PRESENTATION PRESENTATION CHEMISTRYCHEMISTRY

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Faqih Riyadlo (08)Indit Rizasi Agustina (14)

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MINYAK DAN GAS MINYAK DAN GAS BUMI (GAS ALAM)BUMI (GAS ALAM)

Proses Pembentukan Minyak Proses Pembentukan Minyak BumiBumiCrude oil (English: petroleum, from the

Latin: petrus), also known as black gold is a viscous liquid, dark brown or greenish flammable, which is located in the upper layer of some areas of the earth's crust. Petroleum and natural gas derived from ocean microorganisms, plants and animals that died approximately 150 million years ago. The remains of these organisms to settle on the ocean floor, then covered by mud.

Teori Pembentukan Teori Pembentukan Minyak BumiMinyak Bumi1. Inorganic Theory (abiogenesis)

Based on inorganic theory, the formation of oil based on chemical processes, ie:a. With the CO2 theory hot alkalization (Berthelot)The reaction:alkali metal carbide + CO2carbide + H2O ocetylenaC2H2 C6H6 other components

b. Carbide theory of heat with water (Mendeleyef)

2.Teori Organik 2.Teori Organik (Biogenesis)(Biogenesis)

Based on the theory of Biogenesis, petroleum is formed because of permanent small leak in the carbon cycle. This carbon cycle occurred between the surface of the earth's atmosphere, which is depicted with two arrows with opposite direction, where the carbon is transported in the form of carbon dioxide (CO2). In the first, assimilate carbon dioxide in the atmosphere, meaning that CO2 is extracted from the atmosphere by photosynthetic organisms land and sea. In the second direction of CO2 released back.

Composition of Natural Gas, Composition of Natural Gas, Petroleum and CoalPetroleum and Coal

Minyak bumi dan gas alam adalah campuran kompleks hidrokarbon dan senyawa-senyawa organik lain. Gas alam terdiri dari alkana suku rendah, yaitu metana, etana, propana, dan butana. Selain alkana juga terdapat berbagai gas lain seperti karbondioksida (CO2) dan hidrogen sulfida (H2S), beberapa sumur gas juga mengandung helium.

Hidrokarbon yang terkandung dalam minyak bumi terutama adalah alkana dan sikloalkana, senyawa lain yang terkandung didalam minyak bumi diantaranya adalah Sulfur, Oksigen, Nitrogen dan senyawa-senyawa yang mengandung konstituen logam

Struktur hidrokarbon yang Struktur hidrokarbon yang ditemukan dalam minyak ditemukan dalam minyak mentah:mentah:1. Alkana (parafin)    CnH2n + 2 , alkana  ini

 memiliki  rantai  lurus  dan  bercabang, fraksi  ini  merupakan  yang terbesar di dalam minyak mentah.

2. Sikloalkana (napten)    CnH2n , Sikloalkana ada yang memiliki cincin 5 (lima) yaitu siklopentana ataupun cincin 6 (enam) yaitu sikloheksana.

3. Aromatik CnH2n -6Atom hidrogen pada senyawa benzena dapat diganti dengan gugus alkil CnH2n+1 sehingga membentuk senyawa alkil benzena. Ada pula senyawa aromatik dengan lebih dari satu cincin benzena, misalnya Naftalena dan Antrasena

sikloheksana siklopentana aromatik memiliki cincin 6

PETROLEUM PROCESSING PETROLEUM PROCESSING PROCESSPROCESS

1. Distillation1. DistillationDistillation is the

separation of petroleum fractions based on differences in their boiling points. Within this is the distillation of the fractionation.

Petroleum fractions produced by boiling point Petroleum fractions produced by boiling point range, among others, as follows:range, among others, as follows:

1. Gas

Carbon chain range: C1 to C5 Boiling Route: 0 to 50 ° C

2. Gasoline (Gasoline) Carbon chain range: C6 to C11 Boiling route: 50 to 85 ° C

3. Kerosene (Kerosene) The range of carbon chains: C12 to C20 Boiling route: 85 to 105 ° C

4. Diesel fuel The range of carbon chains: C21 to C30 Boiling route: 105 to 135 ° C

5. Heavy Oil Range ranai carbon: C31 to C40 Boiling route: 135 to 300 ° C

6. Residue Carbon chain ranges: above C40 Boiling route: above 300 ° C

2. Cracking2. Cracking

Cracking is the decomposition of hydrocarbon molecules, large molecules into smaller hydrocarbon compounds. This is a cracking example of processing oil or diesel oil into gasoline.

