Petroleum Allocation

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Allocation (oil and gas)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In thepetroleum industry, allocationrefers to practices of breaking down measures of quantitiesof extracted hydrocarbonsacross various contributing sources. [1]Allocation aids the attribution ofownerships of hydrocarbons as each contributing element to a commingled flowor to a storageof petroleum may have a unique ownership. ontributing sources in this context are typicallyproducingpetroleum wellsdelivering flows ofpetroleumor flows of natural gasto a commingled flowor storage.

!he terms hydrocarbon accountingand allocation are sometimes used interchangeably.[2][3]"ydrocarbon accounting has a wider scope, taking advantages of allocation results, it is thepetroleum management process by which ownership of extracted hydrocarbons is determinedand tracked from a point of sale or discharge back to the point of extraction. In this way,hydrocarbon accounting also covers inventory control, material balance, and practices to traceownership of hydrocarbons being transported in atransportation system, e.g. throughpipelinesto

customers distant from the production plant.In an allocation problem, contributing sources are more widely natural gas streams, fluidflowsormultiphase flowsderived from formationsor #ones in a well, from wells, and fromfields,unitised production entities or production facilities. In hydrocarbon accounting, quantities ofextracted hydrocarbon can be further split by ownership, by $cost oil$ or $profit oil$ categories,and broken down to individual composition fraction types. %uch components maybealkanehydrocarbons, boiling point fractions,[4]and mole weight fractions.[5][6]

Contents

&hide'

( %cope and terminology

o (.( )ore specific definitions

o (.* %cope

* +emand for allocation

o *.( "istory

o *.* enefits

- Allocation practices and methods

o -.( %ample configurations

o -.* )easurements

o -.- stimates, alternatives for measures

o -./ 0ncertainty in measures and allocation
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o -.1 2roportional allocation

o -.3 4wnership allocation

/ %ee also

1 5eferences

Scope and terminology[edit]

!he term allocate[]is being used in the sense to denote distributing according to a plan, but theetymology may also be linked to 6earmark6. [!]!he term accounting["]is being used in the sense todenote 7ustification of actions.[1#]

In the context of hydrocarbon accounting, an oil fieldis an area developed for exploration ofhydrocarbons from one or more reservoirs [11]in the underground. %ometimes one well extractshydrocarbons from more than one geologic formationor reservoir, hence it may be useful to divide

the oil field and its well streams by formations or layers. )ore than one oil field may shareinfrastructure like oil processing units and pipelines. !he field activities are regulated by a7urisdiction of a state and a contract of the licence. !he contract is a business arrangement forexploration of the oil field between the licensor, 8the mineral rightsowner, onshore in 0nited%tates often the land owner, elsewhere often the state possesses the ownership of mineral rightsincluding petroleum reservoirs9[12]and a licensee to share investment costs, operational costs,and income from the oil field. In case of aproduction sharing agreement, 2%A, the licensee will takeall development costs and have this capital recovered by $cost oil$. $2rofit oil$ will be shared bylicensee and the state.[13]!he licensee may be one oil company, or often a group of companiessharing the risks, costs and profit in a partnership, consortium or 7oint venture. When more thanone company is involved, the term $group ownership members$ is used, and the businessarrangement for petroleum extraction specifies the equity of cost and income for each member

company. Where apetroleum concessionary licence systemis in use rather than contractualtypeofpetroleum fiscal regime,ownership of extracted hydrocarbons are shared according to fixedequities of each member company.

More specifc defnitions[edit]

Field allocationorplatform allocationdenotes allocation cases where contribution sources aremore than one production field or more than one offshore platform, making a commingled flowinto a pipeline.[14]

Well allocationis a term used in the case where the contribution sources are productionpetroleum wells, or any type of in7ection well.

