers;III. Uncommon; Hard to see, only once or twice a week;

IV. Rare; Very hard to see even in appropriate habitat and season; and

V. X; Casual, vagrant, or few records; unlikely to see. Also includes species

recorded but not on the Widdowson list.

In order to achieve and maintain a high standard of data collection, expedition and

staff members undergo continuous training on the research methodology and

identification of study species. The identification of target species focuses on avian

species, examining not only the study species but also those species that may be

easily confused with any one of the study species. Appendix 1 contains a list of all

the avian study species along with species they could be easily confused with.

4.3.1. Point Count Method

Point Counts are undertaken at predetermined points within the four study sites.

Within each study site there are six points except for Cao Palma where there are

five Point Count stations. Dawn Point Counts and Area Searches are conducted

between sunrise and 0930, and afternoon Point Counts and Area Searches between

1400 and 1700.

Both Point Count and Area Search methods are used in the same four study sites

around EBCP. These sites are:

I. CT - Cerro Tortuguero, the highest local point (119m). It possesses a terrafirme forest different from the forest near the station. Its height also makes it afavourite spot for soaring raptors;


24/54

15

II. NB - North Beach, a 5 km section of sand beach from the mouth of Lagunade Tortuguero to Laguno Cuatro, providing a coastal habitat to study;

III. CP - Cao Palma, a 5 km section of narrow canal from EBCP to the entranceto the canal to Laguna Cuatro,; and

IV. CA - Cleared Areas, including the grounds of EBCP, the grounds of CabinasVista al Mar, and the barrio of San Francisco.

When undertaking Point Counts surveyors record all birds seen and heard during a

ten minute period. For each record the following data is taken:

Distance and Cue from point

0-10 10-25 25-50 >50

StationCode

Timeobserved

Species(common

name) S H

S/H S H

S/H S H

S/H S H

S/H

Unknowndistance

Total#

Habitat(G,L,H,A)

Notes

Table 4-1 Data collected during Point Count surveys

During the ten minute period surveyors must remain in the same location, only

moving in order to obtain a positive identification.

4.3.2. Area Search Method

Area Searches are within the same study sites as Point Counts however surveyors

are recording data for twenty minute periods whilst moving. Twenty minute surveys

are undertaken between predetermined points so as to allow for comparative

analysis. Area searches can prove to be more useful for determining species

composition within study sites.

Number on site Number off site

StationCode

Time

observed

Species

(common

name)

Species

(scientific

name)

S H S/H S H S/H

Total#ind.

Habitat

(G,L,H,A)

Notes(Male,

Female)

Table 4-2 Data collected during Area Searches


25/54

16

4.4. Results

A total of 110 different species were recorded during the Phase 3 survey period.

Table 4-3 presents a breakdown of species abundance and Figure 4-1 shows the

same data in graphical format.

Abundance Number of speciesCommon 69Fairly common 19Uncommon 16Rare 3X 3Total 110

Table 4-3 Species composition of birds, recorded during both Point Counts and Area Searches,

based on abundance within the Tortuguero area

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

species common fairly uncommon Rare X

Numberofspecies

Figure 4-1 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on abundance

within the Tortuguero area

Of the bird species recorded 62% were Common, 17% Fairly Common, 15%

Uncommon, 3% Rare and 3% Casual, Vagrant or Few records. The three species

recorded during the surveys as rare species within the Tortuguero area, were the

Great Black Hawk Buteogallus urubitinga (North Beach), Cinnamon WoodpeckerCeleus loricatus (Cerro Tortuguero) and Green Ibis Mesembrinibis cayennensis


26/54

17

(Cao Palma). The X species were Pomarine Jaeger Stercorarius pomarinusand

Yellow-bellied Sapsucker Sphyrapicus varius, both which were recorded on North

Beach, and White-lined TanagerTachyphonus rufusrecorded on Cleared Areas.

4.4.1. Point Count Results

During the Phase 3 survey period a total of 106 different species were recorded

during Point Count surveys. Table 4-4 presents a breakdown of species abundance

and Figure 4-1 shows the same data in graphical format.

Abundance Number of speciesCommon 68Fairly common 19

Uncommon 16Rare 2X 1Total 106

Table 4-4 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on abundance


0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

common fairly uncommon Rare X

Numberofspecies

Figure 4-2 Species composition of birds, recorded during Point Counts, based on abundance


Of the bird species recorded 64% were Common, 18% Fairly Common, 15%

Uncommon, 2% Rare and 1% Casual, Vagrant or Few records. The two species

recorded during Point Counts as rare species within the Tortuguero area, were the

Great Black Hawk (North Beach) and Green Ibis (Cao Palma). The one X speciesrecorded was the Pomarine Jaeger recorded on North Beach.


