Pewhispanic Remittances 2013

8/13/2019 Pewhispanic Remittances 2013

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Remittances to Latin America Recoverbut Not to Mexico

www.pewresearch.org

About This Report

This report examines official flows of remittances, including overall trends from 2000 to 2013 as

well as contributions from the U.S. in 2005 and 2012, with a particular focus on 17 Spanish-

speaking nations in Latin America: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican

Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay,

Peru, Uruguay and Venezuela. Data also are included separately about Brazil. The data in this

report, both for remittances and other economic indicators, are derived from theWorld Bank.

Data on immigrant populations in the U.S. come from the U.S. Census Bureaus American

Community Survey. This report was written by DVera Cohn, Ana Gonzalez-Barrera and Danielle

Cuddington. The authors thank Mark Hugo Lopez, Jon Cohen, Rakesh Kochhar, Jeffrey Passel and

Paul Taylor for editorial guidance and data analysis and Dilip Ratha for supplying 2005 data about

U.S. remittances to Latin America. Anna Brown number-checked the report. Marcia Kramer was

the copy editor. Find related reports from the Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends Projectonline at pewresearch.org/hispanic.

A Note on Terminology

The terms Latino and Hispanic are used interchangeably in this report.

Unless otherwise specified, references to Latin America comprise the following Spanish-speaking

countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El

Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and

Venezuela. Cuba is not included because of lack of available data. Totals for Brazil are included

separately.

Remittances include money sent via formal channels by migrants themselves, as well as

compensation of employees working in other countries. Compensation generally accounts for a

small fraction of the total. See text box on page 6 for more detail.

Adults refer to those ages 18 and older.


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About Pew Research Center

Pew Research Center is a nonpartisan fact tank that informs the public about the issues, attitudes

and trends shaping America and the world. It does not take policy positions. It conducts public

opinion polling, demographic research, media content analysis and other empirical social science

research. The center studies U.S. politics and policy views; media and journalism; internet and

technology; religion and public life; Hispanic trends; global attitudes and U.S. social and demo-

graphic trends. All of the centers reports are available at www.pewresearch.org. Pew Research

Center is a subsidiary of The Pew Charitable Trusts.

Alan Murray,President

Jon Cohen, Vice President, Research

Elizabeth Mueller Gross, Vice President

Paul Taylor,Executive Vice President, Special ProjectsAndrew Kohut,Founding Director

Pew Research Center 2013


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Table of Contents

About This Report 1

A Note on Terminology 1

About Pew Research Center 2

Table of Contents 3

1. Overview 4

Mexico Falls, Latin America Overall Recovers 4

Remittance Patterns 6

Impact and Use of Remittances 7

Who Sends Remittances Home? 8

2. Remittance Trends 12

Countries Where Remittances Fell, but Recovered 13

Countries Where Remittances Continue to Rise 14

Countries Where Remittances Fell and Did Not Recover 15

Comparing 2005 and 2012 U.S. Remittances 16

Remittances and Other Economic Indicators 17

3. Sources of Remittances to Latin America 19

Remittances to Latin America from Other Countries 20

References 22

Appendix: Individual Country Trends 24


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78%

8%

1%

14%

Canada

Spain

U.S.

Other

during the U.S. recession years of 2007 to 2009. They bounced back in most of the other

individual Spanish-speaking Latin American nations with remittances of more than $500 million

a year. Of the dozen other nations, seven are estimated to have higher remittances in 2013 than

during the U.S. recession years of 2007 to 2009.

Remittances to Mexico peaked in 2006, a year earlier than the recent high point for Spanish-

speaking Latin American nations as a whole. Aside from a single-year increase in 2011, they have

fallen each year since then. Other countries in which 2013 estimated remittance flows have not

recovered from declines during the U.S. recession years of

2007 to 2009 are Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominican

Republic and Ecuador.

However, in seven other Spanish-speaking Latin American

countries, remittances either have rebounded from declinesduring the recession years of 2007 to 2009 or did not fall

markedly during those years. In Bolivia, El Salvador,

Guatemala and Honduras, remittances are estimated to be

higher in 2013 than at their peak before the recession. In

Nicaragua, Paraguay and Peru, remittances did not decline and

have continued to rise.