Component allocation: while the termproduct allocationis used to allocate the primary product

groups like oil, gas or condensate ingredients 8phase fractions9 to a contributing well for instance,[15]component allocation breaks down and allocate individual alkanehydrocarbonslike methaneandethane, to - isomerspentanesin a natural gas stream. omponents of crude oilstreams to be allocated may be split up by boiling pointfractions.[4]

4ther combinatorics on the allocation term includeproduction allocation,[16]hydrocarbonallocation,[1]pipeline allocationand back allocation.[14][1!][1"]Export allocationdenotes the allocationat a custody transfer where production quantities are transferred from an oil field. Allocation atexports decide exactly what quantities each partner of the contract is paid for. [2#]Ownershipallocationis also used to denote the income distribution from extracted hydrocarbons on eachpartner of a licence or 7oint business arrangement area.

Scope[edit]

Allocation is an ongoing process based on flow or volume measurements,and gives thedistribution of contributing sources, often with a final calculation per day, which in turn provides
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the basis for a daily production report in the case of a field that produces hydrocarbons.)oreover, the allocation process may be designed to split up a flow of multiple products of theindividual ingredients or phase fractions, for example when associated gas and water aresupplied with a crude oil flow,[1#]and each fraction within the commingled flow or storage isallocated between the contributors and its ownership. A traditional allocation practice will executequantity calculations for crude oil,natural$gas condensateandproduced waterbased on measured

results from periodic, time;limited well tests.%atural gasflows from pure gas wells are usuallymeasured continuously at or near the individual wellheads.

Within the wider scope of hydrocarbon accounting< all measurements and parameters used forcalculations are being deposited in a data storage, results of calculations along with methodsused in calculations, are stored in a manner that is accepted by the internal and external audit.%tored results can be further utilised to optimise the reservoir performance of a producing field,possibly optimising the utilisation in case of a transportation system.

!he hydrocarbon accounting process is emphasi#ing the tracking of all hydrocarbons throughflows until a sale to a customer has occurred or hydrocarbons are disposed for including all fluiddischarges, vents and flaring of gas, consumption of gas for power production at the facility, andquantities ofevaporationfrom oil storages. %imilarly, measurements of in7ected flow of water and

gas into the reservoir through in7ection wells are being part of hydrocarbon accounting.

Demand for allocation[edit]

Allocation is commercial rooted in the need to distribute the costs, revenues and taxes amongmultiple players collaborating on field development and production of oil and gas. !here arevarious incentives for collaboration, one is risk and cost sharing, the practice by issuing licencesfor exploration and production to a partnership of oil companies. Another is the aim of improvingproduction efficiency, by extracting from multiple land propertiesor multiple oil fields by sharedarrangement for production, also called unitisation.

History[edit]

!he principle of unitised production, to allow for more efficient development of new explorationareas, was established for the =an field in the &tate of 'e(as,0%, since (>*>,[21][22]and this practicehas been developed to a widespread $hidden law of unitisation$ in !exas.[23]ven before (>*>, itwas early established a practice of sharing equipment to extract from several wells. [24]!oday,most 0% states except !exas, have compulsory uniti#ation statutes. 4wnership and extraction ofoil and gas in the ground of 0%A is regulated by the present oil and gas law in the )nited &tates.

%haring risks by a 7oint venture of several companies to field development, production andtransportation, anddownstreamactivities has also been going on for long time, specifically forcross border arrangements.[25]In the%orth &ea, oil companies shared risk in consortia, and in theinitial licence round regulated by ?orwegian government, more than half of the licences wereawarded partnerships of several licensees.[26]It has also been a clear tendency towards transition

to awarding licences to partnerships.In recent times, cost savings have become an impetus for shared utilisation of infrastructures forprocessing and transport of oil and gas in areas of extraction from the ground. )ethods are beingdeveloped to allocate back contributions into commingled streams in pipeline, when oil is beingtransported from a collection of offshore oil fields to facilities terminals onshore in Asia. [14]

5ecent restructuring in this industry for enhanced oil recovery, deepwater field development, anduse of subsea production systems that commingled production flows from multiple oil fields,[2]strengthen the requirements for flexible and accurate allocation systems, to keep up with thetransition from conventionalwell flow testingto prevalence of model simulations, virtual flowmeters and multiphase flow meters.[2!]

