Petroleum Diesel Engine Emissions: Air Quality and Public Health Impacts and the Biodiesel...
Transcript of Petroleum Diesel Engine Emissions: Air Quality and Public Health Impacts and the Biodiesel...
Petroleum Diesel Engine Petroleum Diesel Engine Emissions: Air Quality and Emissions: Air Quality and
Public Health Impacts and the Public Health Impacts and the Biodiesel AlternativeBiodiesel Alternative
State Biodiesel Commission MeetingState Biodiesel Commission MeetingSeptember 11, 2008September 11, 2008
Melinda Treadwell, Ph.D.Melinda Treadwell, Ph.D.Keene State CollegeKeene State College
School of Professional and Graduate StudiesSchool of Professional and Graduate Studies
• What are the benefits and challenges for Diesel What are the benefits and challenges for Diesel Engines??Engines??
• What led to 2007/2014 Standards for Diesel What led to 2007/2014 Standards for Diesel Engines and Fuels?Engines and Fuels?
• What does Keene State College have to do with What does Keene State College have to do with any of this?any of this?
• What does Biodiesel have to do with any of What does Biodiesel have to do with any of this?this?
• What are some future research needs?What are some future research needs?
Today’s Presentation---Answers to:Today’s Presentation---Answers to:
Paracelsus (1493 - 1541)Paracelsus (1493 - 1541)
““All substances are poisons, there is none which is All substances are poisons, there is none which is not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison not a poison. The right dose differentiates a poison and a remedy.”and a remedy.”
THE DOSE MAKES THE POISONTHE DOSE MAKES THE POISON
The Science of ToxicologyThe Science of Toxicology
UncertaintyData gaps
Epidemiology
Cellular &Molecular
Assessment
Animal Models
Endpoint(s) Of
ConcernDose
Exposure
Potency
Concentration
Pollutant(s)Of
Concern
Emissions
Policy /Regulation
Health and EnvironmentalImpacts and Decision Making
Petroleum Diesel---benefits Many desirable qualities:
Efficient fuel,
Effective fuel/technology,
Available fuel,
Current system established….economic impact with change*
*In 2004 NH residents spent $710 million on diesel fuel and heating oil
Increasing concerns regarding health and environmental impacts of diesel equipment
• Asthma• Chronic bronchitis• Chronic obstructive airway disease• Cardio-pulmonary morbidity and mortality• Cancer… “likely to cause cancer in humans”• Ozone concentration increases
Increasing awareness of the emissions contribution to pollutants of concern from diesel engines
Over 25 years of basic and applied research to draw these conclusions
Diesel Fuel (Challenges)Diesel Fuel (Challenges)
• Increasing concerns regarding health and environmental impacts of diesel equipment
• Increasing awareness of the emissions contribution to pollutants of concern from diesel engines
Critical Events/Study• 1999: California study---MATES I and II—and regulation
• 2000: USEPA finalizes Diesel Health Assessment Document
• 2000 – current day: Non-road equipment exposure analyses at Keene State College, raising concern regarding potential impacts (occupational and environmental exposure standards)
• 2000-2006: USEPA tightens engine and fuel standards for on-highway and non-road diesel engines and tightens the national ambient air quality standard for fine particulate matter
Diesel Fuel (Challenges)Diesel Fuel (Challenges)
The Major Pollutants of Concern:The Major Pollutants of Concern:
• Fine particles (nanoparticles??)4 - 53%
• Irritant gases40 – 90%
• Cancer causing mixture? >70% of cancer risk in the LA Basin
Major Environmental Concerns:• NOx• Volatile organic compounds
Human Hair (45 - 130 µm diameter)PM2.5
(2.5 µm)
Hair cross section (~70 m)
PM4
(4µm)
M. Lipsett, California Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment
What are Fine Particles?A complex mixture of extremely small solid particles and drops of liquid in the air
Fine particles, or haze, restrict our ability to see long distances
HartfordOct. 8, 20024 p.m. EDT
Unadjusted Hourly conc. of fine particles – 4 g/m3
HartfordOct. 2, 20024 p.m. EDT
Unadjusted Hourly conc. of fine particles – 24 g/m3
Keene State College Safety Studies DepartmentKeene State College Safety Studies Department Research Activities evaluating Research Activities evaluating diesel and biodiesel emissionsdiesel and biodiesel emissions