27/54

18

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

CA mostnumerous

CA mostfrequent

CP mostnumerous

CP mostfrequent

CT mostnumerous

CT mostfrequent

NB mostnumerous

NB mostfrequent

numberseen/numberofr

ecords

Black VultureMontezuma Oropendola

Bright-rumped Attila

Brown Pelican

Keel-billed Toucan

Semipalmated Plover

Stripe-breasted Wren

Figure 4-3 Variation between number of birds and frequency of records during Point Counts

Figure 4-3 illustrates the variation in most numerous and most frequent3 avian

species recorded within each study site. On CA, CP and NB the two most frequent

and most numerous birds were the same (Black Vulture Coragyps atratus and

Montezuma Oropendola Gymnostinops montezumaon CA; Montezuma Oropendola

and Bright-rumped Attila Attila spadiceus on CP; and Brown Pelican Pelecanus

occidentalisand Semipalmated Plover Calidris pusilla on NB) however on CT this

was not the case. On CT the two most numerous birds were the Brown Pelican andKeel-billed Toucan Ramphastos sulfuratus where as the most frequently recorded

species were Keel-billed Toucan and Stripe-breasted Wren Thryothorus thoracicus.

3Frequent refers to the number of records obtained for the species and numerous refers to

the number of that species recorded e.g. frequent: 10 records, numerous: 25 birds


28/54


29/54


30/54

21

Figure 4-6 illustrates the variation in most numerous and most frequent avian species

recorded within each study site. On CP, CT and NB Area Searches the two most

frequent and most numerous birds were the same (Western Slaty-Antshrike

Thamnophilus atrinuchaand Stripe-breasted Wren on CP; Black Vulture and Turkey

Vulture Cathartes auraon CP; and Brown Pelican and Semipalmated Plover on NB)

however on CA this was not the case. On CA the two most numerous birds were the

Black Vulture and Variable Seedeater Sporophila corvina where as the most

frequently recorded species were Black Vulture and Great Kiskadee Pitangus

sulphuratus.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

total number of positive

id

total number of family

only

total number of Unknown total number seen total number heard

%o

fbirds CA

CP

CT

NB

Figure 4-7 Variation in identification of species and comparison between seen and heard

recordings during Area Searches.

The total number of positively identified birds varied between 71% and 90%. Positive

identification was most successful within the NB study site and least successful along

CP. The percentage of birds that could not be identified to either species or family

level varied between 2% and 11%. The percentage of unknowns was greatest within

the CP study site.

Of the birds recorded the majority were seen, however the percentage of species

seen against species heard varies between study sites. Within the CP and CT study


31/54


32/54

23

The overall numbers of rare species is expected to increase as the project becomes

more established. Not only will the surveys cover a longer period of time, but the

survey techniques are expected to improve along with the training of expedition

members and therefore more birds should be identified based on hearing calls/songs

as well as by sight. The Tortuguero area offers great opportunities to find rare and

accidental species due to its remote location and undisturbed habitats. The location

is also an important area for migrating birds and is connected with the Barra

Colorado Wildlife Refuge and the large Indio-Maiz National Park in Nicaragua.

During Phase 3 a relatively high proportion of X, Rare and Uncommon species were

recorded during surveys. This is a promising sign that surveys are being conducted

to a high enough standard for these more unusual species to be positively identified.

The fact that birds still being identified to only family level or recorded as unidentified,

indicates that birds are not being guessed where surveyors are not 100% sure of

the species these categories are used.

The EBCP Resident Bird Project surveys undertaken during Phase 3 have assisted

in increasing the overall data set. They have also helped in identifying areas where

continued improvement to the methodology is required in order to gain the most

useful and accurate data possible. A new key species list will be developed for Phase

4 that will include migratory species in addition to those which are typical of the

selected habitats. It will be important that the species list is concise in order to

facilitate training and data collection. It must be acknowledged that the aim of the

study is to monitor changes in species and not to create a new species list for the

Tortuguero area.

5. NATIONAL PARK TOURIST IMPACT ASSESSMENT

5.1. Introduction

Tortuguero National Park was created in 1975 in order to protect the large diversity of

wildlife that exists within it. The park is managed and protected by the Costa Rican

Ministry of Environment and Energy (MINAE). Terrestrial sections of the park consist

of primary rainforest and flooded swamplands, which extend from the Caribbean

coastline to the foothills of the central Costa Rican mountain range. Aquatic sections

of the park include navigable lagoons, canals, and waterways. Terrestrial and aquatic

trails are clearly marked and allow tourists the opportunity to experience the

impressive species richness of the area; 2200 species of plant, 375 bird species, 125


33/54

24

mammal species and 124 species of reptiles and amphibians exist within the parks

boundaries (Bermdez & Hernndez, 2004).