Benefts[edit]

!here are multiple operational benefits from allocation. +etailed results from allocation to wells,or even to oil or gas layers per well, are used to manage the production process.
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5esults from the allocation process are important feed into production reporting to governmentsand partners, and allocation results may also feed operator6s internal systems for productsales,accounting,enterprise resource planning, data warehouse, and management information.Allocation and hydrocarbon accounting are supporting information to the wider businessareapetroleum accounting, the latter considering life cycle business and financial aspects of oilfield operations.[2"]

Allocation practices and methods[edit]

!ransparency, fairness and compliance with audit requirements are fundamental criteria for thedesign of allocation practices and methods. Furthermore, the implemented processes should becost efficient as well as practical to operate. 5equirements for the measurement processes andthe associated allocation process are set by legislation and the relevant government authority,contract documents governing the relationship between the operator, partners, licensor, andgovernment may also provide guidelines for allocation. +etails of design configuration and setupcan be read out of availablepiping and instrumentation diagrams,process flow diagramsand otherdocumentation showing flow measurementand connections between measuring points via flowfrom wells to sale points. 2@I+ showing downhole sensors may also contribute to the design of

an allocation process.

2artners involved in any allocation system, agree upon and establish a set of principles to follow.!he principles states the units and measurement types used in allocations, i.e. where to accountmass, volume, molar or energy balance. %ince physical properties of hydrocarbons areconstantly changing when hydrocarbons from various contributing sources are mixed, affectedby heat transferand transitions in pressure and temperature, owners of hydrocarbon in acommingled material cannot be allocated materials equal to what physically delivered from theirwell. For instance, two multiphase streams are commingled, one with oil of mole weight (B andgas of * kgCkgmol, the other of ((3 and *( respectively, may result in a commingled stream of((1 kgCkgmol for the oil and mole weight of *.- kgCkgmol for the gas. !he allocation principlesaccount for this effect.[2]

Sample confgurations[edit]
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Figure 1:Illustration of meter setup in allocation problems, simplified for clarity. A host field $A$ processing

plant separates, processes and exports hydrocarbon flows from field $A$, and two satellite fields $$ and

$$.

Degend: 5ed ) is custody transfer meter, black ) fiscal meter, gray ) indicate optional allocation meter.[3#]

Allocation systems seen in the figure to the right:

Fields $$ and $$ are each a basic allocation system where all the measured out;flowquantities from the field are allocated to the respective wells, and allocation can beconducted on all phases, oil, gas, water. 8$$ and $$ have possible subsea plants only.9

Field $A$, an oil field where fluid of oil, produced water and associated gas is extracted. Iffree of pipeline connection, field $A$ illustrates the typical allocation case. A processing plantsplits crude oil into three fractions. )etering stations on the export point satisfy requirementsforcustody transfer, measuring instrument for flare gas is a fiscal measurement if sub7ect totaxation, it depends on regulatory requirements. )easurement of well streams will typically

have lower accuracy, or no meters are installed, when estimation processes are in use.

All together, the collection of fields is a field allocation system in which contributions insales products are allocated to each of the three fields.

Measurements[edit]

?ot all streams and measurements at a production plant will feed an allocation process, but allallocations need at least measurement of the total out;flow or total volume, along withmeasurements, or estimates for, or some physical properties of the contributing flows included inthe total.

Fiscal measurements meet the statutory requirements for accuracy in the 7urisdiction for taxpayments to the government< custody transfer measurements meet the requirements for financial

transactions between buyers and sellers of hydrocarbons< allocation measurements helpssupport the allocation of all contributors to a commingled flow, whereby it also supportsownership allocation. Allocation measurements may not meet custody transfer standards.

