Pharmacognostic studies of selected medicinal plants...
Transcript of Pharmacognostic studies of selected medicinal plants...
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 243
CHAPTER-III
Pharmacognostic studies of selected medicinal plants
3.1 Introduction
Standardization of natural products is a complex task due to their heterogeneous
composition, which is in the form of whole plant, plant part or extracts obtained thereo f.
To ensure reproducible quality of herbal products, proper control of starting material is
utmost essential. The first step towards ensuring quality of starting material is
authentication. Thus, in recent years there has been a rapid increase in the standardization
of selected medicinal plants of potential therapeutic significance (Reddy and Venkatesh,
2004). Despite the modern techniques, identification of plant drugs by pharmacognostic
studies is more reliable. According to the World Health Organization, (WHO, 1998), the
macroscopic and microscopic description of a medicinal plant is the first step towards
establishing the identity and degree of purity of such materials and should be carried out
before any tests are undertaken.
The term Pharmacognosy was coined by Seydler, a German scientist, which has
root from the green word Pharmakon’ a drug and gignoso, to acquire knowledge is
actually deals with the structural, physical, chemical and biological properties of crude
drugs along with their history, method of cultivation and its preparation (Evans,1989).
During the Vedic age any such person who collected drugs was much reverend and
was known as "parameshti prajapati". In Greece, the same people were known as
"Rhizotomi". Charaka stressed the importance of correct identification of a plant as vital
for treatment. He states that simply confirming the name of the plant does not help in any
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way for treatment and that one should be well versed with morphological characters. To
acquire knowledge of plants especially through its name, morphological characters, uses,
etc., one should associate/interact with the hill tribes and cowherds of the forest. The forest
dwellers have a clear idea about the measurements (pramana), colour (varna), physical
characters (akriti) and the specific reproductive characteristic (jatilinga) of each plant.
Dhanvantri nighantu, the ancient master-mind had the unique intuitive and
innovative powers in fixing up the identity of various plants with reference to the latent
properties of the plant on one side and prescribing them for particular ailments all in
scientific objectivity and precision. In addition, the raw material standardization can be
done by correct identification and evaluation of organoleptic characters like colour, odour,
taste, ash and material content, and the fluorescent studies of powdered drug are of utmost
importance to distinguish the different varieties of the plant.
Selected 07 medicinal plants i.e., Annona reticulata L., Annona squamosa L.,
Corchorus olitorius L., Euphorbia tirucalli L., Ficus racemosa L., Pongamia pinnata L.,
Vitex negundo L. parts were having many minor variation creating difficulties in their
proper identification. Hence, the present attempt was made to distinguish the plant parts
through pharmacognostic studies.
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3.2 Review of literature
The selected seven ethno medicinal plants for the present investigation is used not
only in this region for curative purposes but also used all over the world. Goel and Aswual
(1990) have made an effort to document the less known medicinal plants which are used in
indigenous folklore from Northern India. Murthi and Sheshadri (1941) have studied the
root characters of Decalepis hamiltoniii and K. indicus and revealed that these two belong
to taxonomically different genera. Chase and Pratt (1949) have investigated the
fluorescence of 151 identified powdered drugs. They also presented a key for the
identification of powdered vegetable drugs based on fluoresence studies. Prasad et al.
(1959) made a comparative study of roots of Withanla somnifera and Withania coagulans.
Dhalla et al. (1961) have studied the pharmcognosy of the roots of both wild Withania
somnifera and cultivated Withania ashwagandha. Prasad and Wahi (1965) have studied
pharmacognosy characteristics of the root of Hemidesmus indicus. Krishnamurthy and Sundaram
(1967) have showed the Morphology of the foliar epidermis of Hemidesmus indicus in which
they have described the type of stomata, cell type and trichomes. Wahi et al. (1971) and
Nayar (1979) made comparative studies of macroscopic and microscopic characters of the
root of four plants. Yoganarasimhan et al. (1981) have given the key characters of some
medicinally important plants like, Tagara, Bharangi, Ishwari, which will help to identify
these plants scientifically to avoid adulterations. Surunge and Deokule (1986) and Mulla
and Datwani (1994) have reported pharmacognstic characters and evaluated the ash values,
soluble and insoluble ash, extractive value of rhizome of Trichodesma indicum R.Br. and
Curculigo recurvata DR. respectively. Fadeyi et al. (1989) have studied four species of the
genus Boerhavia occurring in Nigeria with respect to anatomical and phytochemical
aspects. Dave and Kurjachen (1991) have made an extensive comparative anatomical work
on the fruits of Cryptolepis buchanani and Hemidesmus indicus. Deokule (1991 and 1995)
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have also emphasized on morphological, histological and phytochemical studies in his
work on some members of Leguminaceae like Vigna trilobata, Crotalaria return and
Wagatea spicata. Wang et al. (1994) have made thorough investigation of original plants
and commercial products of the traditional Chinese drug Jiuyandu huo. Wang et al. (1995)
have published a review article on recent advances in pharmacognosy research in China.
