Ph positive ALL; Is transplant still necessary? Adele K. Fielding MB BS, PhD Chair UK National...
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![Page 1: Ph positive ALL; Is transplant still necessary? Adele K. Fielding MB BS, PhD Chair UK National Cancer Research Institute Adult ALL Subgroup.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062517/56649e765503460f94b77618/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ph positive ALL;Is transplant still
necessary?
Adele K. Fielding MB BS, PhD
Chair UK National Cancer Research InstituteAdult ALL Subgroup
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Outline of talkWhy we use alloHSCT in Ph+ ALL – what is the evidence it is of value?
Why is it so difficult to draw firm conclusions about the role of alloHSCT?
Where does non-myeloablative alloHSCT fit in?
Now we have TKIs, do we still need transplant
Illustrate various points above with some data from UKALL12/ECOG2993
Conclusions about current role of TKI and alloHSCT
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Ph+ ALL - the scope of the problem
Long been concluded that patients with t(9;22) have a poor outcome with conventional therapy
Considered “Very high risk” by all clinical studies
Typically ‘assigned’ to alloHSCT
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Karyotype*% Adults **% Children
t(4;11) 5 1
t(9;22) 21 2
t(12;21) <1 19
High hyperdiploidy
9 32
*Moorman et al Blood 2007
Poor risk
Good risk
**Hann et al BJH 2002
Ph+ ALL - the scope of the problem
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Age in ALL; tolerance of therapy ?
Group Induction Resistance to Death % induction Rx
“Children”AIEOP-91 1.4 2.1COALL-92 0.4 0.9DFCI-01 0.5 1.3EORTCCCLG 0.9 1.3SJ CRH 13B 1.2 0.8
“Adults”GMALL05/93 6 11GOELAM-02 3 18HyperCVAD 5 3JALSG-93 6 16LALA-94 5 11
After Pui and Evans, NEJM 2006
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Myeloablative allogeneic HSCTThe most active anti-ALL therapy currently available, but
also the most toxic
Useful data
Convincing data
Conflicting data
Scant dataWhat is the best method ?•Conditioning regimen•Stem cell source•Unrelated vs. sibling donor•Role of T cell depletion•GVHD prophylaxis/ KGF e.g. palifermin•Post-BMT interventions e.g. DLI, TKI
For whom?•Age•Status of disease•At what level of relapse-risk
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GVL effect
Fielding et al Blood 2009 UKALL12/ECOG2993
The most active anti-ALL therapy currently available, but also the most toxic
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0
25
50
75
100
Pe
rce
nt
surv
ivin
g
0 1 2 3 4 5Time (years)
7%
OS > 600 patients after relapse
Fielding et al 2007 UKALL12/ECOG2993
At what level of relapse-risk?
Other large relapse studies:Tavernier et al 2007 LALA94 DFS 5 yr 12%Oriol et al 2010 PETHEMA OS 5yr 10%
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“That which doesn’t kill us makes us stronger”
Nietzsche
“If it doesn’t feel bad, it can’t be doing you any good”
Alice Fielding (my mum)
Myeloablative alloHSCTA ‘transplanters’ perspective?
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Sibling Myeloablative allo HSCTPre-TKI era
*prospective studies
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UD donor Myeloablative allo HSCT; preTKI era
Equivalent outcome between unrelated and sibling donor:
Cornillissen, 2001 Blood
Dahlke, 2006 BMT
Kiehl, 2004 J Clin Oncol
•Retrospective studies, not all patients Ph+ •Mixed ages•Some patients beyond CR1
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UD donor Myeloablative allo HSCTOS UKALL12/ECOG2993
Pre-TKI
0 1 2 3 4 50
25
50
75
100
PE
RC
EN
T
TIME IN YEARSAt risk:
Sib 45 35 29 25 19 18MUD 31 23 12 12 11 11
Chemo 82 43 23 19 15 12
Fielding et al Blood 2009
44 Sib
36 MUD
19 chemo
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Difficulties in studying the alloHSCT question
1. Trial Design
Equipoise problems in designing RCTs with myeloablative alloHSCT as an arm
Impossibility of “donor vs. no donor”analysis in modern transplant studies where UD
are commonly available
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Difficulties in studying the alloHSCT question
2. Selection bias
“Transplant only” retrospective studies do not include a denominator. Hence, benefit can only apply to those selected for reporting
Those might be only a tiny fraction of the at-risk population & are unlikely to be representative
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Difficulties in studying the alloHSCT question
3. Immortal time bias
A patient receiving a transplant within a prospective study is guaranteed to have entered CR and survived, disease free to the time of transplant
A simple analysis by therapy received during trial doesn’t represent the reality for a future new patient accurately
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Fielding et al, Blood 2009 UKALL12/ECOG2993 – pre TKI era
Immortal time bias: an example
* P=0.001
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Immortal time bias: an example
Fielding et al Blood 2009UKALL12/ECOG2993
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Myeloablative Allo in Ph ALL
•Weight of evidence has been interpreted In favour of myeloablative allo HSCT
Those patients who
•Achieve CR •Have a donor•Are fit enough to have a transplant•…Receive the transplant
Will have a better outcome than those who don’t
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Non-myeloablative alloHSCT
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Non-myeloablative alloHSCT
Likely to be much more regimen-dependent, more dependent on disease burden at allorequire more focused post-transplant monitoring (+ intervention ?) than myeloablative
