Pharmacology BRS - Flash Cards
Transcript of Pharmacology BRS - Flash Cards
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beclomethasone synthetic glucocorticoid that readily penetrates the airway mucosa, used for asthma
thioridazine low potency dopamine receptor blocker
thioridazine side effects are retinal deposits, torsades, postural hypotension, sedation, CNS depression
valproic acid causes neural tube defects
valproic acid used to treat all kinds of seizures, as well as bipolar disorder
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zolpidem binds benzodiazepine receptors, antagonized by flumazenil
zolpidem hypnotic drug that is not a benzodiazepine
amphetamines indirect sympathomimetic MOA
cocaine inhibits catecholamine reuptake, resulting in cardiotox and hypertension
disulfiram inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase, causing an accumulation of acetaldehyde
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flunitrazepam benzodiazepine used as a date rape drug
lysergic acid diethylamide hallucinogenic, nausea, weakness
mescaline hallucinogenic, nausea, weakness
psilocybin hallucinogenic, nausea, weakness
marijuana lowers intraocular pressure in glaucoma
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methadone treatment of opiod withdrawal
opioid withdrawal syndrome nausea, chills, sweats, lacrimation, cramps, rhinorrhea, yawning, piloerection, diarrhea, tremor
MPTP destroys dopaminergic neurons of the nigrostriatal tract
morphine binds mu receptors
enkephalin binds delta receptors
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dynorphins bind kappa receptors
opioid overdose constricted pupils, clammy skin, nausea, drowsiness, resp depression
phencyclidine (pcp) nystagmus, hypertension, seizure
acetaminophen COX inhibitor which inhibits prostaglandin synthesis
acetaminophen analgesic, antipyretic (but not anti-inflammatory)
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allopurinol suicide inhibition of xanthine oxidase
allopurinol increases xanthine and hypoxanthine, which are less likely to form crystals than uric acid
allopurinol slows production of uric acid, used to treat gout (and cancer)
aspirin PGE inhibitor
aspirin predisposes to acute gastritis by inhibiting PGE in the stomach
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aspirin irreversible inhibitor of cyclooxygenase
aspirin analgesic, antipyretic, antiplatelet, anti-inflammatory
capsaicin impairs release of substance P
capsaicin used topically for RA
celecoxib COX-2 inhibitor
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rofecoxib COX-2 inhibitor
celecoxib sulfa drug
rofecoxib sulfa drug
colchicine inhibits microtubule assembly, and therefore leukocyte migration and phagocytosis
colchicine leukocyte inhibitor used to treat attacks of gouty arthritis
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cyclosporin binds to cyclophilins and inhibits the transcription of cytokine genes
tacrolimus binds to the immunophilin FK-binding protein
cyclosporin impairs T cell IL-2 production, used in transplant patients
tacrolimus used in transplant patients
etanercept a fusion product of TNF-alpha receptor and Fc portion of antibody
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infliximab binds and inhibits TNF-alpha
etanercept used in RA and inflammatory bowel disease
gold salts nephrotoxic
gold salts used in RA
gold salts decreases lysosomal and macrophage function
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ibuprofen similar to aspirin, lacks antiplatelet effects
ibuprofen reversibly inhibits COX
indomethacin potent NSAID used to close a PDA
PGE used to maintain a PDA in congenital heart disease
ketorolac parenteral NSAID
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meperidine causes relaxation of the sphincter of oddi
meperidine causes increased ICP
opiods causes biliary spasm
sumatriptan binds the serotonin 1D receptor
sumatriptan causes vasoconstriction of cerebral vasculature
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sumatriptan used for acute migraine and cluster headaches
thalidomide used to treat SLE, multiple myeloma, and leprosy
thalidomide suppresses production of TNF-alpha
thalidomidepotent
immunosuppressant
statins may cause elevated liver enzymes
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statins may cause myositis
statins may cause increased CK from skeletal muscle
reserpine enters the CNS and may cause suicidal depression and parkinsonian symptoms
reserpineantihypertensive agent that blocks the storage and
release of catecholamines and serotonin from neurons
probucol decreases HDL as well as LDL
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probucol prevents restenosis after angioplasty
probucol acts as an antioxidant
nitroglycerin postural hypotension, headache, flushing
nitroglycerin causes increase in cGMP in vascular smooth muscle