Lohar et al. (1995) have done standardization of Ptelia trifoliaia Linn by using some
phytochemical and pharmacognostical methods. Fillippini et al. (1995) have done
comparative investigations of finely powdered sample of commercially available capsules of Herba
equiseti with that of authenticated plant material Equisetum arvense L. They concluded that with
the help of scanning electron microscopic technique it is possible to identify the drug even at the
species level. Hamano et al. (1996) have evaluated 48 samples of Cinnamon barks sold in the
markets in Japan. Lim et al. (1996) have done comparative morphological and histological studies
on the Chinese crude drug Huang qi and its adulterants. Dutta and De (1995) have studied
pharmacognostic characters of pods of Cassia fistula and Cassia javanica as the later is often
found as adulterant. Krishnan Nambiar et al. (1998) have published a paper on
pharmacognostic studies on Saraca asoca in comparison with Polyalthia longifolia a
common adulterant of asoca. Madhavan (1999) made an attempt to suggest a few
appropriate standardization techniques to strengthen Ayurvedic system. Krishnan
Nambiar (2000) have studied pharmacognostical characters of Asparagus racemoses
collected from different parts of Kerala. Satakopan (2000) has focused on a few modern
techniques which can be implied to control the quality of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani
crude drugs.
There are many more reports on standardization of crude drugs, and to mention a
few, the works of Jaffer et al. (1998), Joshi and Jayshree (1988), Pattanshetty et al. (1989)
Barthwal and Srivastava (1990), Toker et al. (1995) are noteworthy. They found that the
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crude drugs were contaminated by Altemaria, Aspergillus, Curvularia, Fusarium, Pennicillium
and Rhizopus. Out of 37 samples screened 30 were found to be aflatoxin positive. The same authors
in the year 1990 found that the active principles have been deteriorated due to fungal association
and stored under different relative humidities. Kulkarni and Lipnis (1992) have made an attempt to
decontaminate some crude drugs by gama radiations and revealed that the irradiation at 10 kg and
15 kg dose of gama radiation could completely decontaminate the samples without altering
their physicochemical parameters and active phytochemical constituents. Fischer et al.
(1993) have analyzed phototherapeutic products of oral dosage forms marketed in Brazil
regarding microbiological quality. Huang and Blume (1994) have tested a few medicinal
plant materials for the microbial contamination. Kivman et al. (1998) have studied the
problems in the standardization of the microbial purity of raw medicinal plant material.
Limyati and Juniar (1998) have assessed Jamu Gendong, a kind of traditional medicine in
Indonesia for microbial contamination of its raw materials and end products. Krishnaveni
and Saaanth Rani have studied pharmacognostic parameters for the leaves of Sapindus
trifollliatus Vahl have studied with the aim of drawing the pharmacopial standard for the
species identification.
Sugumaran and Vetrichelvan have pharmacognostic profile of Bauhinia purpurea.
According them ash value and extractive values are helpful in the differentiation from
other related species. Divyakanth and Vimal Kumar, 2008 have focused on
pharmacognostic characteristic of Neolamarkia cadamba (roxb) in that they have studied
microscopic, macroscopic characteristics of the plant viz., morphological studies, such as
shape, size, apex, surface, base, margin, venation, taste and odour of leaves, as a part of
quantitative microscopy, stomatal number, stomatal index, vein islet number and vein
termination number were determined by using fresh leaves of the plant. The total ash,
water-soluble ash, acid- insoluble ash, sulphated ash, alcohol- and water-soluble extractive
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value and foaming index were determined. Satkopan (2000) have focused on a few modern
technique which can be implied to control the quality of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani
crude drugs. Nirmaladevi and Periyanayagam (2008) have studied the micro
morphological studies of the plant Plectranthus amboinicus for identification of medicinal
plants and also have studied SEM for better understanding of structural details and to assist
in the solution of taxonomic problem. Nawagish et al., 2007 have studied the preliminary
and pharmacological standardization of Lawsonia inermis Lin. Venkatesh et al. (2008)
have studied the pharmacognostic studies of Dodonaea viscose to overcome the taxonomic
confusion among Dodonaea viscosae varieties. In endemic plant of Jatropa species
pharmacognostic studies were performed by Uthayakumari and Sumathy (2011).
Prasad, Kadam et al., (2012) have studied the pharmacognostic studies of
Mimusops elengi to overcome drug standardisation among Mimusops elengi varieties.
Sumitra Chanda (2014) has given detailed review on importance of pharmacognosy in
medicinal plants.
Kamaruz Zaman and Kalyani Pathak (2013) have studied the
pharmacognostic studies of A. reticulta to overcome drug standardisation among Annona
species, Gorwadiya (2010) drug standardised in F. racemosa, Kumar et al., (2013) have
studied the pharmacognostic studies of P. pinneta, Ahirrao et al., (2011) have
pharmacognostic profile of V. negundo. Seed extract fractions of Corchorus olitorious
pharmacognostic studies were recorded by Maxwell Osaronowen Egua (2014).
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3.3 Materials and methods
Organoleptic evaluation
In organoleptic evaluation, various sensory parameters of the plant material, such as
weight, colour, odour, and taste of the leaves were recorded. It includes conclusions drawn
from studies resulted due to impressions on organs of senses.