Flow measurement and allocation

Flow location Measurement type Allocation

*low to an e(port transportation

system+ ,pipeline+ tanker+ truck-

*iscal measurement and

.ustody transfer measurement

/ack allocation to field or

well+ ownership allocation

*low into and out of an intermediate

fluid storage.ustody transfer measurement

/ack allocation to field or

well

*low to consumption+ power+ flare *iscal measurement %0
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*low to shared facility+ from a

satellite field

.ustody transfer measurement

,when ownership changes-*ield allocation

*low from the reservoir llocation measurement /ack allocation to well orformation

*low from a gas well g with ultrasonic flow meter

*low from an oil wellell test or with multiphase meterfor instance

arious flows within the processingfacility

eters with sufficient accuracies

Table 1: selection of places where flows are measured 'he list not intended to be fully comprehensive[31]

Corrected, measured liquid total (Net quantity)

When a quantity of ready processed liquid, e.g. oil, has been measured, there is stilltransformation to take place from indicated to the net quantity to be accounted: [32]

where

indicated quantity is the gross measured volume

)F, Meter Factor, ad7ust to actual volume, this factor is determined by probing

!D is a volume correction factor for the effects of temperature on liquid [33]

%F, Shrinkage Factor, ad7usts for changes in pressure temperature and composition, forinstance shrinkage of fluid occurs when pressure drops and constituents change to gasphase

%W 8%@W9, Sediment and Water factor, ad7usts for remaining water andcontaminants,determined by sample analysis

FD4W )!5%[EDIT]
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=;one Flow meter with raised faceweld neck flanges

*low metersfor the measurements in the oil and gas upstream industryare chosen based on type of measurement, performance and accuracyrequirements, and the type of medium to be measured. Available metersin the market are characteri#ed by properties such as accuracy,operational rangebility: flowrate, viscosity, velocity, pressure andtemperature conditions, durability and demand with respect tocalibration and monitoring, the ability to withstand contaminants,in7ected chemicals, salty and acidic environment. For the application ofcustody transfer measurements of fluid hydrocarbons,positivedisplacement metersandturbine metershave been preferred.[34]For gasmetering, gas orifice metersand ultrasonic flow metersare most common.[35].oriolis metersare in use for liquid measurements, but can also takegas measurement applications.[36]

For the application of allocation measurements, multiphase flowmetershave been adopted, especially for subsea production systems.!hese equipments are able to deduce the proportion and flow rate of

each fluid phase.Estimates, alternatives or measures[edit]

In some locations it is too costly or not practical to implement meteringof flow rates, e.g. down in the wells and in many places at processplants, especially on subsea plants. "owever, a set of methods andtechniques that aim to provide estimates for flows, are adopted by theindustry to solve allocation problems.

Geochemical allocation

7as chromatographyand isotope analysisare the known methods that areused for determining the characteristics of hydrocarbon material

samples.[3]

!he method is also named oil fingerprinting, and uses dataabout the chemical and isotope composition of liquid and gas flow foreach contribution that is collected. %amples from each contributingstream is parsed, and fingerprints established, for example by usingwhole;oil gas chromatography methods. !hese fingerprints are thenrecogni#ed in aggregate flows, which in turn can help to allocate back tothe sources.

Applications of this method comprise allocation of singleformationorlayer in a commingled well,[3!]and allocation of commingled pipeline oilto contributing oil fields.[14][16])oreover, the adoption of fingerprinting iswidely spread geographically, it includes ?orth America and the )iddleast.[3"]

Flow rate estimation
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!here are varieties of methods for estimating the flow rate of the wellswhen flow measurements are unavailable. )odels describe multiphaseflows behaviour under different conditions, and they are continuouslybeing supplied with readings from pressure, temperature, and pressuredrop across theventuriand density, and other properties.[4#] nsemblebased data assimilationmethods are among available

techniques for back allocation to reservoir formations.[1!][1"]

A virtual flow meteris a type of an implementation using such methods.%ome gas and condensate fields in the %orth &eaare developed withsubsea templates where multiphase flow metersare installed for eachwell and virtual flow meters for each well are taken in use as a backupfor and redundancy to the flow meters.[41][42]

rocess models and phase behaviour modelsare otherimplementations of rate estimation. With the aid of commerciallyavailable software, process models simulate the behaviour ofhydrocarbons in the processing plant. Among other purposes it is usedfor calculation of shrinkage factors or expansion factors and estimation

of flow inside the plant that does not have meters. !he models build onthe theory ofthermodynamicsto predict the behaviour of components inthe streams. xamples ofe8uations of statethat contribute to thecalculations in such models are 9eng:;obinson e8uation ofstateandCor &oave modification of ;edlich$#25?