niacin directly reduces secretion of VLDLs
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niacin increases HDL
niacin causes cutaneous flushing
vincristine M phase inhibitor
vincristine blocks microtubule polymerization and spindle formation
ABVD adriamycin, bleomycin, vinblastine, dacarbazine
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MOPP mechlorethamine, oncovin, procarbazine, prednisone
vincristine used for lymphomas, wilms tumor, and choriocarinomas
heparin activates AT3
heparin inactivates thrombin
protamine sulfate reverses effects of heparin
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trastuzumab binds to receptor tyrosine kinase Erb-B2 (HER-2)
trastuzumab used for HER-2 positive breast cancer
tamoxifen estrogen receptor partial antagonist
tamoxifen increases risk of endometrial carcinoma
rituximab binds CD20 antigen on B cells
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rituximab treatment of non-hodgkin lymphoma
prednisone triggers apoptosis
prednisone treatment for leukemia, lymphoma, RA, asthma
paclitaxel prevents mitotic spindle breakdown
paclitaxelinterferes with
anaphase
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paclitaxel microtubule stabilizing agent
methotrexate S phase inhibitor
methotrexate inhibits DHFR
leucovorintreats
myelosuppression
methotrexate folic acid analog
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mercaptopurine (6-MP)
activated by hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HGPRT)
mercaptopurine (6-MP)
inhibits many enzymes involved in purine metabolism
leuprolide treatment for endometriosis
leuprolide treatment for BPH and precocious puberty
leuprolide stimulates release of FSH and LH
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leuprolide GnRH agonist used to treat prostate cancer
interferon alpha produced by virally infected cells to prevent infection of adjacent cells
interferon alpha used to treat CML, malignant myeloma, kaposi sarcoma, hairy cell leukemia
interferon alpha recombinantly produced cytokine
flutamide used to antagonize residual androgens after orchiectomy
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flutamide side effects include gynecomastia and libido changes
flutamide androgen receptor antagonist
fluorouracil S phase antimetabolite
fluorouracilcauses
myelosuppression
fluorouracil inhibits thymidylate synthase
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fluorouracil used to treat colon cancer and basal cell carcinoma
etoposide G2 phase inhibitor
etoposide causes double stranded breaks in DNA
etoposide inhibits topoisomerase II
etoposide used to treat small cell carcinoma of the lung and prostate and testicular cancers
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doxorubicin intercalates in DNA to reduce replication and transcription
doxorubicin causes dilated cardiomyopathy
daunorubicin used to treat AML
cyclophosphamide causes hemorrhagic cystitis
cyclophosphamidealkylating agent used to treat
cancers
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cisplatin alkylating agent
cisplatin causes nephrotoxicity and acoustic nerve damage
carmustine alkylating agent that causes DNA cross-linking and strand breaks
carmustine used to treat brain tumors, highly lipophilic nitrosourea drug
bleomycin mixture of glycoproteins that produce free radicals upon binding DNA
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bleomycin causes strand breaks in DNA
bleomycin G2 phase inhibitor
bleomycin can cause pulmonary fibrosis
anastrozole inhibitor of steroid synthesis
anastrozole inhibits conversion of androstenedione to estrone
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aminoglutethimide blocks conversion of cholesterol to pregnenolone
anastrazole aromatase inhibitor
zidovudine inhibits viral reverse transcriptase
zidovudine chain terminator
zidovudine given to prevent transmission of HIV to neonates
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vancomycin used to treat MRSA
vancomycin used to treat c. difficile
vancomycin rapid IV infusion causes red man syndrome
TMP-SMX blocks folate synthesis
TMP-SMX can cause megaloblastic anemia
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TMP-SMX do not give to pts with G6PDH deficiency
trimethoprim blocks DHFR
sulfamethoxazole blocks dihydropteroate synthase
tetracycline inhibits 30s ribosome
tetracycline bacteriostatic drug
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tetracycline CI in pregnant women due to bone dysplasia and dental enamel defects
streptogramins p450 inhibitor
streptograminsarthralgias and
myalgias
streptogramins used to treat MRSA and VRE
rifampin inhibits DNA-dependent RNA polymerase
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rifampin imparts red-orange color to secretions
ribavirin guanosine analog
ribavirin inibits steps in RNA synthesis