Florescent studies of powdered drug (Chase, Pratt, 1948)
The dried powder of selected plants parts was sieved through the sieve plate
No.120 and was used for fluorescent studies. A pinch of this powder was taken in a clean
test tube with about 10ml of solvent extract. Likewise, several tubes were made by adding
various solvents like, alcohol, methanol, ethyalacetate, chloroform, benzene, hexane,
acetone, water, hydrochloric acid and conc. sulphuric acid. All the tubes were shaken well
and incubated for about 30min. The colour of the drug solution thus obtained were
observed for their characteristic colour reaction under the visible light(fluorescent tube)
and the ultraviolet light(UV356) and were recorded by comparing with standard colour
charts(Chase and Pratt, 1949).
Determination of extractive value: (Raghunathan, 1982)
Accurately weight 100g of powdered plant materials were extracted successively in
a Sox- let extractor with solvent Petroleum ether, Chloroform, Methanol, Alcohol and
distilled water separately. The obtained extracts were allowed to dry at room temperature.
After complete evaporation of the solvent, weight, colour and nature of the extracts were
noted.
Weight of the residue obtained
Extractive value (%) = x 100
Weight of the plant material taken
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Determination of Ash value: (W.H.O. 2002)
Take a known weight of the dried plant material in a pre weighed silica crucible.
Heat it on a Bunsen burner at a low flame, till the plant material gets charred. Then it is
transferred to a muffle furnace and heated strongly at a dull red heat (400-4500C) till a
white ash is obtained. It is cooled in a desiccators for about 15 to 30min, and weighed
using electronic balance and the readings are noted down (Raghunathan, 1982).
Z-X
Total ash value of the sample = x 100
Y
Where, Weight of the empty crucible = Z, Weight of crucible with Ash = X, Weight of the
plant material (g) = Y
Z-X
Weight of the dish + ash = x 100
Y
Determination of acid insoluble ash:
The above obtained total ash was boiled for 15 ml with 25ml of 25% hydrochloric
acid. This was filtered and the insoluble matter was collected on ash less Whatman filter
paper, ignited in sintered crucible, cooled and then kept in a desiccators for 15minute. The
residue was weighed in electronic balance and the acid insoluble ash was calculated.
100
Acid insoluble ash value of the sample = x A
Y
Where, A = Weight of the residue obtained, Y = Weight of the plant material.
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3.4 Experimental results
3.4.1 Annona reticulata L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values and the
florescent behaviour of Annona reticulata L. leaf can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of A. reticulata L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.1.4. Among all the extracts obtained, the 98%
methanol extract was having higher percentage of yie ld of compounds then other extracts.
The weight of leaf extracts are 1.50 (pet. ether), 1.80 (chloroform), 1.50 (ethyl acetate) and
2.80 (98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the 98%
methanol solvent has higher extractive values followed by chloroform, pet-ether and ethyl
acetate.
Table-3.1: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Annona reticulata L. extracts.
Sl no
Plant part
used
Solvents
Weight of
the extracts
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of
the extract
Odour of
the extract
1 LEAVES PE 1.50 Yellow Bitter waxy Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.80 Dark Green Bitter sticky Aromatic
3 EtOH 1.50 Light green Bitter sticky Aromatic
4 98% Methanol 2.80 Dark brown Salty Bitter waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of A. reticulata leaf have shown a wide range of colour. The petroleum
ether extract shows yellow. While, the chloroform extract exhibited dark green colour.
Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows light green colour and 98% methanol shows dark
brown colour (Table: 3.1).
A. reticulata leaf extracts taste varies from extract to extract such as tasteless,
sweet. Bitter, light bitter and salty. Of these the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl
acetate extract exhibited bitter and 98% methanol show salty bitter in taste.
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Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet. ether extract is waxy in nature
whereas chloroform and ethyl acetate extract extracts shows sticky. Whereas the 98%
methanol extract is waxy. Similarly, the extracts were exhibiting variety of odour. The
petroleum ether extract exhibiting sweet and chloroform, ethyl acetate and 98% methanol
extracts exhibited the aromatic odour.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of A. reticulata leaf was studied (Table: 3.2).
Table-3.2: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Annona reticulata L. (mg/100g)
Sl no parts Total ash Acid insoluble
ash contents
Water
insoluble
ash
contents
1. Leaf 6.0 3.61 2.42
The total ash value recorded as (07%), acid insoluble ash value determined as 3.61% and
water insoluble ash value recorded 2.42%. This variation in the content of ash is probably
due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HC1 and H2So4(5%) i.e., leaf of A. reticulata was observed both under
the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs solutions
thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.3.
Table-3.3: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs Annona reticulata L.
Sl no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Dark green Onion pink
2 Pet. Ether Blackish green Ash
3 Chloroform Yellow green Opaline green
4 Ethanol Light green Light pink
5 Eather Dark green Light pink
6 Acetone Light green Light pink
7 Ethyl acetate Brownish green Light onion
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8 Benzene Light green Black
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Light brown Black
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Light brown Pale white
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as blackish green in visible light and ash in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours as yellow
green in visible in Opaline green UV light . While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug solutions
exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours light green in visible in UV light pink.
However, the ether drug solutions exhibited dark green in visible light and light pink in
UV light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colours light green in visible light and light pink
in UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours chassis red in visible light and
light pink in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited light green and black.
Whereas, dilute HC1 (5%) acid drug solution indicating the light brown and black and in
dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows light brown and pale white respectively. The
colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents (Plate-3.1).