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 Today
NIH-COBRE Award
US EPASTAR Grant
Bio Diesel
NIH-COBRE Award #2
Our ApproachOur Approach Use established occupational and environmental monitoring /analysis Use established occupational and environmental monitoring /analysis
methodsmethods
Monitor fine particulate matter exposure and ~45 gaseous pollutantsMonitor fine particulate matter exposure and ~45 gaseous pollutants
Monitor exposures at the perimeters of a worksite (environmental)Monitor exposures at the perimeters of a worksite (environmental)
Monitor in-cabin exposures (occupational)Monitor in-cabin exposures (occupational)
Track local meteorological conditionsTrack local meteorological conditions
Compare our monitoring results with allowable occupational and Compare our monitoring results with allowable occupational and environmental health-protective standardsenvironmental health-protective standards
KSC Exposure Assessment for KSC Exposure Assessment for Petroleum Diesel in Non-Road SectorPetroleum Diesel in Non-Road Sector
To quantify occupational and environmental exposures to diesel To quantify occupational and environmental exposures to diesel engine emissionsengine emissions
If appropriate…If appropriate…To evaluate exposure reduction options for diesel powered To evaluate exposure reduction options for diesel powered
equipment to provide occupational and environmental health equipment to provide occupational and environmental health improvementimprovement
Nonroad Exposure Project Nonroad Exposure Project ConclusionsConclusions
Nonroad diesel equipment activity Nonroad diesel equipment activity substantially increases* fine particulate substantially increases* fine particulate matter exposures. matter exposures.
*Average concentrations were 1-16X greater than normally *Average concentrations were 1-16X greater than normally recorded in each area. recorded in each area.
ConclusionsConclusions
Non-road heavy-duty Non-road heavy-duty diesel equipment activity diesel equipment activity increased* diesel particulate matter increased* diesel particulate matter exposures. exposures.
*Other projects have concluded that, in an urban *Other projects have concluded that, in an urban environment, diesel particulate “background” ranges environment, diesel particulate “background” ranges between 0.4 – 1.5 between 0.4 – 1.5 g/mg/m33. These data demonstrate that . These data demonstrate that nonroad equipment activities will increase these nonroad equipment activities will increase these concentrations by 1 - 6 X. concentrations by 1 - 6 X.
Measured Average Fine Particulate Matter ConcentrationLocation 8-hour Average Concentration
(g/m3)
New York City
09/14-17, 200273
(highest measured)
VT Ski Area, Shift #1 400
VT Ski Area, Shift #2 220
VT Ski Area, Shift #3 110
EPA requires a 24-hour fine particulate matter exposure of less than 35 g/m3
Our Smuggler’s Notch 24-hour average was 243 g/m3
Why not await the pending federal Why not await the pending federal requirements for petroleum diesel?requirements for petroleum diesel?
Fuel and new engine standards for highway Fuel and new engine standards for highway and non-road diesel engines on the way…and non-road diesel engines on the way…
Why not await the pending federal Why not await the pending federal requirements?requirements?
Phase in for nonroad emission controls 2008 and 2014.Phase in for nonroad emission controls 2008 and 2014.
New fuels and engine technologies likely not in the field for New fuels and engine technologies likely not in the field for years - decades to come.years - decades to come.
Current challenges with ultra low sulfur diesel for on-road Current challenges with ultra low sulfur diesel for on-road engines and engine technology delays (2007 standards) will engines and engine technology delays (2007 standards) will be a problem…be a problem…
After market emissions controls, cleaner fuels, or other After market emissions controls, cleaner fuels, or other emission reduction efforts focused on the current fleet or emission reduction efforts focused on the current fleet or stationary engines stationary engines will mean exposure reductions and will mean exposure reductions and environmental improvement immediatelyenvironmental improvement immediately..