There are three ways cracking process, There are three ways cracking process, namely: namely:

How to heat (thermal cracking), namely the use of high temperature and low pressure.

Way catalyst (catalytic cracking), namely the use of catalysts.

Hydrocracking, is a combination of hydrocracking and hydrogenation to produce saturated compounds.

3. Reforming 3. Reforming Reforming is a change of molecular form of gasoline that is less good quality (straight carbon chain) into a better-quality gasoline (branched carbon chain). Reforming can also be an alteration of the molecular structure of paraffin hydrocarbons to aromatic compounds with high octane numbers.

Example reforming are as follows:

molybdenum oxide in Al2O3 atauplatina in lempung.

4. Alkylation and 4. Alkylation and Polymerisation Polymerisation Alkylation represents an increase in the number of atoms in a molecule into a molecule that is longer and branched. In this process using a strong acid catalyst such as H2SO4, HCl, AlCl3 (a strong Lewis acid). General reaction is as follows:

RH + CH2=CR’R’’ R-CH2-CHR’R” Polymerization is the process of merging small molecules into large molecules. General reaction is as follows:

M CnH2n Cm+nH2(m+n)

Examples of polymerization that is merging with the compound isobutana isobutena compounds produce high-quality gasoline, namely isooktana.

5. Treating5. TreatingTreating a petroleum refining by removing impurities, contaminant. Ways of treating the process is as follows:

1.Copper sweetening and treating doctor, the process of eliminating impurities that can cause this smell.

2.Acid treatment, namely the removal of mud and color improvement.

3.Dewaxing the process of removal of wax (paraffin n) with high molecular weight fractions of lubricating oil for lubricating oil menghasillkan with low pour point.

4.Deasphalting namely removal of asphalt from the fraction that is used for lubricating oil

5.Desulfurizing (desulfurization), the process of eliminating the element sulfur.

DesulfurizationDesulfurization

Desulfurization is a process used to remove sulfur compounds from petroleum. Basically there are two ways desulfurization, namely:

1.Using solvent extraction, as well as

2.Decomposition of sulfur compounds (mostly contained in the oil in the form merkaptan compounds, sulfide and disulfide) by catalytic hydrogenation process selective to hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and hydrocarbon origin of these sulfur compounds. Hydrogen sulfide generated from decomposition of sulfur compounds are then separated by fractionation or cleaning / dismantling.

6. Blending 6. Blending The process of blending is the addition of additive materials into petroleum fractions in order to improve the quality of the product. Gasoline which has a variety of quality petroleum products is an example of the most widely used in the series of very young country with a variety of weather. To meet the fuel quality is good, there are about 22 ingredients that can added mixing on processing process.

PETROLEUM PRODUCT PETROLEUM PRODUCT PROCESSING And Its BENEFITSPROCESSING And Its BENEFITS

Below are some of refined petroleum products and its utilization:

1.Fuel gas

Fuel gas used for domestic purposes and industri.

Gas fuel consisting of: LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) and LPG (Liquefied Petroleum Gas)

LPG, LPG (liquefied petroleum gas, literally: "liquefied petroleum gas"), is a mixture of different elements derived hydrocarbon natural darigas. By increasing pressure and decreasing temperature, the gas turned into liquid.

2. Petroleum ether or Naphtha, used as a solvent in industry.

3. Gasoline (petrol), used as fuel for motor vehicles.

4. Kerosene (kerosene), used as fuel for domestic purposes. Besides kerosene is also used as raw material for making gas oline through the process of cracking.

5. Diesel oil or diesel oil, used as fuel for diesel engines in vehicles such as buses, trucks, trains and tractors. In addition, diesel oil is also used as raw material for making gasoline through the cracking process.

6. Lubricating oil, used for lubricating machinery.

7. Bumiyang oil residues consist of: Paraffin, used in the process of making medicines,

cosmetics, bottle caps, industrial weaving looms, lighters, wax batik, and many more.

Asphalt, used as hardeners highway.

