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Research Article

ISSN: 0974-6943Available online through

www.jpronline.info

*Corresponding author.Jiny Varghese K.Assi stan t Prof ess or,A mrit a Sch ool o f Phar macy,Amri ta Vish wa Vidy apee tham Universit y,AIMS He alth care Ca mpus ,AIMS Ponekkar a P.O.Kochi Kera la, Ind iaTel.: + 91-0484 2802140,2141E-mail:jini varg hese k@aims. amri ta.e du, ji nyvargh ese_ k@re dif fmai l.co m

INTRODUCTIONSonneratia caseolaris is a mangrove [1 ] species belonging to familySonneratiaceae [2]. It is found near the banks of tidal rivers in brackish waterand provide essential congregating place for fireflies [3]. Sonneratia caseolaris(family Sonneratiaceae) is a true mangrove plant which is reported to beantioxidant and cytotoxic (fig 1). It is traditionally used as an astringent andantiseptic, sprain poultices, in treating piles. The fermented juices of thismangrove species is said to be useful in arresting haemorrhage whereas thehalf-ripe fruit can be used to treat coughs. This species is widespread and canbe found in Bangladesh, Brunei Darussalam, Cambodia, China (Hainan Island),India, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thai-land, Viet Nam, Northeast Australia, Papua New Guinea, Solomon Islands,Vanuatu, New Caledonia, and the Maldives.

Pharmacognostical and phytochemical studies of a Mangrove( Sonneratia caseolar is) from

Kochi of Kerala state in India

Jiny Varghese K1*, Belzik N1, Nisha A R1,Resiya S 1, Resmi S 1,Silvipriya KS 1.1Amrita School of Pharmacy,Amrita Vishwa Vidyapeetham University,AIMS Healthcare Campus,AIMSPonekkara P.O. Kochi Kerala, India

Received on: 12-06-2010; Revised on: 18-08-2010; Accepted on:10-09-2010

ABSTRACTMangroves are trees and shrubs that grow in tropical and subtropical tidelands throughout the world. Mangroves are able to thrive salt water inundation because

specialized rooting structures. Many of the mangrove species are a rich source of various important phyto constituents and they are useful in microbial infection

Various parts of mangroves are reported to possess medicinal properties. Sonneratia caseolaris (family Sonneratiaceae) is a true mangrove plant which is reportto be antioxidant and cytotoxic. It is traditionally used as an astringent and antiseptic, sprain poultices, in treating piles and ar resting haemorrhage. In the prese

investigation, an attempt was made to study the Pharmacognostical and phytochemical features of the mangrove species. Pharmacognostic studies of lea

specimen and leaf powder which include morphological and microscopic characters were carried out. The successive extraction of the plant material was done wi

different solvents and various extracts were subjected for its preliminary phytochemical screening to find out the bioactive compounds present in these specie

Phytochemical analysis showed the presence of various phytochemicals of therapeutic significance. The study will provide referential information for the correidentification of the mangrove species.

Key words:Sonnertia caseolaris, phytochemical screening, Pharmacognostical, sonneratiaceae.

Sonneratia trees are 5-15m long with breathing roots, in which the flowehave many stamens, inserted on the calyx tube, and the ovary is superior. Thflowers are sour-smelling, nocturnal, and bat-pollinated. The fruit is a leatheberry seated on the persistent ca lyx. The aer ial root sys tems calle d pneumatphores which are slender cone in shape and stand up in line on the cable roospreading horizontally in every directions in the soil. [4]

MATERIALS AND METHODSS.caseolarisleaves (SC) were collected from the premises of Amrita School Pharmacy,Kochi & identity of this plant was confirmed by Prof. M.S.FrancDept. of Botany, S H College, Thevera Kochi. A voucher specimen was depoited (No SHCT/2009/501) in the department of Pharmacognosy & Phytochemistry, Amrita School of Pharmacy, Kochi. Shade dried leaves of about 2kg wesubjected to coarse powder. The reagents used were of lab grade.

PHARMACOGNOSTICAL STUDIES:Morphological studies were done by employing a simple microscope. Micrscopic studies were undertaken by preparing a thin transverse section of tleaves. The powder specimen was stained with hydrochloric acid and phlorglucinol and observed under the compound microscope

EXTRACTION PROCEDUREPowder of SC (50gm) was defatted with petroleum ether (60-80 0c) and thenwas successively extracted with benzene, chloroform, acetone, ethanol withe help of soxhlet apparatus [7].

PHYTOCHEMICAL SCREENINGThe various extracts obtained after extraction were subjected to preliminaphytochemical screening. A small amount of the sample were trea ted wiMayers reagent, Hagers reagent, Dragendorffs reagent and Wagners reageto detect the presence of alkaloids. Carbohydrate was detected using Molisc

Fig.1.The plant ofSonneratia caseolar is

Twenty-four compounds including eight steroids, nine triterpenoids, threeflavonoids, and four benzene carboxylic derivatives were isolated and idenfied from stems and twigs of medicinal mangrove plant Sonneratia caseolar[5] (SC). Some of the constituents responsible for moderate cytotoxicity are)-(R)-nyasol , (-)-(R)-4'-O-methylnyasol and maslinic acid from SC [6]. Surv

of literature revealed that the Pharmacognostic and phytochemical parameters are less reported of the mangrove plant, SC. Therefore the present studwas undertaken to establish the Pharmacognostical and phytochemical prameters of the leaves of SC

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RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Pharmacognostical studies[9]:The morphological studies of both the plants revealed that, they are Darkgreen in colour, bitter in taste without any specific characteristic odour (tableno. 1). The transverse section of the leaves of SC (fig 2)showed the presence

Fig.2. T.S. of leaf of Sonnerati a caseolar is

Table.1: Morphological characters

Morphological Sonneratia caseolari s

characters of Leaves.