7as mass >1? >1?

For oil and gas well allocation, ?ewfoundland and Dabrador and ?ova%cotia 4ffshore Areas, +rilling and 2roduction 5egulations,[44]forexample, requires accuracy within E1.

In general, the total uncertainty of the allocation system is relatedto measurement uncertaintyof each measured input. Investments in

improved metering systems and operations to reduce the uncertaintymay be sub7ect to cost benefit analysis that points to an optimum,overall uncertainty in the allocated products. [2#]
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Proportional allocation[edit]

Figure :2eriodic well testson the production plant is the conventional way to

get an estimated or theoretical production contribution per phase fraction per

well per month. !his plant is receiving a multi phased flow of oil and gas from

many wells via a manifold. Flow from one well at a time is taken to the test

separator 8shaded9. !he output flow rates are measured for each phase

fraction.

It is easy to implement measures of flow rates of commingled, singlephase hydrocarbon flows under normal pressure and temperature, but

often not feasible to measure the individual well flow rate of multiphasestreams from oil wells, under high temperature and pressure, whileachieving known and acceptable uncertainty in the measurements. Apractical adaptation to this problem is to estimate or otherwise preparetheoretical estimates of the flow rate from the individual wells, andsomehow normalise the estimates to even out discrepancies with themeasured overall product stream from a production facility.

!he conventional approach of estimating individual flow performancefrom contributing oil wells in the allocation problem is the welltestpractice using test separator.[4#]

!ro"ortional allocation calculation

!his is generally the most intuitive procedure, allocating a stream to thecontributing stream sources in proportions according to a knownquantity.[4]

where

? is the number of contributing sources, for example number of wells

is the total quantity in stream to be allocated
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is a measured or estimated quantity portion of contributor k, for example from a flowtest

is the portion of the total allocated to contributor k

!he quantity G could be mass or energy as well as

volume. !he allocation calculations are carried outper phase, for example oil, gas and waterrespectively.

#$am"le with calculations to illustrate the"rinci"le o% "ro"ortional allocation

Assume that the flows of separated oil from twoproduction units go to a common storage tank. !hetank is used as a cache so that the owners of theoil can get their load according toan entitlementplan. Allocation is first calculatedusing estimated production from each well, based

on well testing.!he results of awell testin )ay are shown in thecolumn $!heoretical production$ below. %uppose itwas measured in 3(, barrels 8corrected,measured total9 of oil produced by end of )ay*(-.

An example of monthly production allocation ia theoretical oil production from well test

!lant "

platfor

m

#ell $ourscontributing

$ours

on

test

Testresults

%alculation Theoreticalproduction

%alculation #ellallocation

@&kink@ &$1 62 24 5### 5###A62024 14#+###14####A61####0615!#

#13!+6!1

&$2 62 24 4### 4###A62024 112+### 112###A61####0615!## 11#+"45

&$5 62 24 45## 45##A62024 126+###126###A61####0615!#

#124+!13

9lant total 34+44#

@7ecko@ 7$2 6"6 12 25## 25##A6"6012 145+###145###A61####0615!#

#143+634

7$3 6"6 12 1### 1###A6"6012 5!+### 5!###A61####0615!## 5+454
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7$5 6"6 24 12## 12##A6"6024 34+!## 34!##A61####0615!## 34+42

9lant total 235+56#

'heoretical tank total 615+!##

.orrected+ measured total ,%et 8uantity- 61#+###

Table &:'he e(ample shows the final allocation by month end

Bt distributes the total measured oil+ 61#+### bbl to each well+ at the proportion of estimates given by the well test

results

'he case is simplified for illustration purposes[4!]