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TKI in Ph ALL
1. Is there a higher CR rate with no excess cost ?
2. Do TKI facilitate alloBMT?
3. Is there a survival advantage for TKI-containing regimens?
4. Does this advantage occur in the absence of alloHSCT
For purpose of this talk TKI = largely Imatinib
Data on dasatinib during induction are much fewer/shorter follow up
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TKI in Ph+ ALLCautionary note
Hu et al. Nat Genet. 2004 Requirement of Src kinases for BCR-ABL-induced B-ALL but not CML.
Pfeifer et al Blood 2007 BCR-ABL KD mutation in 40% at presentation
Soverini et al Hematolgica 20112-4 clones of 200 for each patient harboured pre-exisiting KD mutations
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Induction therapy Ph pos ALL:Imatinib
N CR(%) CR1 SCT (%)Thomas 2004 20 93 50Yanda 2006 80 96 49Wassmann 2006 92 95 77De Labarthe 2007 45 96 51Ribera 2009 30 90 78Bassan 2010 59 92 63Fielding 2014 175 92 46Chalandon ongoing 188 95/100OlderOttman 2007 55 96 N/A Vignetti 2007 30 96 N/A Children only sibsSchultz 92
Imatinib added to induction/consol’n.
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Induction therapy Ph pos ALL:Imatinib
N OS timeThomas 2004 20 75 20mYanda 2006 80 75 12mWassmann 2006 92 36/43 24mDe Labarthe 2007 45 65 18mRibera 2009 30 30 4yrBassan 2010 59 38 5yrFielding 2011 175 43 3yrChalandon ongoing 188 62 2yrOlderOttman 2007 55 74 12mVignetti 2007 30 42 24mChildrenSchultz 92 80(EFS) 3yr
Imatinib added to induction/consol’n.
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Induction therapy Ph pos ALL:Dasatinib
N CR(%) CR1 SCT (%) combo
Ravandi 35 94 50 hyperCVADFoa 48 100 N/A SteroidRousselot 71 90 N/A EWALL elderly backbone
Dasatinib added to induction/consol’n.
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Induction therapy Ph pos ALL:Dasatinib
N OS time
Ravandi 35 64 24mFoa 48 80.7 10mRousselot 71 median 21.7m
Dasatinib added to induction/consol’n.
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TKI without transplant in Ph+ ALL
•Older patients •Patients unfit for alloHSCT
•Those fit, but without any donor
•Children, in whom there is reluctance to use UDs
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JALSG: Yanada et al, JCO 2006
TKI without transplant in Ph ALL
NoBMT
BMT
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Children with Ph+ ALL
Arico et al, NEJM 2009
Risk:benefit ratio of Rx is unfavourable for UD
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Children with Ph+ ALL;COG study93 Ph+
Schultz et al, 2009 J Clin Onc
N=25 chemo+ im 87.7%
N=25 sibHSCT 56.6%
N=11 UD HSCT 71.6%
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UKALLXII/ECOG2993 Ph+: up to 65yINDUCTION
Phase 1
Phase 2
Autologous HSCTAutologous HSCT(Etoposide/TBI) (Etoposide/TBI)
recommendrecommend
Allogeneic Allogeneic HSCTHSCT
(Etoposide/TBI)(Etoposide/TBI)up to 55y.up to 55y.
