PETROLEUM TESTING CENTER

PETROLEUM TESTING CENTERKERVIN B. ABAD BSCHE-5

WHAT IS A PETROLEUM TESTING CENTER ?– It is where professionals - analysts do their job of monitoring the

quality of its petroleum products. It ensures appropriate quality control for refinery finished products and individual unit operations and provides necessary laboratory support activities such as operation analysis.

PETROLEUM TESTING CENTER

TECHNICAL SECTION– IT IS WHERE SAMPLES COMING

FROM DIFFERENT COSTUMERS OR STATIONS ACROSS VISAYAS AND MINDANAO ARE TESTED TO MONITOR ITS CURRENT QUALITY.

FUEL SECTION– IT IS WHERE SAMPLES COMING

FROM DIFFERENT DEPOTS IN THE VISAYAS AND MINADANAO ARE TESTED FOR QUALITY THAT MUST MEET WITH THE STANDARD SPECS OF A SPECIFIC PRODUCT.

WHAT ARE THE PRODUCTS TESTED AT THE TECHNICAL SECTION?

USED MARINE LUBRICANT OILS– It is used in the engine of any

machines and other parts that moves relative to it.

USED HYDRAULIC LUBRICANT OILS– It is specifically used in hydraulics

only.

Why is it important to test Lube Oils ?– Reduces the cost involved in replacing the oil prematurely.

– Minimizes wear to your machinery by identifying issues early.

– Has the potential to enhance the life and performance of machinery.

– Reduces the risk of damage to machinery and products.

– Reduces the risk of injury to people and further costs in claims and damages.

TEST LINE-UP FOR USED MARINE LUBE OILS.– APPEARANCE

– COLOR

– WATER BY DISTILLATION

– KINEMATIC VISCOSITY @ 40°C– TOTAL BASE NUMBER

– PENTANE INSOLUBLES

– FLASH POINT

APPEARANCETEST METHOD: VISUAL

SCOPE:- It describes the immediate state of a sample by the naked eye. The test

describes the sample’s appearance by either of the four observations : clear, hazy, slightly hazy, emulsified or in the case of black or dark brown samples, a dash line is required.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test mainly describes the external condition of the sample and

depending on its appearance one may prematurely conclude or assume the probable cause based on its observation.


PROCEDURE:- the sample is placed in a color tube and visually describe its appearance with

one of the following possible results:

CLEAR is written if the sample is clean and the light can easily penetrate through the sample allowing a vivid view of the surrounding environment.

SLIGHTLY HAZY is written if the sample has slight turbidity, this can be confirmed by placing a finger behind the sample relative to your eyes’ position under a sufficient light source. If you can see your finger barely then the sample is slightly hazy.


HAZY is written if the sample is very cloudy that an image of your finger placed behind the sample cannot be recognized.

EMULSIFIED is written if the sample has white remains that can be seen when a thin film of the sample slides over the color tube’s surface, it is usually accompanied with cloudy appearance. This may be due to a relatively high amount of water in it.

DASH LINE is drawn for samples of black color.

COLORTEST METHOD ASTM D 1500 / VISUAL

SCOPE:- It identifies the color of a sample from a range of 0.5 to 8 for a total of 16 possible test results

or visually for black and dark colored samples (dark green, dark brown, etc.).

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test allow consumers to easily identify the product they are using and its quality. The

product can be monitored through color as it may suggest possible contamination of insolubles if it is black or the presence other impurities and may also describe its time of service.

COLORTEST METHOD ASTM D 1500 / VISUALPROCEDURE:– A color tube was filled with the sample up to the mark.

– Then, it is placed inside the colorimeter and the apparatus

was turned on.

– The knob is adjusted to match the color of the sample, the knob

replaces the glass slides which changes the projected color shades

in the standard sample which is a color tube filled with distilled water.

COLORTEST METHOD ASTM D 1500 / VISUAL– The standard sample must have an equal color with the sample tested and the

corresponding color number is displayed beside the apparatus.