The flow of tourists to the national park is regulated by MINAE; however, rising tourist

numbers could increase the pressure to the area. Greater accessibility to this regionhas begun produce a constant influx of groups of tourists using both the aquatic and

terrestrial trails. Eco-tourism is encouraged, however it is essential that a certain

balance between the parks human activity and use and the conservation of these

fragile ecosystems should be respected (Bermdez & Hernndez, 2004; C. Calvo,

pers. comm.). However, there is a potential threat to the biodiversity of the park due

to excessive stress from continuous human activity. In the last 15 years, annual totals

of visitors to the park have risen from 9,000 to more than 70,000.

5.2. Aims

Funded by the European Union, in 2005 MINAE developed a Management Plan for

Visitors to Tortuguero National Park. However, due to lack of human resources,

MINAE requested the assistance of GVI to initiate and implement the Tourism Impact

Assessment in order to provide data for an objective and quantitative evaluation of

the impact of Tourism in Tortuguero National Park (Bermdez & Hernndez, 2004).

The aim of the National Park Tourist Impact Assessment is to document and monitor

species abundance and diversity in relation to presence of human activity. The

ongoing collection of this data is being documented by GVI in conjunction with

MINAE, to accurately assess the degree to which tourists are influencing the parks

biodiversity.

The commencement of this data collection was initiated in November 2005 by GVI.

This baseline data is essential in order to generate a good understanding of the

ecological systems operating in and around the park. As this understanding

continues to develop, methodology is adapted to yield the most beneficial results

possible.

5.3. Methods

The National Park Tourist Impact Study consists of three separate research areas,

these are:

I. Aquatic Survey;


34/54

25

II. Terrestrial Survey; and

III. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog Transect.

The data obtained from these three research areas assists in the establishment of

creating a realistic view into what is happening within the park both on an ecologicallevel and a tourist impact level.

5.3.1. Aquatic Trails

This part of the study involves surveying two aquatic transects within the National

Park; Cao Harold and Cao Chiquero. Transects are conducted between 05:40am

and 06:50am on a weekly basis for both Cao Harold and Cao Chiquero. Cao

Harold is also surveyed before dusk, commencing at between 13:50 and 15:00. Up tosix researchers record avian, reptilian and mammalian species activity using the

following data categories:

Sector Time Species # Cue On/Off

Site

Habitat Notes

Figure 5-1 Data categories for aquatic survey.

Each study site has been divided into sections to aid with data recording andanalysis. Cao Harold is divided into four sections whilst Cao Chiquero is divided

into five sections. AC1 and AC2 (Access 1 and 2) form the first two sectors of either

Cao Harold or Chiquero and are thus surveyed during every aquatic survey. The

beginning of AC1 is located at the start of Rio Tortugero and continues along the

Cao until it reaches the westerly Cao which leads to both Cao Harold and

Chiquero. At this point AC2 begins and continues in a westerly direction towards

Cao Harold. Where Cao Harold enters AC2, CH1 (Cao Harold 1) begins. CH1

continues up Cao Harold leading into CH2 and CH3 along the way. The survey of

Chiquero continues past Cao Harold along AC2. Where AC2 leads into Cao

Chiquero, CC1 (Cao Chiquero 1) begins. The transect continues up along the Cao

and becomes sector CC2.

When a species is observed, a record is made of the sector in which it is located

including the time of sighting, the species, number of individuals, cue (whether seen

and / or heard), the location (on or off site) and the position within the habitat (Ground

Level, Low Level, High Level and Aerial). Points of interests include; behavior, sexand stage are recorded in the notes.


35/54

26

The non-avian target species for the aquatic surveys include the Spider Monkey

Ateles geoffroyi, Black River Turtle Rhinoclemmys funerea, and Spectacled Caiman

Caiman crocodiles. The avian target species are the Anhinga Anhinga anhinga, the

Green-backed Heron Butorides virescens, the Cormorant Phalacrocorax brasilianus

and all Kingfishers (family Alcedinidae). However, all individuals encountered are

identified to species level where possible; where this cannot be achieved family

name is recorded. Occasionally it is not possible to obtain either of these categories

so the individual is recorded as unknown.

Tourist activity is also recorded during each survey, information on number of visitors

and the type or name of boats seen (eg. Canoe, Laguna Lodge, no motor, electric

motor, 4-stroke motor) is recorded. Individual boats are recorded only once per

survey.

5.3.2. Terrestrial Trail

The Sendero Gaviln is a terrestrial loop trail, 1.920 meters long, located immediately

south of the Park Head Office, Cuatro Esquinas.

Up to four researchers commence survey at Cuatro Esquinas, and walk counter-

clockwise around the trail. Data is collected using the same methodology as with the

aquatic survey. The only target species for the terrestrial trail are Spider Monkeys

Ateles geoffroyiand Strawberry Poison Dart Frogs Dendrobates pumilio, but data is

also collected from other mammal and avian species.