The decline in remittances to Mexiconearly all of which come

from the U.S.is linked to economic changes in the U.S.,

where one-in-ten Mexican-born people live (Passel, Cohn and

Gonzalez-Barrera, 2012). The U.S. housing market crash hurt

Mexican immigrants for whom the construction industry is a

major job source, although a World Bank analysis concludes

that the housing markets link to remittance totals has

weakened since 2011 (World Bank, 2013).

Another factor in the fall of remittances to Mexico could be the

decline in the Mexican immigrant population in the U.S. since

the onset of the recession, due to decreased arrivals andincreased departures, including deportations. A Pew Research

Center analysis of government data found that recent

migration from the U.S. to Mexico equals and possibly exceeds migration from Mexico to the U.S.

through at least 2012 (Passel, Cohn and Gonzalez-Barrera, 2012).

FIGURE 2

Share of Latin America

Remittances from Top

Sending Countries, 2012

% of total remittances

Notes: Latin America comprises Argentina,

Bolivia, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica,

Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Mexico, Nicaragua,

Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Uruguay and

Venezuela. Parts may not sum to 100% due

to rounding.

Source: World Bank 2012 Bilateral

Remittance Matrix

http://go.worldbank.org/092X1CHHD0

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

Otros pases que no se han recuperado son: Argentina, Colombia, Costa Rica,Repblica Dominicana y Ecuador.

Otro factor que puede incidir en la caida de las remesas es la baja de la poblacinmexicana inmigrante en los EU dado que han disminuido la migracin sumando losretornos incluso las deportaciones.


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total of $123.3 billion in 2012, according to World Bank data. Saudi Arabia ($27.6 billion in 2012)

is next, followed by Canada ($23.9 billion).

Among all countries, the largest recipient of remittances is India, with an estimated $71 billion in2013. China ranks second ($60.2 billion), followed by the Philippines ($26.1 billion). Mexico ranks

fourth.

Impact and Use of Remittances

Remittances are a larger source of money to Latin America than

official foreign aid. In 2011, when foreign aid to Spanish-speaking

Latin America nations totaled $6.2 billion, formal remittances

were more than eight times that$53.1 billion. Foreign aidtotals

less than remittances in each Spanish-speaking Latin Americannation except Chile and Peru.

Money sent home by migrants represents a varying share of the

gross domestic product throughout Spanish-speaking Latin

America. The highest shares are in three Central American

nations, according to the World Bank: El Salvador (16.5% in

2012), Honduras (15.7%) and Guatemala (10.0%).

What is the impact of remittances? On the macro level, the World

Bank has included remittance inflows in its measure of

creditworthiness since 2009, so nations with high levels of formal

remittances may be allowed to borrow more money than they

otherwise could. At the household level, as might be expected,

those who receive remittances have higher incomes, spend more

and are less likely to be extremely poor than those who do not

receive remittances (Ratha, 2013).

A significant part of remittances, often the majority, is spent on

food, clothing and other day-to-day needs, according to research.

Although there is variation by country, a significant, but smaller, share goes to saving and

investment, especially among households that no longer include young children (Massey et al.,

2012). Households that receive remittances also are more likely than those that do not to spend

money on health care and education (Ratha, 2013).

TABLE 1

Remittances as a Share

of GDP, 2012

%

Country Share

El Salvador 16.5

Honduras 15.7

Guatemala 10.0

Nicaragua 9.7

Dominican Republic 6.1

Bolivia 4.1

Ecuador 2.9

Paraguay 2.5

Mexico 2.0

Peru 1.4

Costa Rica 1.2Colombia 1.1

Panama 1.1

Uruguay 0.2

Argentina 0.1

Venezuela 0.0

Chile 0.0

Source: World Bank Annual Remittances

Data Inflows, Oct. 2013


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However, research is inconclusive about the impact of remittances on a receiving nations

economy. Some studies have found that labor force participation declines in households that

receive remittances, which hurts economic growth (Chami et al., 2003). Other studies focused on

the impact of remittances in Mexico have found that at the state level remittances improveregional labor markets by raising employment levels (Orrenius et al., 2012).

The average cost of sending remittances to Latin America was 7.3% in late 2013, according to the

World Bank, a decline from past years (World Bank, 2013a). The growing role of technology,

especially mobile banking and online money transfers, has made it easier to send money home

(Orozco, 2012). It also has made it easier, along with improved measurement methods by banks,

for governments and central banks to track remittances. Lower costs, improved technology and

better tracking have played a role in increasing

the sum of formal remittances, and some

research suggests that these factors, notfundamental economic changes, likely account

for most growth in formal remittances over the

2000s (Orrenius et al., 2012)

Who Sends Remittances Home?