– If the exact color is neither in the range but is less than a specific color number the sample must be slightly lighter than the standard sample and the test is reported less than the color that is closest with the sample.

WATER BY DISTILLATIONTEST METHOD: ASTM D 95

SCOPE:- It determines the volumetric percentage of water in the sample from a range of 0-25%.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test monitors the acceptable water percentage which is until 1.0% only. Beyond this

may suggest that the lube oil used may cause damage on which it is used for such as rusting if it is continuously used any further.


– PROCEDURE:– In a 100 ml graduated cylinder with a stopper, it is filled 50 ml of Xylene

and 50 ml of the sample, place the stopper firmly and shake vigorously

afterwards.


– The mixture is poured into a round bottom flask and placed on

the heating mantle. A boiling chip is added to avoid spattering.

– The flask is connected with the distillation receiver and condenser

such that the set-up appears similar to the figure.

– The heating mantle is heated such that the rate of the distillate

is at least 2 drops per second. The distillation stops when a

constant volume of water collected persists for the next five

minutes. The whole process may take an hour.

KINEMATIC VISCOSITY @ 40°C TEST METHOD: ASTM D 445

SCOPE:- It determines the viscosity of the sample in cSt.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test allows the operation to adjust such that the product can be transported or stored

easily.


PROCEDURE:– The reverse type viscometer with a designated number 6 that

corresponds to the diameter of the capillary is filled

with the sample up to the mark and immediately place

a cork at the other end and placed in a

water bath @ 40 deg. Celsius for 10 min.


– The viscometer id is recorded and after 10 minutes the cork is

removed and the fluid is allowed to run through the first

reservoir and into the first mark.

– The timer immediately starts as it pass exactly at the second mark

and the fluid is allowed to fill the second reservoir and

the timer stops as it passes the third mark.

– The time elapsed is written and corrected by multiplying it with its

corresponding correction factors found in the list for the individual

Viscometer id’s.


For samples with clear appearance :

– The viscometer used for samples with clear appearance is the sil type,

the viscometer is filled with the sample anywhere between the two

at the first reservoir. Then the viscometer is placed in the water

bath for 10 mins.


– After 10 minutes, an aspirator is placed at the other end after squeezing it firmly.

– Aspirate the sample by slowly releasing the aspirator from your grip creating a vacuum and

sucking the sample into the second reservoir which is located in a higher altitude.

– Once the sample passes the first mark starting from the top most reservoir, release and remove the aspirator and allow the fluid to move downward and when it hits the first mark start the timer immediately.

– Allow the timer to run until the fluid pass the second mark at the bottom of the reservoir. Record the elapsed time and multiply it with its correction factor.

PENTANE INSOLUBLES TEST METHOD ASTM D 893

SCOPE:- It determines the weight percent of pentane insolubles in a 1 g sample.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test allows us to know how much of these insolubles are present in the sample which

suggest a potential cause of damage of any machine due to rusting if continuously used for a much longer period of time. This test method allows a 3.5 percent insolubles in a sample.


PROCEDURE:– Weigh a clean centrifuge tube (heated and cooled inside the desiccator) in the analytical balance and

record its initial weight.

– Tare the initial weight and pour precisely 1 g of sample inside the tube.

– Add enough amount of hexane into it (preferably just below the brand name of the tube) and placed the automatic stirrer and stir it vigorously until it is properly well mixed.

– Placed the mixture inside the centrifuge and allow it to run for 15 mins.

– Dispose off the supernatant liquid and wash it with hexanol and stir. Place the mixture inside the centrifuge for another 10 minutes and pour out the supernatant liquid. Place the tube with the insolubles in the oven at 100 deg. Celsius for 1 hour and allow it to cool down at room temperature in a desiccator.


– After cooling it down, weigh the tube with the insolubles and compute for the percent by weight composition of each samples.

For samples with more the 3.0 percent insolubles.

– Repeat the steps for pentane insolubles, after washing it with hexanol, add enough amount of toluene.

