Pharma Report(Sodium & Potassium) Ppt.org
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Transcript of Pharma Report(Sodium & Potassium) Ppt.org
POTASSIUM
Potassium• Most abundant positively charged
electrolyte inside cells• 95% of body’s potassium is intracellular• Potassium content outside of cells ranges
from 3.5 to 5 mEq/L• Potassium levels are critical to normal
body function• Excess dietary potassium is excreted by
the kidneys in the urine.
Hyperkalemia
-excessive serum potassium level exceeding 5.5 mEq/L.
Causes:• Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors• Burns• Excessive loss from cells• Infections• Metabolic acidosis• Potassium supplements• Potassium-sparing diuretics• Trauma
Hypokalemia
-deficiency of potassiumserum level <3.5 mEq/L.
Causes:• Alkalosis• An increased secretion of mineralocorticoids• Burns• Corticosteroids• Crash diets• Diarrhea• Hyperaldosteronism
• Ketoacidosis• Loop diuretics• Malabsorption• Prolonged laxative misuse• Thiazide diuretics• Thiazide-like diuretics• Vomiting
Mechanism of Action
Potassium is responsible for:• Muscle contraction• Transmission of nerve impulses• Regulation of heartbeats• Acid-base balance
• Isotonicity• Electrodynamic
characteristics of the cell• Essential component of
gastric secretion• Renal function• Tissue synthesis• Carbohydrate synthesis
Indication-Used to treat thallium
poisoning and to help increase muscular strength in some patients with myasthenia gravis.
myasthenia gravis
Contraindication
• Known allergy to a specific drug product
• Hyperkalemia• Renal disease• Acute dehydration• Untreated Addison’s disease• Severe hemolytic disease• Extensive tissue breakdown
Adverse effectOral potassium therapy
-diarrhea, nausea, vomiting-GI bleeding and ulcerations
Parenteral administration-pain at the injection site-phlebitis
Interactionpotassium–sparing diuretics + ACE
inhibitors = hyperkalemia
diuretics + amphotericin B + mineralosteroids = hypokalemia
Drug profilesodium polystyrene sulfonate
(potassium exchange resin)-used to treat hyperkalemia-administered orally-no contraindications, but can
cause disturbances in electrolytes.
SODIUM
SODIUM• Most abundant positively
charged electrolyte outside cells.
• Normal concentration outside cells is 135 to 145 mEq/L.
Hyponatremia
- sodium deficiency and occurs when serum levels decrease below 135 mEq/L.
Manifestations:• Lethargy• Hypotension• Stomach cramps• Vomiting• Diarrhea• Seizures
Causes• Excessive perspiration• Prolonged diarrhea or
vomiting• Renal disorders• Adrenocortical impairment
Hypernatremia- sodium excess and occurs
when serum levels exceed 145 mEq/L.
Symptoms:• Edema• Hypertension• Red, flushed skin• Sticky mucous membranes• Increased thirst• Temperature elevation• Decreased or absent urination
Cause• Poor renal excretions• Inadequate water consumption• Dehydration
Mechanism of Action and Drug Effect• Major cation in the extracellular
fluid (ECF)• Control water distribution• Fluid and electrolyte balance• Osmotic pressure • Regulation of acid-base balance
IndicationsMild hyponatremia
-oral administration of sodium chloride tablets and / or fluid restriction
Pronounced sodium depletion-NS or lactated Ringer’s solution
administered intravenously
Contraindication•Know drug allergy•Hypernatremia
Adverse effectOral administration
-nausea, vomiting, and cramps
Parenteral administration-venous phlebitis
Interactions-not known to
interact significantly with any drugs
Drug profilesodium chloride
-used as a replacement electrolyte for either the prevention or treatment of sodium loss.
-diluent for the infusion of compatible drugs
-assessment of kidney function after a fluid challenge
*CONTRAINDICATION: hypertensive patients
Nursing Implications
• Parenteral infusions of potassium must be monitored closely– Rate should not exceed 20 mEq/hour– NEVER give as an IV bolus or undiluted
• Oral forms of potassium– Must be diluted in water or fruit juice to minimize GI distress
or irritation– Monitor for complaints of nausea, vomiting, GI pain, or GI
bleeding
• Monitor for therapeutic response–Normal lab values• RBCs, WBC, electrolyte levels
– Improved fluid volume status– Increased tolerance to activities
• Monitor for adverse effects