3.4.2 Annona squamosa L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values and the
fluorescent behaviour of A. squamosa L. leaf can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of A. squamosa L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.4. Among all the extracts obtained, the 98% methanol
extract was having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other extracts. The
weight of leaf extracts are 0.85 (pet. ether), 1.6 (chloroform), 0.45 (ethyl acetate) and 3.23
(98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the 98%
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methanol solvent has higher extractive values followed by chloroform, pet-ether and ethyl
acetate.
Table-3.4: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Annona squamosa L. extracts
Sl.
no
Plant part used
Solvents
Weight of
the
extracts(%
dry weight
in gm)
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of the
extract
Odour of
the extract
1 Leaf PE 0.85 yellow Slight Bitter Light sticky Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.6 Light
green
Sweet bitter sticky Sweet
3 EtOH 0.45 Brownish
green
Bitter Light sticky Aromatic
4 98%
Methanol
3.23 Dark
Brown
Bitter waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of A. squamosa L. leaf have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows yellow. While the chloroform extract exhibited light green
colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows brownish green colour and 98% methanol
shows dark brown colour (Table: 3.4).
A. squamosa L. leaf extracts taste varies from extract to extract such as tasteless,
sweet. Bitter, light bitter and salty. Of these the petroleum ether and chloroform extracts
exhibited slight bitter, sweet bitter respectively. The ethyl acetate and 98% methanol
extracts bitter in taste.
Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet. ether and ethyl acetate extracts were
light waxy in nature. Whereas chloroform extract in nature sticky. While the 98%
methanol extract was in waxy.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of A. squamosa L. leaf was studied (Table: 3.5.). Table-3.5: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Annona squamosa L. (mg/100g)
Sl no parts Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water insoluble
ash contents
1. Leaf 6.84 0.94 3.54
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The total ash value recorded as 6.84%, acid insoluble ash value determined as 0.94% and
water insoluble ash value recorded 3.54% . This variation in the content of ash is probably
due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HC1 and H2So4 (5%) i.e., leaf of A.squamosa L. was observed both
under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs
solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.6.
Table-3.6: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs Annona squamosa L.
Sl no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Green Dark brown
2 Pet. Ether Pastel green Light ash
3 Chloroform Mint green Sky blue
4 Ethanol Light green Slight ash
5 Ether Bus Green Opaline green
6 Acetone Pista green Dark blue
7 Ethyl acetate Slight green Onion
8 Benzene Pastel green Pink
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Pale cream Blackish
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Gold brown Light blackish
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colo urs
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as pastel green in visible light and light ash in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence co lours as mint
green in visible in sky blue UV light . While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug solutions
exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours light green in visible in UV light ash.
However, the ether drug solutions exhibited bus green in visible light and opaline green in
UV light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colour pista green in visible light and dark blue
in UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours Slight green in visible light
and Onion in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited Pastel green and Pink.
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Whereas, dilute HC1 (5%) acid drug solution indicating the light Pale cream and Blackish
and in dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows Gold brown and Light blackish
respectively. The colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents (Plate-3.1).
3.4.3 Corchorus olitorius L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values and the
florescent behaviour of Corchorus olitorius L. seed can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of C. olitorius L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.7. Among all the extracts obtained, the 98% methanol
extract was having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other extracts. The
weight of seed extracts are 0.92 (pet. ether), 1.83 (chloroform), 2.51 (ethyl acetate) and
4.74 (98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the 98%
methanol solvent has higher extractive values followed by ethyl acetate chloroform and
pet-ether.
Table-3.7: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Corchorus olitorius L. seed extracts.
Sl.
no
Plant part used
Solvents
Weight of
the
extracts
Colour of the
extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of the
extract
Odour of the
extract
1 Seed PE 0.92 Creamy
yellow
Bitter Creamy Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.83 Slight
greenish
Bitter Creamy Sweet
3 EtOH 2.51 Light
Brownish
Bitter waxy Aromatic
4 98%
Methanol
4.74 Brown Bitter waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of C. olitorius L. seed have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows creamy yellow. While, the chloroform extract expose the
slight greenish colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows light brownish colour and
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98% methanol extract shows brownish colour. (Table: 3.7). C. olitorius L. seed all the four
solvent extracts shows bitter in taste.
Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet.ether and chloroform extracts were
creamy in nature. Whereas the ethyl acetate and 98% methanol extracts shows waxy in
nature.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash, acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of C. olitorius L. seed was studied (Table: 3.8).
Table-3.8: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Corchorus olitorius L. seed (mg/100g)
Sl. no part Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water insoluble
ash contents
1. Seed 6.18 2.43 1.14
The total ash value recorded as (6.18%), acid insoluble ash value determined as
2.43% and water insoluble ash value recorded 1.14% . This variation in the content of ash
is probably due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HC1 and H2So4(5%) i.e., seeds of Corchorus olitorius L. was
observed both under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of
these drugs solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.9.