– Stir it until well mixed and place it inside the centrifuge for 15 mins. Dispose the supernatant liquid and wash it with toluene alcohol, stir well, place it inside the centrifuge for 15 mins. Dispose the supernatant liquid and placed it I the oven for 1 hr. at 100 deg. Celsius.

– After cooling it down, weigh the tube with the insolubles and compute for the percent by weight composition of each samples.

FLASH POINTTEST METHOD ASTM D 92SCOPE:

- It determines the flash point of used marine lube oil.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test gives important warning that a potential fire could start if the lube oil is exposed to a

temperature above its flash point as long as an ignition source and enough air is present.

FLASH POINTTEST METHOD ASTM D 92

PROCEDURE:– Fill a clean flash point test cup up to the mark.

– Place it in the Cleveland open cup semi-automatic flash and fire point tester.

– Open the valve for the LPG tank just enough to make a small opening.

– Turn off the exhaust fan in the hood. Turn on the COC and open the gas valve adjust the knob at 5.5.

– Adjust the test flame to bead size and test flash point at room temperature first by clicking the switch of the test flame back and forth.

FLASH POINTTEST METHOD ASTM D 92– When the temperature is near its expected flash point

test it for every 2 degree increment.

A sample is considered to have arrived at its flash point if a spark

or fire start at any point in the surface of the sample and

instantaneously propagates throughout the surface in

a fraction of a second.

TBNTEST METHOD ASTM D 2896

SCOPE:- It determines the TBN of used marine lube oil.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test gives important information on how much of base compounds is present through

titration which is needed to neutralize the acid formation produced during combustion in engine components.

TBNTEST METHOD ASTM D 2896PROCEDURE:– Weigh and tare test cup in the analytical balance, add enough amount of sample in the test cup.

– Prepare the KF titrator by washing the electrode either water and submerge it to water momentarily.

– Prepare test sample by adding TBN solvent to make a 60 ml solution.

– Place the electrode submerge in the solution and press “MEASURE”.

– Allow the reading to stabilize for 10 mins and press “ENTER”. Key-in the mass of the sample and press “START”. Wait for the result.

TBNTEST METHOD ASTM D 2896 – The result from this test must be close to the desired value of the sample. Check the graph afterwards

to see if the sample is property testes.

– The graph must have a constant reading or flat line before it stop.

Product Mass of Sample Expected Result

PXC 1040 0.4 10

PXC 1540 0.4 15

PXC 2040 0.3 20

PXC 3040 0.2 30

PXC 4040 O.1 40

PXC 5040 LESS 0.1 50

TEST LINE-UP FOR USED HYDRAULIC LUBE OILS.– APPEARANCE

– COLOR

– WATER BY DISTILLATION

– KINEMATIC VISCOSITY @ 40°C– TOTAL ACID NUMBER

– PENTANE INSOLUBLES

TEST LINE-UP FOR USED HYDRAULIC LUBE OILS.– The tests for color and appearance, water by distillation, pentane insolubles and

KV@40 degrees (for clear samples) are similar for used hydraulic lubes as of the used marine lubes.

TANTEST METHOD ASTM D 974

SCOPE:- It determines the TAN of used marine lube oil.

SIGNIFICANCE:- The test gives important information about lubricant oil degradation and quality.

TANTEST METHOD ASTM D 974

PROCEDURE:

Preparation of Sample

– Weight about 19 to 20 grams of the hydraulic lube oil samples.

Standardization

– Weigh 0.1 g of KHP and dissolve it with 40 mL of water.

– Titrate it with alcoholic KOH using phenolthalein as indicator.

– It must generate close results for two consecutive trials.

TANTEST METHOD ASTM D 974TAN determination

– Add 100 mL of TAN solution into a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask and titrate it using paranaptholbezene with the standardized alc. KOH. Record the volume used.

– Add the sample and titrate it with the same indicator until it endpoint. Record the volume used.

PETROLEUM TESTING CENTER

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