Remittance totals are strongly linked to the size

of a particular countrys immigrant population

in the U.S. and the share of its emigrants who

live in the U.S. For example, the four Latin

American nations that get the highest share of

their remittances from the U.S.Mexico, El

Salvador, Guatemala and Hondurasalso are

the top four in terms of the share of their

emigrants who live in the U.S. The Latin

American nations with the lowest share of

remittances from the U.S.Uruguay, Bolivia

and Paraguayalso have the lowest share of

emigrants living in the U.S.

Most immigrants do send remittances home,

and so do some people born in the U.S.; a Pew

Research Center survey in 2008 found that 54%

of foreign-born Hispanics and 17% of U.S.-born

TABLE 2

U.S. Share of International Emigrantsand Remittances

%

Country% of Emigrants

in the U.S., 2010% of Remittances

from the U.S., 2012

Mexico 96 98

El Salvador 87 90

Guatemala 87 89

Honduras 81 87

Panama 79 72

Dominican Republic 70 78

Costa Rica 64 69

Ecuador 38 39

Peru 37 39

Nicaragua 37 43

Venezuela 33 35

Colombia 30 32

Argentina 19 18

Chile 15 16

Bolivia 13 13

Uruguay 12 15

Paraguay 4 6

Notes: Ranked by share of international emigrants living in the U.S.

Source: Pew Research Center estimates of migrant population

stocks, 2010. World Bank 2012 Bilateral Remittance Matrix


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Hispanics say they send money to their home country (Lopez,

Livingston and Kochhar, 2009).

Some research has found that foreign-born U.S. citizens and legalpermanent residents are less likely to send remittances than

unauthorized immigrants who may have less attachment to the

U.S. and more to their home country (Massey et al., 2012).

This report is based mainly on data on remittances compiled by

the World Bank, including overall trends for 2000 to 2013 as well

as country-to-country flows for 2012. To add context to the

remittance findings, the report also usesWorld Bank dataon

foreign aid and GNP, as well as 2012 estimates from the U.S.

Census BureausAmerican Community Surveyon the immigrantpopulation in the U.S. from selected Latin American nations.

TABLE 3

Remittances Received,

2013 estimatesIn millions, U.S. dollars

CountryTotal

Remittances

Mexico 22,000

Guatemala 5,412

Colombia 4,642

El Salvador 4,217

Dominican Republic 3,706

Honduras 3,165

Peru 3,012

Ecuador 2,571

Bolivia 1,260Nicaragua 1,108

Paraguay 760

Argentina 613

Costa Rica 610

Panama 495

Venezuela 123

Uruguay 108

Chile 0

Source: World Bank Annual Remittances

Data Inflows, Oct. 2013


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15/42

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16/42

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17/42

16

PEW RESEARCH CENTER

www.pewresearch.org

Remittances to Costa Rica, about two-thirds of which come from the U.S., rose sharply from 2000

($185 million) to 2007 ($697 million). Remittance totals fell or leveled off after that until

resuming their upward climb in 2012. In 2013, Bolivia received an estimated $610 million in

remittances.

In the Dominican Republic, which receives three-quarters of its remittances from the U.S., money

sent home by migrants has grown by about half since 2000, when it totaled $2.5 billion.

Remittances peaked at $3.9 billion in 2008, and have been up and down somewhat since then. In

2013, the Dominican Republic received an estimated $3.7 billion in remittances.

Remittances to Ecuador totaled $1.8 billion in 2000, then rose to a peak of $3.8 billion in 2007

before falling or leveling off. In 2013, Ecuador received an estimated $2.6 billion in remittances,

about a third lower than its peak total. Spain is the main contributor of remittances to Ecuador,

followed by the U.S.

Comparing 2005 and 2012 U.S. Remittances

Although yearly data showing U.S. remittances to Latin American nations has not been published,

the Pew Research Center analyzed an unpublished World Bank database of U.S. remittances in

2005, two years before the start of the Great Recession. A comparison of 2005 to 2012 U.S.

remittances shows that the total sent to Spanish-speaking Latin American nations rose 10% over

the period in real terms, from $37.3 billion in 2005 to $41 billion in 2012.