The trail is broken into four sectors:

I. G1 Trail head to 550 meters;II. G2 550m to 1100m (at the path parallel to the beach);

III. G3 1100m to 1500m (the trail parallel to the beach); and

IV. G4 1500m (the water tower) to the trail head.

5.3.3. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) transects

Presence/absence data is collected on Strawberry Poison Dart frogs along two

transects cut west (100m from Sendero Gaviln) and south (500m from Sendero


36/54

27

Gaviln) of the trail. This frog species, D. pumilio, is believed to have declined

possible to the point of local extinction within this area of the national park.

5.4. Results

The following results highlight the main findings from the research undertaken during

phase 3. Data has been analyzed based on the quantity available to produce sound

results. Some areas of study will require further research in order to be assessed

adequately.


The two Aquatic Trails were surveyed 24 times during the course of Phase 3, which

means that Access 1 and 2 (AC1 and AC2) were surveyed a total of 24 times.

However, Cao Harold was surveyed 18 times, 12 of which were dawn surveys.

Cao Chiquero was surveyed 6 times, all of which were dawn surveys. The average

time taken to complete surveys on Cao Harold was 1.38 hours, whilst Cao

Chiquero took an average of 1:15 hours. The average time spent on both aquatic

surveys within the national park was 1:33 hours.

The average number of records collected on both surveys was 66. On Cao Harold

surveys alone the average was 71 and for Cao Chiquero the average was 51. The

average number of birds recorded on both surveys was 81. On Cao Harold surveys

alone the average was 87 and for Cao Chiquero the average was 65.

Figure 5-2 illustrates the percentage difference of the individual Cao compared to

the average of both surveys combined.


37/54


38/54

29

Most common birds in AC1 Most common birds in AC2

Common name Latin nameNumberseen Common name Latin name

Numberseen

Little Blue HeronEgrettacaerulea 117

MontezumaOropendola

Gymnostinops montezuma 35

Montezuma

OropendolaGymnostinops

montezuma 45 Little Blue HeronEgretta

caerulea 26Bare-throatedTiger-Heron

Tigrisomamexicanum 33

Bare-throatedTiger-Heron


Snowy EgretEgretta thula

26Short-billedPigeon

Patagioenasnigrirostris 7

Western Slaty-Antshrike

Thamnophilusatrinucha 16 Sungrebe

Heliornisfulica 7

Chestnut-backedAntbird

Myrmecizaexsul 15

Stripe-breastedWren

Thryothorusthoracicus 6

Most common birds in CC Most common birds in CH

Common name Latin name

Number

seen

Common

name Latin name

Number

seen

Little Blue HeronEgrettacaerulea 31

Little BlueHeron

Egretta caerulea138

MontezumaOropendola

Gymnostinopsmontezuma 16

Green-backedHeron

Butoridesvirescens 88


Thamnophilusatrinucha 9 Snowy Egret

Egretta thula42

SungrebeHeliornis fulica

7Bare-throatedTiger-Heron


Stripe-breastedWren

Thryothorusthoracicus 6

Short-billedPigeon

Patagioenasnigrirostris 38

Chestnut-backedAntbird

Myrmecizaexsul 6


Thamnophilusatrinucha 36

Table 5-1 Comparison of the six most common bird species found within the different study

areas

The Little Blue Heron Egretta caeruleawas the most common bird species recorded

on three of the four Cao sectors. The variation between species composition

increases when the 2nd to 6th most common species are examined.

In addition to the avian records, data was also collected on the presences of other

families, the following were all recorded during aquatic surveys: Mantled Howler

Monkey Allouata palliate, Spider Monkey Ateles geoffroyi, White-faced Capuchin

Cebus capucinus, Monkey Cebidae sp., Black River Turtle Rhinoclemmys funerea,

Spectacled Caiman Caiman crocodilus, Neotropical River Otter Lutra longicaudis,

Dolphin Delphinidae, Bat Chiroptera ord., Basilisk Basiliscus sp., Iguana Iguana

iguana, Lizard Norops sp.. Figure 5-3 shows the number of individuals of the top six

species recorded on the aquatic survey.


39/54

30

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Mantled HowlerMonkey

Whi te-faced Capuchin Spider Monkey Neotropical R iver Otter

Black River Turtle Spectacled Caiman

numberseen/heard

Figure 5-3 Quantity of the top six non-avian species recorded during aquatic surveys

0% 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100%

AC1

AC2

CC

CH

% of individual species

Mantled Howler Monkey

White-faced Capuchin

Spider Monkey

Neotropical River Otter

Black River Turtle

Spectacled Caimen

Figure 5-4 Distribution of non-avian species within Aquatic Study site

The data collected on non-avian species illustrates that Mantled Howler Monkeys are

the most common non-avian species within all Cao sectors except Cao Harold

where the most common species was Spider Monkey.


40/54

31

5.4.2. Terrestrial Trail

The terrestrial trail Sendero Gaviln was surveyed eight times during Phase 3 in the

morning hours, starting before or at 06:30, for an average of 1:49 hours per survey.