ribavirin used to treat viral hemorrhagic fevers and hepatitis C
ribavirin used to treat RSV
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quinine blocks DNA replication and RNA transcription in p. falciparum within RBCs
quinine causes cinchonism
cinchonism headache, vertigo, blurry vision, tinnitus
mefloquine used for prophylaxis of p. falciparum due to low SE
quinine used for malaria
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pyrantel pamoate stimulates nicotinic receptors in nematodes
praziquantel used for fluke and tapeworm infections
polymyxin b cationic detergent that disrupts bacterial membranes
polymyxin b causes neurotoxicity and acute tubular necrosis
polymyxin b only used topically
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penicillins inhibits transpeptidation step in bacterial cell wall synthesis
oseltamivir neuraminidase inhibitor that prevent viral spreading
oseltamivirused against influenza
a
nystatin disrupts fungal membrane permeability by binding to ergosterol
nystatin used to treat oral candidiasis and diaper rash
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nitrofurantoin can cause hemolysis in G6PDH deficient patients
nitrofurantoin can accumulate to toxic levels in patients with renal failure
nitrofurantoin urinary antiseptic that requires acidification
nifurtimox used to treat chagas disease
nevirapineNNRTI used to treat
HIV
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neomycin used to treat hepatic encephalopathy
neomycin prevents accumulation of nitrogenous microbial metabolites
metronidazole activated by anaerobes and parasites
metronidazole interferes with nucleic acid synthesis
metronidazole used to treat amebiasis, trichomoniasis, giariasis, and c. diff
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methicillin bulky R-group prevents degradation by penicillinase
nafcillin bulky R-group prevents degradation by penicillinase
dicloxacillin bulky R-group prevents degradation by penicillinase
methi, naf, diclox beta lactams
mebendazole inhibits microtubule synthesis and glucose uptake by helminths
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mebendazole used to treat pinworms
albuterol selective b2 agonist
atenolol selective b1 blocker
acebutolol selective b1 blocker
metoprolol selective b1 blocker
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detromethrophan depresses cough center in the medulla
metoclopramide facilitates acetylcholine while blocking dopamine in the enteric nervous system
metoclopramide SE are sedation, diarrhea, extrapyramidal symptoms
metoclopramide prokinetic agent used to block emesis
metoclopramide blocks D2 receptors in the area postrema
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misoprostol PGE analog
misoprostol decreases gastric acid production, increases mucus production
misoprostol eicosanoid preparation used for pts taking lots of NSAIDs
omeprazole H/K ATPase inhibitor
ondansetron serotonin-3 inhibitor that acts at the area postrema
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sucralfate requires acidic environment to polymerize
sucralfate cannot be used with antacids or H2 blockers
folic acid will correct anemia but not neuro sx associated with b12 deficiency
EPO recombinant drug used for anemia
aminocaproic acidorally active inhibitor of plasminogen activation
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aminocaproic acid inhibits fibrinolysis
aminocaproic acid used for acute bleeding in hemophilic patients
abciximab antibody against glycoprotein 2b/3a receptor
abciximab prevents platelet activation
abciximab anticoagulant preventing restenosis after angioplasty
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benztropine antimuscarinic
benztropine CI are prostatic hyperplasia, GI obstruction, glaucoma
benztropine antimuscarinic used to treat tremors and rigidity in parkinsons, but does nothing for bradykinesia
RhoGAM antibody to Rh(D) antigen that opsonizes
probenecid competes with uric acid for reabsorption in the proximal tubule
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probenecid inhibits secretion of weak acids
sulfinpyrazone acts simliarly to probenecid
methylsergide blocks serotonin receptors
methylsergidecauses fibroplasia of retroperitoneum and subendocardium
methylsergide used to prevent migraines
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daclizumab binds IL-2 receptor on activated T cells
daclizumab used for patients with renal allografts
bromocriptine D2 agonist
bromocriptine inhibits PRL release
diphenhydramineinhibit histamine binding to H1
receptors
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diphenhydramine causes drowsiness
diphenhydramine used for allergies and motion sickness
cromolyn sodium stabilizes mast cell membrane
lithium inhibits IP3 and DAG
lithium causes tremor, hypothyroidism, polydipsia, polyuria