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Table-3.9: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs in Corchorus olitorius seed
Sl. no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Pale cream with Blackish Light yellowish
2 Pet. Ether Transparent Green Pale Yellow precipitate
3 Chloroform Light green Light greenish
4 Ethanol Transparent Transparent
5 Ether Light brownish Light yellowish
6 Acetone Transparent Transparent
7 Ethyl acetate Blackish Blue
8 Benzene Transparent Transparent
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Highly Transparent White creamy
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Slight Pinkish Transparent Creamy
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as transparent green in visible light and pale yellow precipitate
in UV light, the chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence
colours as light green in visible in light greenish UV light . While ethanol (95%v/v)
treated drug solutions exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours transparent in visible
in UV light Transparent. However, the eather drug solutions exhibited light brownish in
visible light and light yellowish in UV light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colours transparent in visible light and
transparent in UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colour blackish in visible
light and blue in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited transparent and
transparent. Whereas, dilute HCl (5%) acid drug solution indicating the light brown and
black and in dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows highly transparent and white
creamy respectively. The colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents
(Plate-3.1).
3.4.4 Euphorbia tirucalli L.
Organoleptic studies
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of E. tirucalli L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.4.4. Among all the extracts obtained, the ethyl acetate
extract was having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other extracts. The
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 259
weight of leaf extracts are 0.97 (pet. ether), 1.21 (chloroform), 2.94 (ethyl acetate) and
2.31 (98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the ethyl
acetate solvent has higher extractive values followed by 98% methanol, chloroform and
pet-ether.
Table-3.10: Extractive values and organoleptic characters of E. tirucalli L. extracts.
Sl no
Plant part used
Solvents
Weight of
the extracts
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of the
extract
Odour of the
extract
1 Leaf PE 0.97 Creamy
yellow
Bitter waxy Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.21 Greenish Bitter Creamy Sweet
3 EtOH 2.94 Light
Brownish
Bitter waxy Aromatic
4 98%
Methanol
2.31 Brown Bitter waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of E. tirucalli L. leaf have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows creamy yellow. While, the chloroform extract exhibited
greenish colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows light brownish colour and 98%
methanolic extract shows brown colour (Table: 3.10).
The four solvent extracts of E. tirucalli L. leaf shows bitter in taste.
Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet. ether, ethyl acetate and 98%
methanol extracts were waxy in nature whereas chloroform extract shows creamy in
nature. Similarly, the extracts were exhibiting variety of odour. The petroleum ether and
chloroform extracts exhibiting sweet odour. Whereas the ethyl acetate and 98% methanolic
extracts exhibited the aromatic odour.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of E. tirucalli L. leaf was studied (Table: 3.11).
Table-3.11: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in E. tirucalli L. (mg/100g)
Sl no parts Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water
insoluble ash
contents
1. Leaf 5.39 2.28 1.08
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 260
The total ash value recorded as (5.39%), acid insoluble ash value determined as
2.28% and water insoluble ash value recorded 1.08 %. This variation in the content of ash
is probably due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HC1 and H2So4(5%) i.e., leaf of E. tirucalli L. was observed both
under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs
solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.12.
Table-3.12: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs in E. tirucalli L.
Sl. no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Light green Light pink
2 Pet. Ether Pista green Ash
3 Chloroform yellow Opaline green
4 Ethanol Brownish Light pink
5 Eather Yellow Light ash
6 Acetone Greenish Sky blue
7 Ethyl acetate Light yellowish Light pink
8 Benzene Pastal green Onion pink
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Brownish Dark brownish
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Brownish Light black
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as pista green in visible light and ash in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours as yellow
in visible in opaline green UV light. While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug solutions
exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours brownish in visible in UV light pink.
However, the ether drug solutions exhibited yellow in visible light and light ash in UV
light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colours greenish in visible light and sky blue in
UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours light yellowish in visible light
and light pink in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited pastal green and
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 261
onion pink. Whereas, dilute HC1 (5%) acid drug solution indicating the dark brownish and
black and in dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows brownish and light black
respectively. The colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents (Plate-3.1)
3.4.5 Ficus racemosa L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values and the
fluorescent behaviour of F. racemosa L. leaf can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of F. racemosa L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.5.4. Among all the extracts obtained, the 98%
methanolic extract was having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other
extracts. The weight of leaf extracts are 1.76 (pet. ether), 1.60 (chloroform), 0.67 (ethyl
acetate) and 2.58 (98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that
the 98% methanolic solvent has higher extractive values followed by, pet-ether,
chloroform and ethyl acetate.
Table-3.13: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Ficus racemosa L. extracts
Sl.
no
Plant part
used
Solvents
Weight of the
extracts
(% dry weight
in gm)
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of the
extract
Odour of the
extract
1 Leaf PE 1.76 Pale yellow Tasteless waxy Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.6 Dark
brown
Tasteless sticky Sweet
3 EtOH 0.67 Dark green Bitter sticky Aromatic
4 98% Methanol 2.58 Dark
brown
Salty waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of F. racemosa L. leaf have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows pale yellow. While, the chloroform extract exhibited dark
brown colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows dark green colour and 98%
methanolic extract shows dark brown colour. (Table: 3.13). F. racemosa L. leaf extracts
taste varies from extract to extract such as tasteless, Bitter and salty. Of these the
petroleum ether and chloroform exhibited tasteless. The ethyl acetate extract having bitter
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 262
in taste. Whereas the 98% methanolic extract shown salty in taste. Further the nature of
these extracts varies, pet. ether and 98% methanolic extracts were waxy in nature whereas
chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts shown sticky in nature. Similarly, the extracts were
exhibiting variety of odour. The petroleum ether and chloroform extracts exhibiting sweet
odour. Whereas the ethyl acetate and 98% methanolic extracts exhibited the aromatic
odour.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of F. racemosa L. leaf was studied (Table: 3.14).