52% of recorded species were noted in sector G1, 19% in both G2 and G3, and theremaining 10% of recorded species were seen in sector G4. 73% of all recorded

animals were birds, 23% mammals, 3% reptile and 1% amphibians throughout the

Gaviln.

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

G1 G2 G3 G4

Sector

numberseenorheard

Amphibian

Bird

Mammal

Reptile

Figure 5-5 Number of individuals recorded per trail sector

5.4.3. Strawberry Poison Dart Frog (Dendrobates pumilio) Transects

The two transects were sampled eight times during Phase 3. No Dendrobates

pumilio were recorded, however, two Tree Climbing Toads Bufo coniferus, one

Veined Tree Frog Hyla phlebodesand a Gulf Coast Toad were all positively identified

during the surveys.

5.5. Discussion

Although methodologies have been identified, the data collected is at the preliminarystage, where further modifications and increased data samples are necessary.


41/54

32

All target species sightings (birds, reptiles and mammals) were recorded on the

surveys and data on visitor numbers and transport mode was also recorded. This is

very important and quantifiable data which is necessary to properly assess the

impact tourist presence is having on wildlife within the Park. However, current sample

sizes are too small at the moment and more data should be collected before any in-

depth analysis can take place. From the data collected during this phase of the study

some preliminary conclusions can be presented.


The data colleted from the Aquatic Trails indicates the unit effort is constant

throughout the survey period. This factor eliminates any effort biases that may occur

due to different surveyors undertaking the research at different times. This unit effortshould be monitored during future phases to ensure it remains constant in relation to

the survey technique.

Analysis of the data indicates possible patterns in relation to bird assemblages within

the different Caos of the study site. Although the volume of data collected between

Cao Harold and Cao Chiquero were very similar, there were distinct differences in

the species recorded. Further data collection will help to confirm this pattern, whilst

analysis of other variable will be helpful to find why this difference is occurring.

The data collected on the Aquatic Trail illustrated that of the aquatic species

recorded, the herons, egrets and Sun Grebes were the most common. The other

species recorded as the most common species were all very auditable species and

not necessarily good indicators of the Cao habitats.

The non-avian species recorded varied distinctively between Caos. For example

AC1 had the largest number of Mantled Howler Monkeys recorded whereas Cao

Harold had the highest number of Spider Monkeys. Consistently large numbers of

Mantled Howler Monkeys were recorded. A significant proportion of these records

were obtained on audio bases and due to the nature of the species they are

considerably more audible then any other non-avian species within the study. The

number of other non-avian species recorded does not necessarily refer to quantity

within the area but may be an indication of ease of viewing.

Adjustments to the methodology based on data collected to date will enable a more

accurate picture of both species abundance and area usage within the National Park.


42/54


43/54

34

Park. Although not part of the National Park, this cao is included in the Management

Plan for Visitors as it provides a suitable alternative for wildlife viewing to the National

Park and thus helps to reduce the demand on the other caos (Bermdez &

Hernndez, 2004). Proposed restrictions on the number of boats allowed into the

National Park are due to be put in place at the end of April 2006. This is likely to

increase the number of tourist boats using Cao Palma, and baseline data before

this occurs is thus necessary.

6.2. Aims

GVI has initiated the Tourist Impact Survey Cao Palma in order to estimate the

intensity of the tourist activity and assess any change to species composition which

could be directly related to the change in volume of usage on the Cao.

6.3. Methods


The aquatic surveys along Cao Palma are commenced between 05:30am and

06:30am or before dusk in the afternoon. Up to six researchers record avian, reptilian

and mammalian species activity using the following data categories:

Sector Time Species # Cue On/Off

Site

Habitat Notes

Figure 6-1 Data categories for aquatic survey

The study site has been divided into 5 sections (CP1 5) to aid with data recording

and analysis.

When a species is observed, a record is made of the sector in which the researchers

are located, the time of sighting, the species, number of individuals, cue (whether

seen/heard or seen and heard), the location (on or off site) and the position within the

habitat (Ground Level, Low Level, High Level and Aerial). Any points of interests

including; behavior, sex and stage are recorded in the notes.

All individuals are identified to species level where possible; where this cannot be

achieved family name is recorded. Occasionally it is not possible to obtain either of

these categories so the individual is recorded as unknown.


44/54

35

Tourist activity is also recorded during each survey, information on number of visitors

and the type or name of boats seen (eg. Canoe, Laguna Lodge, no motor, electric

motor, 4-stroke motor) is recorded. Individual boats are recorded only once per

survey.

6.3.2. Boat Dock Survey

The Boat Dock Survey is commenced at 06:00 and continues for 12 consecutive

hours. During the survey data is collected on all boats passing the boat dock. For

each craft observed the following data is collected:

I. Time of observation

II. Number of passengers on each boatIII. Boat name

IV. Boat direction

V. Time spent on canal

VI. Engine type

Any additional information that is considered to potentially be of use at a later date is

recorded in notes.