Recognizing the significance of these Recognizing the significance of these emissions and the potential delay for emissions and the potential delay for federal emissions control to take federal emissions control to take effect….what emission reduction options effect….what emission reduction options exist ?exist ?
Alternative fuels---biodiesel??Alternative fuels---biodiesel??
BusinessDevelopment
Existing Infrastructure
Impacts
Feasibility
Economics
Environment
Public Health
ClimateChange
Sustainability
Non-petroleum
Fuel
PetroleumDiesel
Challenges
BiodieselUse
Central Question for our research Central Question for our research
Does B20 use result in lower emissions of:Does B20 use result in lower emissions of:
PMPM2.52.5
Elemental/Organic CarbonElemental/Organic Carbon Oxides of NitrogenOxides of Nitrogen
PM 2.5 : Diesel vs. Biodiesel
0.0
100.0
200.0
300.0
400.0
500.0
P1 P2 P3 MS1 TotalSite
Perimeters/Total Site
Con
cent
ratio
n(m
icro
gram
s/cu
bic
met
er)
Diesel
Biodiesel
Reduction in PM2.5 (~62%) was statistically significant (p=0.00001)
PM 2.5 - 24 HR Time Weighted Average Using Ambient Air DataDiesel vs. Biodiesel
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
P1 P2 P3 MS1
Perimeter
Aver
age
Conc
entra
tion
(ug/
m3 ) Diesel
Biodiesel
EPA 24Hr TWA
Elemental Carbon: Diesel vs. Biodiesel
0
2
4
6
8
P1 P2 P3 MS1 Total Site
Perimeters/Total Site
Con
cen
trat
ion
s(m
icro
gram
s/cu
bic
met
er)
Diesel
Biodiesel
Average Elemental Carbon concentration reduction (~22%) statistically significant p=0.014
Organic Carbon: Diesel vs. Biodiesel
0.05.0
10.015.020.025.030.035.0
P1 P2 P3 MS1 TotalSite
Perimeters/Total Site
Con
cen
trat
ion
(mic
rogr
ams/
cub
ic m
eter
)
Diesel
Biodiesel
~370% increase ---highly significant, p= 2E-11
Future Questions??Future Questions?? If these reductions could be reproduced for more If these reductions could be reproduced for more
mobile engines and stationary engines the emission mobile engines and stationary engines the emission reductions could be very substantialreductions could be very substantial 51-78% exposure reduction in PM51-78% exposure reduction in PM2.52.5
18-24% exposure reduction in elemental carbon18-24% exposure reduction in elemental carbon
Will the NOx results be consistently observed?Will the NOx results be consistently observed? Is there a potency reduction with biodiesel? Is there a potency reduction with biodiesel? The question of organic carbon increase must be The question of organic carbon increase must be
further investigatedfurther investigated370% increase--attributable to high potency compounds?370% increase--attributable to high potency compounds?
Monadnock Biodiesel CollaborativeMonadnock Biodiesel Collaborative
Production of Biodiesel
(250,000 gallons/year)
Fuel Quality Testing for Biodiesel
Exposure and Emissions Research and Education
Acknowledgements Acknowledgements
City of Keene
Mike BlastosMikaela Engert
Donna Hanscom Med KopczynskiGary LaFreniere
Dale PregentSteve Russell
Steve ThorntonDuncan Watson
Marcia White
J&S Environmental Services
John DiVincenzo
Keene State College
Andrew DenleyJoseph DiFraia
Jim DraperHelen Giles-Gee
Mike GrottonMary Jensen
Jay KahnChris LangilleAndrew McKeenMel Netzhammer
Gary OdenDonna PaleyIrissa Plouff
Joshua SwaseyNora Traviss
Bud Windsor
Batchelder Biodiesel Refineries
Lee BatchelderWilliam Langille
EPA P3 Grant833-52301
Sources of FundingHeineman Foundation
Janes TrustNational Institute of Health
P20RR018787EPA Star Fellowship
SP916576