Table-3.14: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Ficus racemosa L. (mg/100g)
Sl no parts Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water insoluble
ash contents
1. Leaf 8.43 3.33 7.8
The total ash value recorded as (8.43%), acid insoluble ash value determined as
3.33% and water insoluble ash value recorded 7.8% . This variation in the content of ash
is probably due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HCl and H2So4(5%) i.e., leaf of F. racemosa L. was observed both
under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs
solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in 3.15.
Table-3.15: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs Ficus racemosa L.
Sl. no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Light green Light pink
2 Pet. Ether Pista green Ash
3 Chloroform Bus green Opaline green
4 Ethanol Light green Light pink
5 Eather Mint green Light ash
6 Acetone Pista green Sky blue
7 Ethyl acetate Light green Light pink
8 Benzene Pastal green Onion pink
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Sandal wood Dark brownish
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Pale cream Light black
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 263
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as pista green in visible light and ash in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours as bus
green in visible in Opaline green UV light . While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug solutions
exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours light green in visible in UV light ash.
However, the ether drug solutions exhibited mint green in visible light and light ash in UV
light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colours pista green in visible light and sky blue
in UV light, in ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours light green in visible light and
light pink in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited pastal green and onion
pink. Whereas, dilute HCl (5%) acid drug solution indicating the dark sandal wood and
dark brownish and in dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows pale cream and light
black respectively. The colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents
(Plate 3.1).
3.4.6 Pongamia pinnata L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values a nd the
fluorescent behaviour of Pongamia pinnata L. seed can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and
98% methanol extracts of P. pinnata L. yields were determined and their differential
values were recorded in the Table. 3.6.4. Among all the extracts obtained, the pet-ether
extracts are having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other extracts. The
weight of seed extracts are 5.21 (pet. ether), 1.42 (chloroform), 1.00 (ethyl acetate) and
0.73(98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the pet-ether
solvent has higher extractive values followed by chloroform, ethyl acetate and 98%
methanol.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 264
Table-3.16: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Pongamia pinnata L. extracts.
Sl.
no
Plant part used
Solvents
Weight of
the
extracts
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of
the extract
Odour of
the extract
1 Seed PE 5.21 yellow Tasteless Oily Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.42 Slight
white
Bitter waxy Aromatic
3 EtOH 1.00 Ash Bitter Creamy Aromatic
4 98%
Methanol
0.73 White Bitter Amorphous Aromatic
The crude extracts of P. pinnata L. seed have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows yellow. While the chloroform extract exhibited slight white
colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows ash colour and 98% methanol s hows
white colour (Table: 3.16).
P. pinnata L. extracts taste varies from extract to extract such as tasteless, sweet.
Bitter, light bitter and salty. Of these the petroleum ether extract exhibited tasteless and
chloroform, ethyl acetate, 98% methanol show bitter in taste.
Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet. ether extract is oily in nature and
chloroform extract shows waxy. Similarly, the ethyl acetate extracts exhibiting creamy in
nature. Whereas the 98% methanol extract is amorphous.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of seed of P. pinnata L. was studied (Table: 3.17).
Table-3.17: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Pongamia pinnata L. seed (mg/100g)
Sl no parts Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water
insoluble ash
contents
1 Seeds 7.00 2.41 1.93
The total ash value recorded as (07%), acid insoluble ash value determined as
(2.41%) and water insoluble ash value recorded 1.93%. This variation in the content of
ash is probably due to the nature of metabolites they possess.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 265
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HC1 and H2So4 (5%) i.e., seed of P. pinnata L. was observed both
under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs
solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.18.
Table-3.18: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs in Pongamia pinnata L. Seed.
Sl. no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder White Ash
2 Pet. Ether Pale rose Light pink
3 Chloroform White turbidity Ash turbidity
4 Ethanol Turbidity Blue
5 Eather Transparent Transparent
6 Acetone Pale rose Light pink
7 Ethyl acetate Chassis red Onion
8 Benzene Light sard Transparent
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Pace rose Slight blue
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Turbidity White
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as pale yellow in visible light and ash in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours as white
turbidity in visible ash turbidity in UV light. While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug
solutions exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours turbidity in visible in UV light blue.
However, the eather drug solutions exhibited transparent in visible light and transparent in
UV light.
In acetone drug solution shows the colours pale rose in visible light and light pink
in UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours chassis red in visible light and
onion in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited light sard and transparent.
Whereas, dilute Hc1 (5%) acid drug solution indicating the pace rose and slight blue and in
dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows turbidity and white respectively. The colour
reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents (Plate 3.1).
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 266
3.4.7 Vitex negundo L.
Organoleptic studies
The detailed study of organoleptic characters of extracts, ash values and the
florescent behaviour of V. negundo L. leaf can be easily identified and further
distinguished from their possible adulterants and substituent’s by these parameters.