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methylphenidate stimulates the release of catecholamines
phenytoin inducer of p450
carbamazepine inducer of p450
griseofulvin inducer of p450
rifampin inducer of p450
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barbiturates inducer of p450
penicillins bactericidal
cephalosporins bactericidal
vancomycin bactericidal
aminoglycosides bactericidal
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fluoroquinolones bactericidal
metronidazole bactericidal
calcium channel blockers
causes cutaneous flushing
adenosine causes cutaneous flushing
vancomycin causes cutaneous flushing
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metronidazole causes disulfiram-like reaction
cephalosporins causes disulfiram-like reaction
procarbazine causes disulfiram-like reaction
nitrous oxide has a high MAC
phenelzine MAOI
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tranylcypromine MAOI
isocarboxazid MAOI
MAOI + SSRI serotonin syndrome
MAOI inhibits breakdown of amine neurotransmitters
mebendazole microtubule inhibitor
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thiabendazole microtubule inhibitor
paclitaxel microtubule inhibitor
vincristine microtubule inhibitor
colchicine microtubule inhibitor
griseofulvin microtubule inhibitor
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hydralazine SLE like syndrome
procainamide SLE like syndrome
isoniazid SLE like syndrome
phenytoin SLE like syndrome
halothanemassive hepatic
necrosis
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acetaminophenmassive hepatic
necrosis
valproic acidmassive hepatic
necrosis
cimetidine p450 inhibitor
ketoconazole p450 inhibitor
erythromycin p450 inhibitor
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cimetidine gynecomastia
ketoconazole gynecomastia
spironolactone gynecomastia
bleomycin pulmonary fibrosis
amiodarone pulmonary fibrosis
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busulfan pulmonary fibrosis
aminoglycosidesototoxic and nephrotoxic
loop diureticsototoxic and nephrotoxic
cisplatinototoxic and nephrotoxic
vancomycin mildly ototoxic and nephrotoxic
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penicillamine used to treat wilson disease
penicillamine used to treat RA
penicillamine used to treat copper toxicity bc it is a chelator
organophosphates anticholinesterases used in chemical warfare
pralidoxime antidote for anticholinesterases such as organophosphates
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naloxone mu opioid receptor antagonist
naloxone used to treat opioid overdose
phenobarbital binds GABA receptors
phenobarbital increases the duration of chloride channel opening
phenobarbital used to treat tonic-clonic seizures and crigler-najjar
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phenytoin interferes with folate absorption
phenytoin SE are gingival hyperplasia, hirsutism, anemia, and birth defects
phenytoin class 1b antiarrhythmic
risperidone blocks D2 and serotonin-2 receptors
risperidone causes high sedation
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risperidone atypical antipsychotic with lots of extrapyramidal SE
ropinirole forestalls the use of levodopa in parkinson's disease
methanol causes damage by being converted to formaldehyde in the liver
methanol retinal damage, blindness, metabolic acidosis, coma
flumazenil antagonizes benzodiazepines and zolpidem
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flumazenil used for benzodiazepine overdose
ethylene glycol causes metabolic acidosis and precipitation of oxalate crystals in the kidney
dimercaprol chelates metals to keep them from damaging proteins
succimer orally active metal chelator
dimercaprol used to treat heavy metal poisoning
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digibind fab fragment antibody
deferoxamine rapid infusion causes hypotensive shock
deferoxamine used to treat acute iron toxicity
dantrolene decreases the release of calcium from the sarcoplasmic reticulum
dantrolene used to treat malignant hyperthermia
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selegiline inhibits MAO-B
MAO-B degrades dopamine
selegiline inhibits degradation of dopamine in CNS, used with levodopa for parkinson's
thiopental ultra-short acting barbiturate used to induce surgical anesthesia
alprazolam intermediate-acting benzodiazepine used for panic disorder and phobias
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n-acetylcysteine protects against fulminant hepatic failure
n-acetylcysteine used for acetaminophen overdose
carvedilol used for CHF
carvedilol nonselective beta blocker and alpha-1 blocker
amiodaroneblocks sodium
channels
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amiodarone corneal microdeposits
amiodarone class III antiarrythmic
adenosine short acting agent given IV for AV nodal arrhythmias
spironolactone potassium sparing diuretic