6.4. Results


A total of 20 hours and 50 minutes was spent undertaking the aquatic surveys on

Cao Palma. This consisted of 9 surveys between the 30 January and 20 March

2006. Of these 9 surveys one5 has been excluded in the analysis of mean average

data presented in figure 6- 2 because the data was collected in adverse weather

conditions.

5 Data excluded from this section was gathered on 14 th February.


45/54

36

0

0.5

1

1.5

2

2.5

3

average number of records per minute average number of birds per minute

numberseenorheard

CP

NP

Figure 6-2 Comparison of mean average data from National Park and Cao Palma

The data in figure 6-2 shows that the mean average rate of records per minute is

considerably higher in Cao Palma than within the National Park. The species that

are most commonly recorded are also very different from any of the National Park

Caos. Figure 6-3 illustrates the top 6 avian species recorded.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Stripe-Breasted Wren Montezuma Oropendola Bright-rumped Atti la Western Slaty-Antshrike Short-Billed Pigeon Chestnut-backed

Antbird

numberseenorheard

Figure 6-3 Top 6 avian species recorded on Cao Palma

Non-avian species were relatively infrequent during the surveys with Mantled Howler

Monkeys being the most common species recorded. As with the National Park, a

significant proportion of these were audio records (9 out of 25).


46/54

37


A Tourist Impact Survey was carried out from the boat dock of Estacin Biolgica

Cano Palma (EBCP), for twelve hours (during the hours of 06:00 to 18:00) on five

separate days.

Based on the limited data collated to date, the mean daily average of boats passing

the station was 38.2.

Laguna Lodge, Turtle Beach Lodge, Mawamba Lodge and Pachira Lodge were the

most frequently observed tourist boats on Cao Palma. A significant proportion of the

boats using Cao Palma can be attributed to these four lodges.

6.5. Discussion

The Tourist Impact Survey Cao Palma has been in operation for one phase. In this

time only a limited data set has been gathered. From this information only limited

results can be extracted. As the data set expands with further data collection, a clear

picture of localized tourist impact will become apparent.


The data gathered during the Aquatic Survey indicates that Cao Palma has a higher

level of avian species abundance than the surveyed areas within the National Park.

Based on this it would seem logical that it would be more appealing to tourists,

however the top species composition consists almost entirely of species identified

through calls only. This factor instantly reduces the value to Cao Palma to tourist in

comparison to the National Park.

The low number of heron and egret species compared to the National Park could beattributed to a number of factors, including level of disturbance, habitat type and

water quality. Further research into these factors will help to identify possible reasons

for the difference in species composition.


47/54

38


The initial finds from the first phase of research in to this study have provided the

study with baseline data. At present only 5 data sets have been obtained, therefore it

is difficult to draw any sound conclusions from the data at present. As the data setincreases so will its value and therefore long term analysis will be possible.

The survey work undertaken in Phase 3 will be used to modify the methodology in

order to gather the most relevant data required.


48/54

39

7. COMMUNITY WORK

7.1. Introduction

People of different nations increasingly utilize English as a common language in

order to communicate with one another. Costa Rica, and in particular Tortuguero,hosts a growing number of international visitors each year. The people living in this

area rely heavily on the international community and the tourism market. Acquisition

of English language skills is one tool for accessing this market. GVI uses the

teaching/learning theories and methodologies used by the TEFL Program (Teaching

English as a Foreign Language).

7.2. Aims

The following are the main aims of the teaching programme:

I. Local community training/capacity building.II. Increase sustainable revenue to the local communities.III. Generate local community commitment to environment conservation and

sustainable development.IV. Language and Cultural Exchange.V. Provide authentic opportunities for local students to practice listening and

speaking English with native speakers.VI. Provide an introductory course in the methodology of TEFL for Expedition

Members.

7.3. Method

GVI, in collaboration with the local Peace Corp, conducted English lessons twice a

week in the Village of Tortuguero for one hour each, for four weeks, from January

30th through February 25. The following 4 weeks, GVI taught English classes in the

adjacent community of San Francisco. Throughout the 8 weeks, simultaneous

Language / Cultural exchanges, or Inter-cambios, were scheduled in both San

Francisco and with the Tortuguero National Park Rangers.

The English lessons were created, written and adapted to fit the proficiency, the

desired content, and the comfort level of the students and the teachers. Preparing

and teaching in teams of two, Expedition Members had the opportunity to share

ideas and work together. Each pair of teachers had a group of 3-5 students, who had

comparable language skills. Planning took place in the afternoons and teaching in

the evenings. The lessons focused mostly on oral skills rather than written work.


49/54

40

7.4. Results

Along with two Peace Corp Volunteers, 8 GVI teachers taught 20 students in

Tortuguero for a total of 8 contact hours. The average teacher: student ratio was 1:2.