Organoleptic studies of V. negundo L. leaf extracts
The successive Soxhlet extracts viz. petroleum ether. Chloroform ethyalacetate and 98%
methanol extracts of V. negundo L. yields were determined and their differential values
were recorded in the Table. 3.19. Among all the extracts obtained, the 98% methanolic
extract was having higher percentage of yield of compounds then other extracts. The
weight of leaf extracts are 1.10 (pet. ether), 1.50 (chloroform), 0.94 (ethyl acetate) and
2.05 (98% methanol) percent respectively. It is evident from these results, that the 98%
methanolic solvent has higher extractive values fo llowed by, chloroform, pet-ether and
ethyl acetate.
Table-3.19: Extractive values and organoleptic characters’ of Vitex negundo L. extracts
Sl.
no
Plant part used
Solvents
Weight of
the extracts
Colour of
the extract
Taste of the
extract
Nature of
the extract
Odour of
the extract
1 Leaf PE 1.10 Green Bitter waxy Sweet
2 CHCL3 1.50 Dark
Green
Bitter waxy Sweet
3 EtOH 0.94 Light green Bitter sticky Sweet
4 98%
Methanol
2.05 Dark green Salty Bitter waxy Aromatic
The crude extracts of V. negundo L. leaf have shown a wide range of colour. The
petroleum ether extract shows green. While, the chloroform extract exhibited dark green
colour. Whereas, the ethyl acetate extract shows light green colour and 98% methanolic
extract shows dark green colour. (Table: 3.19).
V. negundo L. leaf extracts taste varies from extract to extract such as tasteless, Bitter
and salty bitter. Of these the petroleum ether, chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts were
exhibited bitter taste. Whereas the 98% methanolic extract was shown salty bitter in taste.
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 267
Further the nature of these extracts varies, pet. ether, chloroform and 98%
methanolic extracts were waxy in nature, whereas ethyl acetate extract shown salt bitter in
nature. Similarly, the extracts were exhibiting variety of odour. The petroleum ether,
chloroform and ethyl acetate extracts exhibiting sweet odour. Whereas the 98% methanolic
extracts exhibited the aromatic odour.
Determination of total ash and acid insoluble ash contents
In the present investigation, the total ash and acid insoluble and water insoluble ash
contents of V. negundo L. leaf was studied (Table: 3.20). The total ash value recorded as
(3.10%), acid insoluble ash value determined as 0.93% and water insoluble ash value
recorded 1.24%. This variation in the content of ash is probably due to the nature of
metabolites they possess.
Table-3.20: Total ash and acid insoluble ash content in Vitex negundo L. (mg/100g)
Sl. no parts Total ash Acid insoluble ash
contents
Water insoluble
ash contents
01. Leaf 3.10 0.93 1.24
Fluorescent studies of powered drugs
The characteristic colour behaviour of dried and powdered drugs and powder
dissolved in organic solvents like petroleum ether, chloroform, alcohol, water, acetone,
ethyl acetate, Conc. HCl and H2So4(5%) i.e., leaf of V. negundo L. was observed both
under the visible and ultra violet (UV nm) light. The colour reactions of these drugs
solutions thus emitted fluorescence light are tabulated in Table: 3.21.
Table-3.21: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs in Vitex negundo L.
Sl. no
Treatment
visible
UV 365 nm
1 Powder Green Light Yellow
2 Pet. Ether Fine Green Pale Yellow
3 Chloroform Blackish green Opaline green
4 Ethanol Yellow green Light pink
5 Eather Light green Light pink
6 Acetone Dark green Light pink
7 Ethyl acetate Blackish Blue
8 Benzene Pastal green Onion pink
9 Conc. HCl (5%) Sandal wood Dark brownish
10 Conc. H2So4 (5%) Pale cream Light black
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 268
The powdered drug solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours
under the UV light and visible light. The petroleum ether drug solutions have shown the
fluorescence colours such as fine green in visible light and pale yellow in UV light, the
chloroform drugs solutions have exhibited a wide range of fluorescence colours as
blackish green in visible in Opaline green UV light . While ethanol (95%v/v) treated drug
solutions exhibited wide range of fluorescence colours yellow green in visible in UV light
slight pink. However, the eather drug solutions exhibited light green in visible light and
light pink in UV light.
Plate 3.1: Fluorescent studies of powdered drugs of 07 selected plant parts.
1. Annona reticulata L., 2. Annona squamosa L., 3. Corchorus olitorius L., 4. Euphorbia
tirucalli L., 5.Ficus racemosa L., 6. Pongamia pinnata L., 7. Vitex negundo L.,
2. A: Visible, B: UV 365 nm.
1A
al
K
no
wl
ed
ge
Pl
an
ts
Ph
ot
os
1B
al
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
Pl
a
nt
s
P
h
ot
o
s
2B
al
K
no
wl
ed
ge
Pl
an
ts
Ph
ot
os
2A
A
Pl
an
ts
Ph
ot
os
3A
Kn
owl
edg
e
Pla
nts
Ph
oto
s
3B
al
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
Pl
a
nt
s
P
h
ot
o
s
4B
al
K
no
wl
ed
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Pl
an
ts
Ph
ot
os
4A
al
K
no
wl
ed
ge
Pl
an
ts
P
ho
to
s
5A
Kn
owl
edg
e
Pla
nts
Ph
oto
s
6A
Kn
owl
edg
e
Pla
nts
Ph
oto
s
7A Kn
owl
edg
e
Pla
nts
Ph
oto
s
5B
al
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
Pl
a
nt
s
P
h
ot
o
s
6B
al
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
Pl
a
nt
s
P
h
ot
o
s
7B
al
K
n
o
w
le
d
g
e
Pl
a
nt
s
P
h
ot
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 269
In acetone drug solution shows the colours dark green in visible light and
light pink in UV light, In ethyl acetate drug solution shows the colours blackish in visible
light and blue in UV light, similarly benzene drug solution exhibited pastal green and
onion pink. Whereas, dilute HCl (5%) acid drug solution indicating the sandal wood and
dark brownish and in dilute H2So4 (5%) acid drug solution shows pale cream and light
black respectively. The colour reaction varies from non-polar to high polar solvents (Plate-
3.1).