However, the change varied greatly among individual nations. U.S. remittances to Mexicothe

largest destination countrydeclined slightly (3%) in real terms, from $23.6 billion in 2005 to

$22.8 billion in 2012. Remittances to Colombia fell 18% in real dollars from 2005 to 2012.

However, among other countries with total remittances of $500 million or more, all had double-

digit percentage increases in remittance growth from the U.S. since 2005. In three countries, the

amount more than doubled: Bolivia (135%), Paraguay (119%) and Honduras (115%). U.S.

remittances to Panama, which received 72% of its remittances from the U.S. in 2012, also grew

sharplyby 181% between 2005 and 2012.

As a result of these differing trajectories, there were changes in rank among the top 10 recipients

of U.S. remittances. Honduras received more remittances in 2012 than Colombia, the reverse of

their positions in 2005. Similarly, Peru received somewhat more than Ecuador in 2012

remittances, a reversal from 2005.


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Remittances and Other Economic Indicators

Remittances are an important contributor to the economies of some Latin American nations. In

2012, according to World Bank data, remittances accounted for about 10% or more of GDP in four

nations: El Salvador (16.5%), Honduras (15.7%), Guatemala (10%) and Nicaragua (9.7%).

However, for most Latin American nations, remittances make up a far smaller share of GDP. In

2012, they amounted to less than 1% of GDP in

Argentina, Chile, Uruguay and Venezuela.

According to the World Bank (World Bank,

2013), remittances worldwide amount to

nearly three times the size of foreign aid, or

official development assistance. In Spanish-

speaking Latin America, according to World

Bank data for 2011 (the latest available),

remittances ($53.1 billion) amount to more

than eight times the total of foreign aid to the

region ($6.2 billion).

The size of the difference between remittances

and foreign aid varies by nation. Remittances

are about 34 times the amount of foreign aid in

Nicaragua, and about 10 times or more foreignaid in Costa Rica, Dominican Republic,

Ecuador and El Salvador. At the other end of

the scale, remittances are less than twice

foreign aid in Bolivia. In Chile and Peru,

remittances are less than foreign aid.

The total amount of remittances sent to each

Latin American country from the U.S. is linked

to the size of each countrys foreign-born adult

population in the U.S. Likewise, the share of

remittances to each country that comes from

the U.S. is closely linked to the share of that

nations emigrants who live in the U.S.

TABLE 4

Total Remittances from the U.S. per

Immigrant Adult Living in the U.S., 2012

Adultimmigrants

Totalremittances

Remittancesper capita

(thousands) (millions) (dollars / adult

immigrant)

Guatemala 792 4,400 5,558

Honduras 493 2,579 5,231

Costa Rica 73 361 4,923

Brazil 303 1,306 4,311

Panama 102 340 3,353

Dominican Republic 888 2,732 3,076

El Salvador 1,210 3,555 2,939

Peru 401 1,091 2,721

Ecuador 402 1,047 2,607

Mexico 10,786 22,811 2,115

Colombia 635 1,330 2,094

Bolivia 67 130 1,940

Nicaragua 251 430 1,710

Argentina 166 105 630

Uruguay 42 15 348

Venezuela 177 44 251

Chile 82 1 6

Notes: Ranked by remittances per capita from the U.S. Adult

immigrant population data not available for Paraguay.

Source: Pew Research Center estimates based on U.S. CensusBureau 2012 American Community Survey and World Bank 2012

Bilateral Remittance Matrix http://go.worldbank.org/092X1CHHD0

PEW RESEARCH CENTER


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18

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Mexico, with by far the largest adult population in the U.S. (10.8 million in 2012) received the

largest total remittances.1Guatemala, fourth-ranked in adult population, ranked second in total

remittances. The Dominican Republic, third-ranked in adult population in the U.S., was the

fourth-largest remittance recipient in 2012.

However, the per capita amount of remittance sent home has less to do with population size in the

U.S. Although Mexicans send home the largest total of remittances, they ranked ninth among 16

Spanish-speaking Latin American nations in remittances per capita in 2012. Similarly, Colombia

ranked fifth in adult population size in 2012 but 10th in per capita remittances.