spironolactone aldosterone antagonist
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spironolactone functions at the collecting tubule
nitroprusside stimulates guanyl cyclase
nitroprusside increases cGMP in vascular smooth muscle
minoxidil direct-acting vasodilator
minoxidil used topically bc of benefit of hypertrichosis
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cholestyramine bind bile acids to prevent enterohepatic recycling
fexofenadine nonsedating antihistaminic
loratadine nonsedating antihistaminic
ipratropium dry mouth side effect
ipratropium antimuscarinic for COPD and asthma
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salmeterol may cause tremors and arrhythmias
theophylline methylxanthine used for asthma
theophylline inhibits phosphodiesterase
theophylline inhibits conversion of cAMP to AMP
octreotide used to treat carcinoid, gastrinoma, somatotropic pituitary adenoma
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propylthiouracil inhibits iodination step of thyroid hormone synthesis
methimazole same as PTU but crosses placenta and enters breast milk
raloxifeneestrogen partial
agonist
raloxifene does not increase the risk of endometrial cancer
tamoxifen increases risk of endometrial cancer
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repagliniderapid onset sulfonylurea
repaglinide binds potassium channels to facilitate insulin release
glitazones increase insulin sensitivity
glitazones stimulate PPAR-gamma receptor
troglitazone hepatotoxic
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sulfonylureas stimulate closure of potassium channels
sulfonylureas glyburide and glipizide
sulfonylureas cause release of preformed insulin
acyclovir used to treat herpes
acyclovir guanosine analog
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acyclovir activated by thymidine kinase of the virus it treats
acyclovir functions as a chain terminator when incorporated into viral DNA
amantadine prophylaxis against influenza A and rubella
amantidine inhibits fusion of viral particles within endosome of the cell
amantidine not effective against influenza B
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amantidine binds to M2 protein
amphotericin B disrupts fungal membranes by binding ergosterol
mifepristone blocks binding of progesterone to cytoplasmic receptors
ampicillin extended spectrum penicillin used to treat gram negatives
aztreonam b-lactamase resistant monobactam
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aztreonam used only with aminoglycosides against gram negative rods
aztreonam cannot be used against gram positives or anaerobic bacteria
bacitraicin inhibits bacterial cell wall synthesis
piperacillin used against enterobacter and pseudomonas
carbenicillin used against enterobacter and pseudomonas
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ticarcillin used against enterobacter and pseudomonas
ceftriaxone used for septic meningitis
cefiximeused to treat gonnorhea
chloramphenicol gray baby syndrome in babies deficient in hepatic gluconosyltransferase
chloramphenicol aplastic anemia
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fludrocortisone used in postadrenalectomy therapy
chloroquine primary drug for acute malaria
chloroquine disrupts hemoglobin breakdown, with toxic accumulation of heme in RBC
clavulanic acidbeta lactamase
inhibitor
sulbactambeta lactamase
inhibitor
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tazobactambeta lactamase
inhibitor
clindamycin bacteriostatic at the 50s ribosome
clindamycintreatment of bacteroides
didanosine (ddI) dose-limiting pancreatitis
lamivudine inhibits reverse transcriptase of hepatitis B
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erythromycin bacteriostatic inhibitor of 50s
erythromycin macrolide
azithromycin macrolide
clarithromycin macrolide
erythromycin GI irritation and acute cholestatic hepatitis
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metformin biguanide compound
metformin increases peripheral glycolysis
clomiphene blocks negative feedback at the pituitary
cosyntropin used for diagnosis of addison's disease
danazol inhibitor of p450
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danazol used for endometriosis and fibrocystic disease of the breast
desmopressin selective V2 agonist
vasopression V1 and V2 agonist
vasopressin used to treat esophageal varices
DES clear cell carcinoma of the vagina in daughters
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ethinyl estradiol/mestranol lowers risk of coronary disease, slows osteoporosis, ameliorates hot flashes
HRT increased risk of breast and ovarian cancer
zileutin inhibits leukotriene synthesis
monteleukastLTD4 and LTE4
antagonist
acarbose inhibits a-galactosidase
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bisphosphonates esophageal ulcerations
bromocriptine used to treat hyperprolactinemia due to pituitary adenoma