3.5 Discussion
Pharmacognostic studies of selected 07 medicinal plants have been undertaken to
overcome the standardization of drug.
Powder analysis
Powder analysis of 07 selected medicinal plant parts in the present study reveals
the different colours in organoleptic and florescent studies. Yoganarasinhma et al. (1981)
have given the key characters of some medicinally important p lants like, Tagara, Bharangi,
Ishwari, which will help to identify these plants scientifically. Divyakanth and Vimal
Kumar (2008) have studied pharmacognostic characters of the two species and according
to them these characters will helps identify to the species. Nirmaladevi and Periyanayagam
(2008) have also has the opinion that pharmacognostic study will be helpful for the
identification of medicinal plants. Fillippini et al. (1995) have done comparative
investigation of finally powdered sample of Herba equiseti with the help of Scanning
Electron Microscopic technique. Satakopan (2000) has focused on few modern techniques
like, SEM which can be implied to control the quality of Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani
crude drugs.
Extractive and Ash values
Variation in the content of ash and extractive values is probably due to the nature
of metabolites they posses. The extractive values in different solvents viz., petroleum
ether, chloroform, ethyalacetate and 98% methanol extracts were recorded.
Among the extracts obtained, the 98% methanolic extract showed higher yield.
According to the literature the more polar compound will have high extractive value and
less polar compounds will have less extractive value. But, in the present study, it was
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 270
found that less polar solvents also showed high extractive value like E tirucalli in
ethyalacetate, Pongamia pinnata L. in petroleum ether, which indicates the presence of
excessive amount of resinous materials present in these plants. These reports supported to
previous reports of Kamaruz Zaman and Kalyani Pathak (2013).
In the present study A. reticulata L. total ash value 06 mg/100g, A. squamosa L.
(6.84), C. olitorius (06.18), E tirucalli (5.39), F. racemosa (8.43), P. pinnata (07) and V.
negundo L. (3.1) whereas in previous report of Kamaruz Zaman and Kalyani Pathak
(2013) showed high ash value 15 mg/100g (A. reticulata L.), Gorwadiya (2010) recorded
in F. racemosa L., Kumar et al., (2013) recorded in P. pinneta L., Ahirrao et al., (2011)
recorded in V. negundo L.. It may depend climatic conditions. Sugumaran and
Vetrichelvan (2008) have reported pharmacognostic profile of Bauhinia purpurea.
According to them the ash value play important role in the differentiation of other related
species. The ash content which remains after incineration of drug may contain some inorganic
compounds such as phosphates, carbonates, silicates and silica, which occur naturally in drug or
added deliberately in the form of adulterants, this content differ from plant to plant.
Fluorescence characters
The characteristic colour behavior of dried and powdered drug of plant is observed
both under the visible and ultraviolet light by treating with various solvents like, water,
ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, hexane, benzene, chloroform, acids like, HCl and H2SO4.
The drug solutions have been exhibiting a wide range of fluorescent colours particularly
under the UV light compared to visible light. These fluorescent colours can be compared
with other plants during identification. Chase and Pratt (1949) have said that the
fluorescence of powdered drugs can be used for the identification of plants. They also
presented the key for the identification of powdered vegetables based on the fluorescent
studies. Kamaruz Zaman and Kalyani Pathak (2013) have carried out pharmacognostic
studies to overcome the Taxonomic confusion among the Annona species. Whereas the
previous similar fluorescence characters were observed Gorwadiya (2010) in F. racemosa
L., Kumar et al., (2013) have recorded in P. pinneta L., Ahirrao et al., (2011) have
recorded in V. negundo L.
Macroscopic as well as microscopical studies of any phyto drug are the primary
steps to establish its botanical quality control before going to other studies. As per WHO
norms, botanical standards are to be proposed as a protocol for the diagnosis of herbal
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL VALIDATION OF MEDICINAL PLANTS TREATING SKIN DISEASES IN HYDERABAD KARNATAKA REGION 271
drug. The above mentioned parameters are helpful for the future identification and
authentification of plant in herbal industry and in factories. The physico-chemical
standards, such as, ash values, extractive values, crude fiber content and fluorescence
analysis will be useful to identify the drug even in the crushed or powdered condition. It
will also serve as a standard data for quality control of the preparations containing this
plant in future. The leaf constants can be included as microscopical standards in Indian
herbal pharmacopoeia. Phytochemical study is also useful to isolate pharmacologically
active principles present in the drug. The information obtained from ash values and
extractive values are useful during the time of collection and also during extraction
process. Using these standards, the plant can be differentiated from other related species
and varieties.