12 GVI teachers conducted 8 hours of Language classes for 30 adult students and

18 children from the community of San Francisco. Average teacher: adult student

ratio 1:2, teacher: child student ratio 1:7.

GVI has continued the commitment to offer the adult English language programme in

San Francisco during Phase 3, and GVI has also maintained support for the

childrens programme supporting the national curriculum and local primary school.

During Phase 3 GVI continued the Inter-cambio programme (a language and cultural

exchange programme) between 12 Expedition Members and 4 Costa Rican citizens

up to twice a week. The information exchange took place for a total of 55 hours.

All Expedition Members received fundamental training in teaching English as a

foreign language utilizing the TEFL system.

7.5. Discussion

Phase 3 ended with the successful completion of 70 teaching contact hours among a

total of 16 GVI teachers and 72 students. The atmosphere was relaxed and fun, but.

the participants worked very hard and are extremely grateful to GVI for receiving the

lessons.

The lessons were given and received with great enthusiasm. When polled, our

students overwhelmingly responded that their reason for learning English is to help

them obtain jobs in the tourism industry. Students are keen to learn English and thusincrease personal capacity building in order to improve chances of getting work or a

better job within the thriving tourism of Tortuguero. The community of San Francisco

is also generally interested in GVIs presence and work in the area, and the meetings

have built friendships and mutual respect.


50/54

41

8. SUMMARY CONCLUSION

Phase 3 of the Costa Rican Rainforest and Wildlife Conservation Expedition has

been successful in continuing the collection of scientific data from the 4 established

biological projects.

Data for the monitoring of Jaguar predation on marine turtles has continued for

MINAE in this third phase. Although this period covers the non-nesting and low

density nesting periods, it seems that Jaguar presence on the beach of Tortuguero

National Park is still strong.

In partnership with COTERC, GVI has continued the monitoring programme of

marine turtles on the North Beach in order to gain more knowledge from taggedturtles and compare poaching rates of turtles nesting on protected National Park

beaches. The programme involves track census and monitoring and tagging of

nesting females was begun this phase. The ultimate aim is to support future

protection and conservation of marine turtles nesting on the North Beach of

Tortuguero.

GVI has continued to collect data for the Resident Bird Project in association with

Steven Furino of Waterloo University, Canada. The methodology for collecting data

follows the protocols of Area Search and Point Counts techniques. The target

species list has been revised and the bird identification training has been expanded.

This focus on target indicator species has qualitatively improved the data collection.

The Tourist Impact Assessment project in Tortuguero National Park has been

successful in collecting preliminary data from the aquatic trails Cao Harold and

Cao Chiquero, as well as the terrestrial trail Sendero Gaviln. Further modifications

and increased data samples are necessary along with continued correspondence

with MINAE.Additionally, during phase 3, GVI collected data on target species and

tourist boat activity in Cao Palma.

Community work has played an important part of the expedition as it is in high

demand from the local communities and very enjoyable for Expedition Members. A 4-

week course in English language lessons for adults was conducted at Laguna Lodge

in collaboration with the Peace Corp during the first half of the phase. In the second

half of the phase, we returned once more to San Francisco, where English lessons

were given to adults and children with much joy and success. An Introduction to


51/54

42

TEFL course was introduced in Phase 3 with the aim of better preparing the

Expedition Members for teaching English successfully.

Inter-cambio - cultural and language exchange opportunities have again been

highly successful. In addition to the two staff at Cabinas Vista al Mar, GVI hascommenced Inter-cambio sessions with the staff at Tortuguero National Park. These

sessions have been very positive and popular.

Finally, the third expedition phase has been very successful. The 4 biological projects

are becoming well established and the community work is taking shape and

becoming an integral part of the expedition. Our partnership with MINAE and

COTERC is becoming stronger through the relevant projects and in this way GVI

Costa Rica continues to provide valuable data and support to conservation goals ofthe Tortuguero Conservation Area.


52/54

43

9. Bibliography

Autar, L. 1994. Sea turtles attacked and killed by Jaguars in Suriname. Marine Turtle

Newsletter 67:11-12.

Bermdez, F. A. & Hernndez, C. A. 2004. Plan de Manejo para los Visitantes al

Parque Nacional Tortuguero. Ministerio del Ambiente y Energa Sistema Nacional de

Areas de Conservacin Area de Conservacin Tortuguero. 113 pages.

Bjorndal, K.A., Wetherall, J. A., Bolten, A. B., & Mortimer, J. A. 1999. Twenty-Six

Years of Green Turtle Nesting at Tortuguero, Costa Rica: An Encouraging Trend.

Conservation Biology13 (1): 126-134.

Chacn, D., Valern, N., Gamboa, H. & Marn, G. 1999. Manual de mejores prcticas

de conservacin de las tortugas marinas en Centroamrica. P.19.

Miller, C. M. 2001. Measurement of Jaguar Tracks: a promising means to identify

individuals, Track Collection Protocols, Belize.