bromocriptine ergot alkaloid
diphenoxylate suppress GI motility
loperamide suppress GI motility
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cisapride stimulates peristalsis by release of Ach from myenteric plexus
cisapride long QT
magnesium hydroxide laxative antacid
aluminum hydroxide constipating antacid
ipecac syrup acts to stimulate chemoreceptor trigger zone of the medulla
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cimetidine gynecomastia and galactorrhea
cimetidine p450 inhibitor
calcium carbonate hypercalcemic alkalosis
calcium carbonate renal calculi
bismuth subsalicylate used with metronidazole and tetracycline for PUD caused by h.pylori
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warfarin interferes with vitamin K dependent clotting factors
alteplase converts fibrin-bound plasminogen to plasmin
ticlopidine platelet antiaggregant
ticlopidine interferes with binding of fibrin to Gp2b/3a receptor on platelets
streptokinase catalyzes conversion of plasminogen to plasmin
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fluconazole inhibits formation of ergosterol
fluconazole prophylaxis against cryptococcus neoformans
fluconazole used to treat oral candidiasis
fluoroquinolones bactericidal inhibitor of DNA gyrase
fluoroquinolones used for gram negative rods, some gram positives, and neisseria
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fluoroquinolones bad for cartilage
sargramostim recombinant GM-CSF
filgrastim G-CSF
hydroxyurea used for sickle cell crisis
hydroxyurea increases levels of HbF
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hydroxyurea inhbits DNA synthesis by blocking conversion of ribonucleotides to deoxyribonucleotides
foscarnet treats CMV
foscarnet inhibits viral DNA polymerase
ganciclovir metabolized by viral transferases
ganciclovir requires phosphorylation by viral kinases to work
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ganciclovir guanosine analog converted by CMV to triphosphorylated form
ganciclovir SE: neutropenia, leukopenia, thrombocytopenia
griseofulvin keratinized tissue
griseofulvin ringworm
griseofulvin binds tubulin
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carbapenem given with cliastatin
carbapenem used against gram positive cocci, gram negative rods, and anaerobes
ritonavir inhibit protease in the HIV pol gene
isoniazid inhibits synthesis of mycolic acid
isoniazid SE neuritis and hepatitis
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ethambutol TB
pyrazinamide TB
rifampin TB
streptomycin TB
sulfonamides stevens-johnson
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ethosuxamide stevens-johnson
lamotrigine stevens-johnson
penicillins erythema multiforme
barbiturates erythema multiforme
salicylates erythema multiforme
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hydantoins erythema multiforme
antimalarials erythema multiforme
sulfonamides G6PDH
isoniazid G6PDH
primaquine G6PDH
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tetracycline photosensitivity
amiodarone photosensitivity
sulfonamides photosensitivity
bethanechol muscarinic agonist
carbachol nicotinic and muscarinic agonist
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ephedrine ma-huang
phenoxybenzamine adrenergic antagonist (alpha receptors)
phentolamine used in diagnosing pheochromocytoma
ivermectin onchocera volvulus and strongyloides stercoralis
ivermectin increases GABA transmission in the worm
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ketoconazole interfere with fungal cell wall synthesis
pilocarpine treatment of glaucoma
pilocarpine muscarinic agonist
prazosin first dose syncope
prazosin miosis
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pyridostigmine used for tubocurarine toxicity
scopolamine competitive cholinergic antagonist used for motion sickness
succinylcholine muscle relaxant
succinylcholine nicotinic agonist that opens sodium channels
tubocurarine nondepolarizing neuromuscular ganglionic blockers
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acetazolamide inhibits carbonic anhydrase in the proximal convoluted tubule
acetazolamide metabolic acidosis
acetazolamide give to alkalinize the urine in aspirin toxicity
amiloride block sodium channels in the cortical collecting tubules
amiloride hyperkalemic metabolic acidosis
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captopril inhibit breakdown of bradykinin
ketamine should be given with benzodiazepines
gabapentin partial seizures
ethosuxamide inhbits T-type calcium channels
entacapone inhibits conversion of levodopa to 3-0-methyldopa
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HCTZ hypokalemia, alkalosis, hyperuricemia, hyperlipidemia
captopril functions at the collecting tubules
losartan functions at the collecting tubules
losartan CI in pregnancy
captopril CI in pregnancy