Meanwhile, Costa Rica ranked 15th in adult population size in 2012 but third in per capita

remittances. Guatemala, fourth-ranked in adult population size, sent home the highest per capita

remittances in 2012. Honduras, ranked sixth for adult population, sent home the second-highest

per capita remittance.

1For this analysis, the adult population ages 18 and older, rather than total population, is used in order to focus on the potential pool

of remittance senders.


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19


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98

90

89

87

78

78

72

69

43

39

39

35

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18

16

15

13

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2

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11

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22

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61

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82

84

85

87

94

Mexico

El Salvador

Guatemala

Honduras

Dominican Republic

Latin America

Panama

Costa Rica

Nicaragua

Ecuador

Peru

Venezuela

Colombia

Argentina

Chile

Uruguay

Bolivia

Paraguay

% from U.S. % Other

3. Sources of Remittances to Latin America

The United States is the single largest source

of remittances to Spanish-speaking Latin

America, accounting for $41 billion of the

$52.9 billion in money sent home by migrants

in 2012. Funds transferred to Latin America

account for a third (33%) of remittances from

the U.S., according to World Bank data

analyzed by the Pew Research Center.

Although about three-quarters (78%) of all

remittances to Spanish-speaking Latin

American countries come from the U.S., theshare varies widely from country to country. In

Mexico, 98% of remittances are sent from the

U.S.; in Paraguay, 6% are. Mexico also towers

over other Latin American countries in the

amount of U.S. remittances it receives: $22.8

billion in 2012, accounting for more than half

of money transferred to the region from the

U.S. The nation with the next highest

amountGuatemalareceived $4.4 billion.

Of the 17 Spanish-speaking countries that are

the focus of this report, the U.S. is the main

source of remittances to seven. In addition to

Mexico, the U.S. is the source of the majority

0f remittance money received in El Salvador,

Guatemala, Honduras, Dominican Republic,

Panama and Costa Rica, in order of share from

the U.S. It is the largest sending country of

remittances to Peru, Colombia and Venezuela.

Spain sends more than the U.S. in remittances

to Argentina, Bolivia, Ecuador, Paraguay and

Uruguay.

FIGURE 7

Percentage of Total Country

Remittances from U.S., 2012

%

Source: World Bank 2012 Bilateral Remittance Matrix


PEW RESEARCH CENTER


21/42

Remitt

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21


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44

42

35

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17

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12

8

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56

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65

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Ecuador

Bolivia

Argentina

Venezuela

Uruguay

Colombia

Paraguay

Peru

Chile

Dominican Republic

Latin America

Honduras

Panama

Costa Rica

Nicaragua

Guatemala

El Salvador

Mexico

% from Spain % Other

The U.S. was the largest contributor ($1.3

billion) in 2012 to Colombias $4.1 billion in

remittances, followed by Venezuela ($1.1

billion) and Spain ($751 million). Colombiareceived half (49%) of its remittances from

nations other than the U.S. or Spain in 2012.

Nicaragua received $1 billion in remittances in

2012, 56% of it from nations other than the

U.S. or Spain. Costa Rica ($444 million) was

the largest source of remittances to Nicaragua

in 2012, followed by the U.S. ($430 million)

and Spain ($18 million).

Paraguay received $872 million in remittances

in 2012; 59% of that amount ($512 million)

came from Argentina.

Peru received 44% of its $2.8 billion in 2012

remittances from nations other than the U.S.

or Spain. The U.S. ($1.1 billion) and Spain

($472 million) were the top source countries,

followed by Italy ($236 million).

FIGURE 8

Percentage of Total Country

Remittances from Spain, 2012

%

Source: World Bank 2012 Bilateral Remittance Matrix


PEW RESEARCH CENTER


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22

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References

Chami, Ralph, Connel Fullenkamp and Samir Jahjah. 2003. Are Remittance Flows a Source of

Capital for Development? International Monetary Fund Working Paper 03/189.

Washington, DC: International Monetary Fund.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/wp/2003/wp03189.pdf

Connor, Phillip. 2012. Faith on the Move: The Religious Affiliation of International Migrants.

Washington, DC: Pew Research Centers Religion & Public Life Project, March.

http://www.pewforum.org/2012/03/08/religious-migration-exec/

International Monetary Fund. 2011. Balance of Payments and International Investment Position

Manual, Sixth edition. Washington, DC.