Trong, S. 2000. Predation of green (Chelonia mydas) and Leatherback

(Dermochelys coriacea) turtles by Jaguars (Pantera onca) at Tortuguero Nacional

Park, Costa Rica. Chel. Cons. Biol. 3 (4):751-753.

Trong, S., Chacn, D. & Dick, B. 2004. Possible decline in Leatherback Turtle

Dermochelys coriaceanesting along the coast of Caribbean Central America. Oryx,

38 (4), 395 - 403.

Trong, S. & Rankin, E. 2005. Long-term conservation efforts contribute to positive

Green Turtle Chelonia mydas nesting trend at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. Biological

Conservation, 121, 111 - 116

Widdowson, W. P. & Widdowson, M. J. 2004. Checklist to the Birds of Tortuguero,

Costa Rica. Caribbean Conservation Corporation, San Jose, Costa Rica.


53/54

44

APPENDIX

Appendix 1. GVI Costa Rica Key Avian Species List

Fresh water: canals, lagoons & marshes

Beach and near-shore waters

cont.

1 Rufescent Tiger-Heron 46 Collared Plover

2 Bare-Throated Tiger Heron 47 Wilsons Plover

3 Yellow-crowned Night-Heron 48 Killdeer

4 Green Heron 49 Black-bellied Plover

5 Little Blue Heron

6 Great Blue Heron Clearings7 Boat-billed Heron 50 White-crowned Parrot

8 Tricolored Heron 51 Red-lored Parrot

9 Agami Heron 52 Mealy Parrot

10 Anhinga 53 Brown-hooded Parrot

11 Great Egret 54 Orange-chinned Parakeet

12 Cattle Egret 55 Olive-throated Parakeet

13 Snowy Egret 56 Crimson-fronted Parakeet

14 Osprey

15 Ringed Kingfisher Clearings continued

16 American Pygmy Kingfisher 57 Squirrel Cuckoo

17 Belted Kingfisher 58 Mangrove Cuckoo

18 Green Kingfisher 59 Long-billed Hermit

19 Amazon Kingfisher 60 Band-tailed Barbthroat

20 Green-and-rufous Kingfisher 61 Great Kiskadee

62 Boat-billed Flycatcher

Forest, including swamp & terra firme 63 White-ringed Flycatcher

21 Broad-winged Hawk 64 Gray-capped Flycatcher22 Double-toothed Kite 65 Social Flycatcher

23 Collared Aracari 66 Tropical Kingbird

24 Keel-billed Toucan 67 Eastern Kingbird

25 Chestnut-mandibled Toucan 68 Clay-coloured Robin

26 Rufous-tailed Hummingbird 69 Rufous Mourner

27 Green-breasted Mango 70 Dusky Antbird

28 Blue-throated Goldentail 71 Passerinis Tanager

29 Cinnamon Hummingbird 72 Blue-grey Tanager

30 Pale-billed Woodpecker 73 Palm Tanager


54/54

31 Lineated Woodpecker 74 Olive Tanager

32 Northern Barred-Woodcreeper 75 Scarlet-rumped Cacique

33 Streak-headed Woodcreeper 76 Olive-backed Euphonia

34 Plain-brown Woodcreeper 77 Yellow-crowned Euphonia

35 Wedge-billed Woodcreeper 78 Blue-black Grassquit36 Black-striped Woodcreeper 79 Variable Seedeater

37 Bright-rumped Attila 80 Thick-billed seed-finch

38 White-collared Manakin 81 Montezuma Oropendola

39 Red-capped Manakin

40 White-ruffed Manakin Aerial

82 Black Vulture

Beach and near-shore waters 83 Turkey Vulture

41 Neotropic Cormorant

42 Brown Pelican

43 Common Black-Hawk

44 Great Black-Hawk

45 Semipalmated Plover

Note: Species in the above table that

are presented in normal text are Key

Species. Species in italicsare not Key

Species but may be confused with one

or more of the Key Species.

Audio

1 Pale-billed Woodpecker 16 Chestnut-mandibled Toucan

2 Lineated Woodpecker 17 White-collared Manakin

3 Black-cheeked Woodpecker 18 Squirrel Cuckoo

4 White-crowned Parrot 19 Clay-colored Robin

5 Red-lored Parrot 20 Band-backed Wren

6 Mealy Parrot 21 Black-throated Wren

7 Bright-rumped Attila 22 Bay Wren

8 Great Kiskadee 23 Stripe-breasted Wren9 Social Flycatcher 24 Plain Wren

10 Lesser Greenlet 25 House Wren

11 Blue-black Grassquit 26 White-breasted Wood-Wren

12 Variable Seedeater 27 Nightingale Wren

13 Montezuma Oropendola 28 Song Wren

14 Collared Aracari 29 Slaty-tailed Trogon

Phase 3 - Science Report Final

Documents

Transcript of Phase 3 - Science Report Final