no donor/unfit for allo
All patients IMATINIB 600mg od
Early Imatinib N=89Early Imatinib N=89responsedetermination
Late Imatinib (as a consolidation) N=86Late Imatinib (as a consolidation) N=86
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Patient characteristics
* Pre-imatinib results: Fielding et al, Blood 2009, “imatinib” paper Fielding et al Blood 2014
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Response to Induction
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Flow Chart of Post-Induction Therapy
N = 175
Total alive/CR 137 (77%)
Induction death/No CR 14 (8%)Protocol deviation induction 24 (14%)
Myeloablative allo HSCT 82/137 eligible (60%) 82/175 total (46%)
43 sibling donor33 Matched unrelated donor3 cord blood2 Mismatched unrelated donor1 Haploidentical donor
“Non-protocol” RIC alloHSCT
11/137 eligible (8%)11/175 total (6%)
6 sibling donor5 Matched unrelated donor
Chemo/imatinib
39/137 eligible (28%)39/175 total (22%)
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Transplant detailsProtocol BMT rate
Pre-imatinib 28%Imatinib 46%
Both imatinib, overall better BMT practice contributed to the improved alloHSCT rate after imatinib
Reach 84 day in CR 78% 66% .009Median days diag to BMT 135d 160d <.0001% elig pt receiving BMT 71% 55% <.0001
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Overall outcomes Imatinib vs.Pre-Imatinib
Median FU Pre-imatinib 10 yearsMedian FU Imatinib 3 years
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OSImatinib vs. pre-Imatinib
Pre-imatinib
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0
25
50
75
100
19%
32%
At risk:
266 144 81 67 57 54 49 46 41 40 35
Imatinib 175 115 81 69 53 31 17 9 4 0 0
Pre-imatinib
imatinib
Pre-imatinib versus imatinib, p=0.0003
Per
cen
t su
rviv
ing
Time (years)
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1 2 30
25
50
75
100
% r
ela
ps
ing
Time in years
64% Imatinib
47% Pre-imatinib
2P = 0·0001
Relapse risk Imatinib vs. Pre-Imatinib
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OS within imatinib cohortfrom diagnosis, by treatment in CR1
0 1 2 3 40
25
50
75
100
Per
cen
t su
rviv
ing
Time (years)
50%
39%
19%
At risk:
Protocol alloHSCT 76 57 45 42 31
Non-protocol RIC alloHSCT 11 8 6 5 3
No alloHSCT 38 20 9 7 6
Protocol alloHSCT
Non-protocol RIC alloHSCT
No alloHSCT
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Relapse risk within imatinib cohortby treatment in CR1
0 1 2 30
25
50
75
100
% r
ela
ps
ing
Time (years)
25% Prot BMT
49% Non Protocol BMT
73% No BMT
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Outcome by timing of imatinib start
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Multivariate Cox Regression OS
Co-Variate HR 95%CI P
Imatinib 0.56 0.44 - 0.71 <0.0001
Age 1.02 1.02 - 1.03 <0.0001
Pres.WCC 1.32 1.21 - 1.43 <0.0001
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OS for patients not receiving alloHSCT
0 1 2 3
25
50
75
100
% s
till
aliv
e
Time in years
22% Pre-imatinib 24% Imatinib
Univariate unadjusted: p>0.1Cox, allowing for age and WBC p=0.05
0 1 2 3
25
50
75
100
18%Pre-imatinib
24% Imatinib
Univariate: unadjusted p=0.08Cox, allowing for age and WBC p=0.02
ALL CRs but NO BMT
Excl. Rel/died within median time to BMT
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TKI post alloHSCTYes/No?PETHEMA: post myeloablative alloHSCT poorly tolerated only 62% started, many discontinued
U of Minn trend towards better outcome on those given imatinib (v. small study)
Seattle RIC allo – trend towards better outcome when imatinib was given but no effect on relapse
For everyone or selected patients ?GMALL up-front at 3 months vs. only upon BCR-ABL re-appearancePoorly tolerated when started earlyNo difference so far between the groups
For how long?No idea….! Most studies select 1-2 years - empirically
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•Higher CR rate by 10% with no increase in TRMwhen imatinib is added to therapy
• Imatinib almost doubled the rate of alloHSCT in UKALL12/ECOG2993
• Overall, significantly improved outcomes in all endpoints measured are typical in imatinib containing regimens
Overall Outcomes for Ph+ ALL Rx are now encouraging:UKALL 62%GMALL 72%OS @3y imatinib/alloJALSG 65%
Conclusions
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Conclusions
•improved outcome in TKI era relates mostly to a higher rate of alloHSCT --- modest (?no) long term benefit to imatinib where HSCT not achieved
•UKALL12/E2993 and GMALL studies – still poor outcome where no myeloablative alloHSCT
No role for omitting alloHSCT in adults with Ph+ ALL
Not yet clear how best to use TKI post allo
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I think I’d rather manage a large international collaboration
of transplant physicians
Strong argument for future, large international co-operative studies
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UKALL12/ECOG2993Ph positive arm: imatinib
Adele K. FieldingGeorgina BuckLetizia Foroni
Hillard LazarusMark Litzow
Selina M. LugerDavid I. Marks
Andrew K. McMillanAnthony MoormanElisabeth Paietta
Susan M. RichardsJacob M. Rowe
Marty S. TallmanAnthony H.Goldstone
Funded:
UK National Cancer Research Institute
Adult ALL Subgroup
USA
Eastern Co-operative
Oncology Group