Field %actor

where is the theoretical 8estimated9 production for well

k< ? is the number of wells< is the net quantity, the measured and corrected total

In table *, the field factor is 3(, over

3(1,H, equal to .>>1H.

Corrected well allocation

!he effect of field factor is to distribute thedifference between fiscal measured total andtheoretical total, 1,H bbl, evenly at the sameproportion across all wells.[4"]

!ners"ip allocation[edit]

When a fluid stream is owned by a

compound ownership, each owner6s equityis allocated in accordance with their share.For 7oint venture contractual arrangementwith fixed equities, allocation is in theproportion of their share of ownership.[5#]9roduction sharing agreementsmay lead tofurther splits into cost oil and profit oilcategories.

#$am"le o% equity&based allocation withcalculations

!hree companies A, , and cooperate in

a 7oint venture contractual arrangementwith fixed equity shares. A production
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platform $ecko$ exported *-1,13 barrelsof oil one month. !heir equities are *, -1and /1 percent respectively, equivalent tothe volumes /B,((* bbl, H*,//3 bbl,(3,* bbl for each of the companies.

See also[edit]

9hase transition

easurement uncertainty

*low assurance

!he thermodynamice8uilibrium constant

*lash evaporationcalculations

8uation of state

Bdeal gas law

!; 7as constant

9ipeline transport

References[edit]

%avidge, Jeffrey D. $Allocation)easurement$. roceedings of the"#nd $nternational School of%ydrocarbon Measurement ''()*:BHBKHH.< available from *loweasurement 'echnical =ibrary

(. 'um" u"'merican 9etroleumBnstitute8*(-9 @anual of 9etroleumeasurement &tandards .hapter 2#3

easurement of ultiphase *low@: !hepublication adopts thetermmathematical processin theirdefining of allocation and use theterm entityrather than contributingsource.

*. L Jump up to:abnergyBnstitute8*(*9. %M +, -uidelines forthe allocation of fluid streams in oiland gas production. nergy Bnstitute,Dondon. B&/%"! # !52"3 625 2.