Colour GreenOdour NoneTaste Bitter Shape Elliptic, OblongApex Mucronate

Table.2:Transverse section of leaves of Sonneratia caseolari s

Label Microscopic c haracters o bserved

1 Upper epidermis

2 Upper palisade cells

3 Spongy parenchyma

4 Vascular bundles

5 Xylem

6 Phloem7 Collenchyma

8 Lower palisade cells

9 Lower epidermis

10 Glandular trichomes

Table No.3:Powder microscopy of leaves of Sonneratia caseolar is

Serial No. Microscopic characters observed

1 Paracytic stomata2 Epidermal cells

3 Palisade cells

4 Fibres5 Spongy tissues

Table no:4:Colour and consistency and percentage yield of variou

extracts obtained bysuccessive solvent extraction of Sonnert ia caseolar

S.No Solvent Colour & Percentconsistency Yield (W/W)

1 Pet ether Dark green 1.34%2 Benzene Dark green 0.64%3 Chloroform Greenish black 0.86%4 Acetone Greenish brown 2.98%

5 Ethanol Reddish brown 4.26%

Table no:5:Qualitative chemical examination of various extracts Sonneratia caseolaris

1.AlkaloidsMayers reagent.Dragendorffs Reagent.Hagers reagent.Wagners reagent.2.Carbohydrates

Molisch reagent.Barfoeds reagent.Fehlings reagent.Benedicts reagent.Seliwanoffs reagent.3.Sterols

Salkowski Test4.GlycosidesLegals test.

Borntragers test.Keller killiani test.5.Saponins

Foam test6.Phenolic compounds & TanninsFerric chloride solution.Lead acetate Solution.Aqueous bromine solution.

Test /Reagent used PEE BE CE AE EE

+ + - + +

- - - + +

- - + + +

- - + + +

- - - - +

- - - - +- - + - +- - - - +- - - - +

- - - + -

- - - - -

- - - - -+ - + + +

- - - - +

- - - - +- - - - -

- - - - -

7.Proteins & amino acids

Millons reagent.Biurets reagent.Ninhydrin reagent.8.FlavanoidsShinoda test.Lead acetate test.

- - - - -- - - - -- - - - -

- - - + +- - - + +

PEE =Petroleum ether extract,BE=Benzene extract,CE=Chloroform

extract,AE = Acetone Extract,EE = Ethanol Extract

of upper and lower epidermis, glandular trichomes, palisade cells, spongparenchyma, collenchyma and vascular bundles comprising xylem and p

loem (table no.2). The analysis of the leaf powder of SC showed the presenof paracytic stomata, epidermal cells with palisade cells, fibres and spongtissues (table no.3).The colour and consistency of various extracts obtained by successive solveextraction of plant material were shown in (table 4).

The qualitative chemical examination of various extracts obtained by succesive solvent extraction of plant material were performed and the results adepicted in table no.5.

The presence of Cardiac glycosides were shown by all the extracts excludibenzene and water extrac t. Ethanolic and ace tone extrac ts gave posi tivresults for alkaloids, carbohydrates, flavonoids and cardiac glycosides. In addtion to that, it was found that saponins and phenolic compounds were presein ethanol and sterols are found in acetone extracts respectively. Chloroforextract gave positive result for alkaloids, carbohydrates and cardiac glycsides. Benzene extract was shown the positive result for carbohydrates. Petr

leum ether extract showed the presence of carbohydrates and cardiac glycsides. Water extracts showed the presence of carbohydrates and phenolcompounds.

CONCLUSIONThe present study on pharmacognostical characteristics and preliminary phtochemical screening of Sonneratia caseolaris provide valuable informatiowhich may help in authenticating the genuine mangrove plant along with thnature of phytoconstituents present in it. The above studies provide informtion regarding their identification and chemical constituents which may buseful for the standardization and preparation of monograph of SC. Thconstituents of SC may have several medicinal properties and can be utilizefor the treatment of various diseases. Further research on this particulmangrove species may help in the isolation of therapeutically potent compounds which can be final ly be subjec ted to pharmacological activities an

Barfoeds, Fehlings, Benedicts and Seliwanoffs reagent. Salkowskis test wasconducted to test the presence of sterols. Glycosides were tested using Legals,Borntragers and Keller killiani test. Saponins were confirmed by foam test.Phenolic compounds and tannins presence were indicated with the help offerric chloride solution, lead acetate solution and aqueous bromine solution.Biuret test, Millons regent and Ninhydrin reagent used to test the presence ofproteins and amino acids in the var ious extracts[8]. The test like Shinoda test,addition of lead acetate, addition of sodium hydroxide followed by

decolourisation upon acid addition was performed to check the presence offlavonoids.

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clinical trials, thus leading to opening up new avenues in the use of naturalproducts for therapeutic purpose.

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