GPAT – 2021

Total Bits – 125

Total Marks – 500

Time – 3 hours

Negative Mark – 1 mark

PHARMACOGNOSY

~10-13 bits

Introduction to Pharmacognosy

Presented By:

P.V.V. Siva Krishna

Research Associate,

Biophore India Pharmaceuticals,

Hyderabad.

Ph: 832864154

Email: sivakrishnapushadapu@gmail.com

Associated with RIPER GPAT cell

INTRODUCTION TO PHARMACOGNOSY

❖ Pharmakon “ A Drug” (Greek)

❖ gignosco “ knowledge” (Greek)

❖ or cognosco “ To know about” (Latin)

❖The term Pharmacognosy was first coined by “C.A. Seydler”

❖The term Modern Pharmacognosy was coined by “Alexander”

SOURCES OF CRUDE DRUGS

Plant Metabolites

Secondary Metabolites

Ex:- Glycosides, Alkaloids, Resins,

Tannins etc.

Ex:-Carbohydrates, Lipids, Proteins

etc

Primary Metabolites

GLYCOSIDES

GLYCOSIDES

• Glycosides are organic compounds obtained

from plant (or) animal origin which upon

Acid/Enzymatic hydrolysis gives one (or)

more sugar moieties along with a non-sugar

moiety.

Glycosides

Acid/Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Sugar Glycone + Aglycone Non-sugar

Portion portion

Responsible for solubility Responsible for

And P/K parameters of pharmacological (or)

Aglycone Therpeutic activity in

body

• Glycones are water soluble , where as aglycones are soluble in organic solvents.

CLASSIFICATION OF GLYCOSIDES :-

➢ Based on Aglycone

➢ Based on Glycone

➢ Based on Linkage between Glycone

and Aglycone

I. Based on Aglycone

ACS FCS CBI AP

• ACS – Assistant Commissioner State,

• FCS – Forest Commissioner State,

• CBI – Central Bureau of Investigation,

• AP – Andhra Pradesh

• A – Anthraquinone Glycosides

• C – Cardiac Glycosides

• S – Saponin Glycosides

• F – Flavanoidal Glycosides

• C – Coumarin Glycosides

• S – Steroidal Glycosides

• C – Cyanogenetic Glycosides

• B – Bitter Glycosides

• I – Iso thiocynate Glycosides

• A – Aldehyde Glycosides

• P – Phenol Glycosides

➢ Anthraquinone Glycosides examples: CARS

• C – Cascara

• A – Aloe

• R – Rhubarb

• S – Senna

• Colchineal and Hypericum also examples for Anthraquinone Glycosides.

➢ Cardiac Glycosides examples STD S

• S – Strophanthus

• T – Thevetia

• D – Digitalis

• S – Squill and Ouabain.

➢ Saponin Glycosides examples DGPS

• D – Dioscorea

• G – Glycyrhiza (Liquorice)

• P –Panax (Ginseng)

• S – Senega

➢ Flavonidal Glycosides examples

• Kaempferin, Quercetin

➢ Coumarin Glycosides examples PVA

• P – Psoralea

• V – Visnaga

• A – Ammi

➢ Cyanogenetic Glycosides examples• Bitter almond (Amygdala), wild cherry bark➢ Bitter Glycosides examples HQGC • H – Henna• Q – Quassia• G – Gentian• C - Chirata➢ Iso thiocynate Glycosides examples• Black mustard➢ Aldehyde Glycosides examples• Vanilla, Anantmul➢ Phenol Glycosides examples• Uva ursi (Bearberry)

II. Based on Glycone

Glycosides

Acid/Enzymatic Hydrolysis

Aglycone + Glycone

Alkaloids

Basic organic compounds containing one/more heterocyclic nitrogen and are biosynthesized from amino acids and elicit pharmacological activity and low doses and are toxic at high doses.

➢ Chemical Classification of Alkaloids: IIIT DSP QQP AP

• I – Indole Alkaloids

• I – Imidazole Alkaloids

• I – Isoquinoline Alkaloids

• T– Tropane Alkaloids

• D -Diterpene Alkaloids

• S - Steroidal Alkaloids

• P - Purine Alkaloids

• Q – Quinoline Alkaloids

• Q – Quinazoline Alkaloids

• P – Pyridine & Piperidine Alkaloids

• A – Amino Alkaloids

• P – Pyrrole & Pyrrolidine Alkaloids

Examples➢ I – Indole Alkaloids examples: PVR No Entry• P Phyostigma• V Vinca• R Rauwolfia (Sarpagandha)• No Nux Vomica• Entry Ergot

➢ I – Imidazole Alkaloids example:• Piolocarpus

➢ I – Isoquinoline Alkaloids examples: BIOCHemistry• B Beberris• I Ipecac• O Opium• C Curare• H Hydrastis

➢ T – Tropane Alkaloids examples: SBH DD C• (State Bank of Hyderabad Demand Draft Cheque)• S Stramonium• B Belladona• H Hyoscyamus• D Datura• D Duboisia• C Coca

➢ D – Diterpene Alkaloids example: • A Aconite

➢ S - Steroidal Alkaloids examples: K V A (K. Viswanathan Anand)• K Kurchi• V Veratrum• A Ashwagandha

➢ P - Purine Alkaloids examples: C T • C Coffee• T Tea

➢ Q – Quinoline Alkaloids examples: C C • C Cinchona• C Camphotheca

➢ Q – QuinaZoline Alkaloids example:Vasaka

➢ P – Pyridine & Piperidine Alkaloids examples: ALT• A Areca• L Lobelia• T Trigonelline

➢ A – Amino Alkaloids examples: ECG

• E – Ephedra

• C – Colchicum

• G – Gloriosa

➢ P – Pyrrole & Pyrrolidine Alkaloids example:

Tobacco