Polusi Udara Akibat Pembakaran Bahan Polusi Udara Akibat Pembakaran Bahan Bakar Fosil Bakar Fosil

1. Sumber Bahan Pencemaran  a. Pembakaran Tidak Sempurna Menghasilkan asap yang mengandung gas

karbon monoksida (CO), partikel karbon (jelaga), dan sisa bahan bakar (hidroksida).

b. Pengotor dalam Bahan Bakar Bahan bakar fosil mengandung sedikit belerang

yang akan menghasilkan oksida belerang (SO2 atau SO3).

c. Bahan Aditif (Tambahan) dalam Bahan Bakar Bensin yang ditambahi tetraethyllead (TEL) yang

punya rumus molekul Pb(C2H5)4 akan menghasilkan partikel timah hitam berupa PbBr2.

2. Asap Buang Kendaraan 2. Asap Buang Kendaraan BermotorBermotor

 a. Gas Karbon Dioksida (CO2) b. Gas Karbon Monoksida (CO) c. Oksida Belerang (SO2 dan SO3) d. Oksida Nitrogen (NO dan NO2) e. Partikel Timah Hitam

3. Pengubah Katalitik3. Pengubah Katalitik

Salah satu cara untuk mengurangi bahan pencemar yang berasal dari asap kendaraan bermotor adalah memasang pengubah katalitik pada knalpot kendaraan. Pengubah katalitik berupa silinder dari baja tahan karat yang berisi suatu struktur berbentuk sarang lebah yang dilapisi katalis (biasanya platina). Pada separuh bagian pertama dari pengubah katalitik, karbon monoksida bereaksi dengan nitrogen monoksida membentuk karbon dioksida dan gas nitrogen.

katalis 2CO(g) + 2NO(g) → 2CO2(g) + N2(g) gas-gas racun gas tak beracun Pada bagian berikutnya, hidrokarbon dan karbon

monoksida (jika masih ada) dioksidasi membentuk karbon dioksida dan uap air.

Pengubah katalitik hanya dapat berfungsi jika kendaraan menggunakan bensin tanpa timbel.

4. Efek Rumah Kaca   Berbagai gas dalam atmosfer, seperti karbon dioksida, uap

air, metana, dan senyawa keluarga CFC, berlaku seperti kaca yang melewatkan sinar tampak dan ultraviolet tetapi menahan radiasi inframerah. Oleh karena itu, sebagian besar dari sinar matahari dapat mencapai permukaan bumi dan menghangatkan atmosfer dan permukaan bumi. Tetapi radiasi panas yang dipancarkan permukaan bumi akan terperangkap karena diserap oleh gas-gas rumah kaca.

Efek rumah kaca berfungsi sebagai selimut yang menjaga suhu permukaan bumi rata-rata 15˚C. Tanpa karbon dioksida dan uap air di atmosfer, suhu rata-rata permukaan bumi diperkirakan sekitar –25˚C. Jadi, jelaslah bahwa efek rumah kaca sangat penting dalam menentukan kehidupan di bumi. Akan tetapi, peningkatan kadar dari gas-gas rumah kaca dapat menyebabkan suhu permukaan bumi menjadi terlalu tinggi sehingga dapat mneyebabkan berbagai macam kerugian.

   

5. Hujan Asam   Air hujan biasanya sedikit bersifat asam (pH sekitar 5,7). Hal itu terjadi karena air hujan tersebut melarutkan

gas karbon dioksida yang terdapat dalam udara, membentuk asam karbonat. CO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2CO3(aq) asam karbonat Air hujan dengan pH kurang dari 5,7 disebut hujan asam. a. Penyebab Hujan Asam SO2(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO3(aq) asam sulfit SO3(g) + H2O(l) → H2SO4(aq) asam sulfat 2NO2(g) + H2O(l) → HNO2(aq) + HNO3(aq) asam nitrit asam nitrat b. Masalah yang Ditimbulkan Hujan Asam - Kerusakan Hutan - Kematian Biota Air - Kerusakan Bangunan Bahan bangunan sedikit-banyak mengandung kalsuim karbonat. Kalsium karbonat larut dalam asam, maka

dapat bereaksi. CaCO3(s) + 2HNO3(aq) → Ca(NO3)2(aq) + H2O(l) + CO2(g) c. Cara Menangani Hujan Asam - Menetralkan asam - Mengurangi emisi SO2 - Mengurangi emisi oksida nitrogen