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/bop/2007/bopman6.htm

Lopez, Mark Hugo, Gretchen Livingston and Rakesh Kochhar. 2009. Hispanics and the Economic

Downturn: Housing Woes and Remittance Cuts. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centers

Hispanic Trends Project, January. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2009/01/08/hispanics-

and-the-economic-downturn-housing-woes-and-remittance-cuts/

Massey, Douglas S., Jorge Durand and Karen A. Pren. 2012. Migradollars in Latin America: A

Comparative Analysis. Chapter 12 in Migration and Remittances from Mexico: Trends,

Impacts and New Challenges. Alfredo Cuecuecha and Carla Pederzini, eds. Lanham, MD:

Lexington Books.

Orozco, Manuel. 2012. Future Trends in Remittances to Latin America and the Caribbean.

Washington, DC: Inter-American Dialogue, May.

http://www.thedialogue.org/PublicationFiles/IAD8642_Remittance_0424enFINAL.pdf

Orrenius, Pia M., Madeline Zavodny, Jesus Canas and Roberto Coronado. 2012. Remittances as

an Economic Development Engine: Regional Evidence from Mexico. Chapter 10 in

Migration and Remittances from Mexico: Trends, Impacts and New Challenges. Alfredo

Cuecuecha and Carla Pederzini, eds. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.

Passel, Jeffrey, DVera Cohn, and Ana Gonzalez-Barrera. 2012. Net Migration from Mexico Falls

to Zeroand Perhaps Less. Washington, DC: Pew Research Centers Hispanic Trends

Project, April. http://www.pewhispanic.org/2012/04/23/net-migration-from-mexico-

falls-to-zero-and-perhaps-less/


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Ratha, Dilip. 2013. The Impact of Remittances on Economic Growth and Poverty Reduction.

Washington, DC: Migration Policy Institute, September.

http://www.migrationpolicy.org/pubs/Remittances-PovertyReduction.pdf

World Bank. 2005. Global Economic Prospects 2006: Economic Implications of Remittances and

Migration. Washington, DC: World Bank.

http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/2005/11/6413332/global-economic-

prospects-2006-economic-implications-remittances-migration

World Bank. 2011. Migration and Remittances Factbook 2011. Washington, DC: World Bank.

http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTLAC/Resources/Factbook2011-Ebook.pdf

World Bank. 2013. Migration and Remittance Flows: Recent Trends and Outlook: 2013-2016.

Washington, DC: World Bank, October.http://siteresources.worldbank.org/INTPROSPECTS/Resources/334934-

1288990760745/MigrationandDevelopmentBrief21.pdf

World Bank, 2013a. Remittance Prices Worldwide. Washington, DC: World Bank, September.

https://remittanceprices.worldbank.org/sites/default/files/RPW_Report_Sep2013.pdf


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Appe

FIGURE A.1

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Argenti

Total from th(in millions)

% of total fro

Remittancesfrom the U.S(dollars / ad

Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

dix: In

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

as GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.

per capita.lt immigrant)

g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

1

2

3

4

5

6

ividual

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Bank. Trends, 2

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24

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2002 20

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26/42

FIGURE A.2

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Bolivia


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

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Research Cen

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ons)

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ons)

GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Bo

T

(i

1,260

74

9

1,019

4.1

130

13

1,940

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

livia

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

25

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


27/42

FIGURE A.3

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Chiles


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

estimate is $3

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

DP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

million.

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Ch

T

(i

0

167

17

3

0.0

1

16

6

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

ile

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

26

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt. World Bank 2

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

013 estimate for

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

Chile is zero; 20

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

2

tances

om Pew


28/42

FIGURE A.4

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Colomb


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

ias GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Co

T

(i

4,642

27

3

4,110

1.1

1,330

32

2,094

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

lombia

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

27

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


29/42

FIGURE A.5

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Costa R


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

icas GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Co

T

(i

610

94

13

522

1.2

361

69

4,923

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

2000

sta Rica

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

28

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


30/42

FIGURE A.6

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of DominicGDP


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

an Republics

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Do

T

(i

3,706

32

5

3,505

6.1

2,732

78

3,076

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

minican R

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

29

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

epublic

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


31/42

FIGURE A.7

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Ecuado


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

s GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Ec

T

(i

2,571

41

8

2,682

2.9

1,047

39

2,607

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

uador

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

30

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


32/42

FIGURE A.8

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of El Salva


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

dors GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by El

T

(i

4,217

28

4

3,965

16.5

3,555

90

2,939

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

alvador

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

31

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


33/42

FIGURE A.9

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Guatem


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

alas GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Gu

T

(i

5,412

24

2

4,922

10.0

4,400

89

5,558

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

atemala

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

32

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


34/42

FIGURE A.10

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Hondur


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

ss GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Ho

T

(i

3,165

36

6

2,971

15.7

2,579

87

5,231

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

nduras

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

33

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


35/42

FIGURE A.11

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in billi

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in billi

% of Mexico

Total from th(in billions)

% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

methodology t

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ns)

a rank

ts, 2012

ns)

s GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

han more recent

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

1

1

2

2

3

3

ived by M

T

(i

22.0

4

1

23.2

2.0

22.8

98

2,115

ecession. 2013 i

data used for 20

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

5,000

0,000

5,000

0,000

5,000

0,000

5,000

2000

xico

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

13 facts and tren

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

34

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

d chart.

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

22013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


36/42

FIGURE A.12

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Nicarag


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

uas GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Ni

T

(i

1,108

76

10

1,010

9.7

430

43

1,710

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

aragua

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

35

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


37/42

FIGURE A.13

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Panam


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

s GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Pa

T

(i

495

101

14

472

1.1

340

72

3,353

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

nama

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

36

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


38/42

FIGURE A.14

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Paragu


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

Bank estimate

2013 facts an

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

ys GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

. 2012 facts are

d trend chart.

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Pa

T

(i

760

87

11

872

2.5

56

6

n.a.

ecession. Dashed

based on 2012

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

raguay

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

line indicates a

orld Bank data t

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

37

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

hange in metho

hat used a differ

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

ology that signifi

ent remittance m

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

icantly affected t

ethodology than

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

e trend. 2013 is

ore recent data

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

World

used for

tances

om Pew


39/42

FIGURE A.15

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Perus


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

DP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Pe

T

(i

3,012

37

7

2,808

1.4

1,091

39

2,721

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

2000

ru

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

38

SEARCH CENT

ewresearch.or

2002 2

es Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

ER

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


40/42

FIGURE A.16

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Urugua


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

s GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Ur

T

(i

108

131

16

99

0.2

15

15

348

ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

ces to Latin A

www.

0

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

guay

tal Remittanc

millions, 201

World Bank esti

sed for 2013 fa

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

39

erica Recover

ewresearch.or

2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

om 2012 Bilater

Survey. http://g

but Not to Me

g

004 2006

000-2013

are based on 2

rt.

s and 2012 shar

al Remittance Ma

o.worldbank.org/

xico

2008

12 World Bank d

e of GDP from 2

trix; adult immig

092X1CHHD0

2010 201

ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

2 2013

ifferent

tances

om Pew


41/42

FIGURE A.17

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Venezu


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

remittance me

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

las GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

thodology than

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

ived by Ve

T

(i

123

128

15

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ecession. 2013 i

ore recent data

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

PEW RE

www.

0

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2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

2000

nezuela

tal Remittanc

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World Bank esti

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Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. share fr

rican Community

40

SEARCH CENT

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2002 2

s Received, 2

U.S. dollars)

mate. 2012 facts

ts and trend cha

13 total, rankin

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ER

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al Remittance Ma

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ata that used a d

13 Annual Remi

ant population fr

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ifferent

tances

om Pew


42/42

FIGURE A.18

Remitta

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

World rank

Latin Americ

Selected Fa

Total (in milli

% of Brazils


% of total fro


Notes: Shadin

Bank estimate

2013 facts an

Source: All re

Data Inflows,

Research Cen

PEW RESEAR

ces Rece

ts, 2013

ons)

a rank

ts, 2012

ons)

GDP

e U.S.

m the U.S.


g indicates U.S. r

. 2012 facts are

d trend chart. On

ittance and GDP

ct. 2013; 2012

er estimates bas

H CENTER

Remitta

ived by Br

T

(i

2,757

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n.a.

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4,311

ecession. Dashed

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ly Spanish-speaki

data from World

totals, U.S. totals

ed on 2012 Ame

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zil

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line indicates a

orld Bank data t

ing countries wer

Bank. Trends, 2

and U.S. shar

Pewhispanic Remittances 2013

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