-. 'um" u"'5. ramer and +.%chotanus, %hell lobal %olutions< M.Ibrahim, rune %hell 2etroleum< and
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http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-125178-PAhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-125178-PAhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-125178-PAhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-125178-PAhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-125178-PAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei29_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei29_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei29_4-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei29_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei29_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wilks_5-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wilks_5-0http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-89/issue-28/in-this-issue/general-interest/pipeline-management-1-gas-allocation-system-yields-flexibility-complicates-accounting.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-norsok_6-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-norsok_6-0http://www.standard.no/PageFiles/1232/I-104r3.pdfhttp://www.standard.no/PageFiles/1232/I-104r3.pdfhttp://www.standard.no/PageFiles/1232/I-104r3.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wiktionary2_7-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wiktionary2_7-0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allocatehttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/allocatehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-picexpr_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-picexpr_8-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wiktionary_9-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-wiktionary_9-0http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accountinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accountinghttp://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/accountinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-deloitteDef_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-deloitteDef_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-deloitteDef_10-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-deloitteDef_10-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-deloitteDef_10-1http://www.deloitte.com/view/en_ru/ru/0804773b93912210VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htmhttp://www.deloitte.com/view/en_ru/ru/0804773b93912210VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htmhttp://www.deloitte.com/view/en_ru/ru/0804773b93912210VgnVCM100000ba42f00aRCRD.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-aadland_11-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-aadland_11-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00025027http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00025027http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00025027http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00025027http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=00025027http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F25027-PAhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F25027-PAhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F25027-PAhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F25027-PAhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Numberhttp://www.worldcat.org/issn/0885-9248http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-GudmestadZolotuchin2010P199_12-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-GudmestadZolotuchin2010P199_12-0http://books.google.com/books?id=ScRlKWq0CiwChttp://books.google.com/books?id=ScRlKWq0CiwChttp://books.google.com/books?id=ScRlKWq0CiwChttp://books.google.com/books?id=ScRlKWq0CiwChttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84564-47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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-suri_34-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-suri_34-0https://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?&query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=146321&printerfriendly=truehttps://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?&query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=146321&printerfriendly=truehttps://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?&query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=146321&printerfriendly=truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-O.26GHB_35-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-O.26GHB_35-0http://search.abb.com/library/download.aspx?documentid=9akk104295d4314&languagecode=en&documentpartid=&action=launchhttp://search.abb.com/library/download.aspx?documentid=9akk104295d4314&languagecode=en&documentpartid=&action=launchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Yoder_36-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Yoder_36-0http://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/articles/89619-custody-transfer-metering-of-oil-gashttp://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/articles/89619-custody-transfer-metering-of-oil-gashttp://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/articles/89619-custody-transfer-metering-of-oil-gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-bazan_37-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-bazan_37-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F40032-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Mccaffrey_38-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Mccaffrey_38-0http://www.weatherford.com/weatherford/groups/web/documents/weatherfordcorp/wft194606.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Nouvelle_39-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Nouvelle_39-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F160812-MShttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F160812-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613992173http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613992173http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613992173http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-1http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-larsen_41-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-larsen_41-0http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-71/issue-2/flowlines-__pipelines/online-monitoring-enhances-flow-assurance.htmlhttp://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-71/issue-2/flowlines-__pipelines/online-monitoring-enhances-flow-assurance.htmlhttp://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-71/issue-2/flowlines-__pipelines/online-monitoring-enhances-flow-assurance.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Angelo_42-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Angelo_42-0http://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Stockton_43-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Stockton_43-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-suri_34-0https://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?&query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=146321&printerfriendly=truehttps://www.etde.org/etdeweb/details.jsp?&query_id=1&page=0&osti_id=146321&printerfriendly=truehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-O.26GHB_35-0http://search.abb.com/library/download.aspx?documentid=9akk104295d4314&languagecode=en&documentpartid=&action=launchhttp://search.abb.com/library/download.aspx?documentid=9akk104295d4314&languagecode=en&documentpartid=&action=launchhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ABB_Grouphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Yoder_36-0http://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/articles/89619-custody-transfer-metering-of-oil-gashttp://www.flowcontrolnetwork.com/articles/89619-custody-transfer-metering-of-oil-gashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-bazan_37-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=00040032&societyCode=SPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F40032-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633912http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Mccaffrey_38-0http://www.weatherford.com/weatherford/groups/web/documents/weatherfordcorp/wft194606.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Nouvelle_39-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/app/Preview.do?paperNumber=SPE-160812-MS&societyCode=SPEhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F160812-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781613992173http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cramer2009_40-1http://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://www.ogj.com/articles/print/volume-107/issue-47/drilling-__production/continuous-well-flow.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-larsen_41-0http://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-71/issue-2/flowlines-__pipelines/online-monitoring-enhances-flow-assurance.htmlhttp://www.offshore-mag.com/articles/print/volume-71/issue-2/flowlines-__pipelines/online-monitoring-enhances-flow-assurance.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Angelo_42-0http://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://www.utc.no/utc_2013/programme/june_19/14_00_14_30_ormen_lange_flow_assurance_system_fas_online_flow_assurance_monitoring_and_advicehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Stockton_43-0


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http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-1http://www.cnlopb.nl.ca/pdfs/guidelines/meagl03.pdfhttp://www.cnlopb.nl.ca/pdfs/guidelines/meagl03.pdfhttp://www.cnlopb.nl.ca/pdfs/guidelines/meagl03.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927098-05-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-DECCMeter_45-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-DECCMeter_45-0https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-measurement-of-petroleumhttps://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-measurement-of-petroleumhttps://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-measurement-of-petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-npdreg_46-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-npdreg_46-0http://www.npd.no/Global/Engelsk/5-Rules-and-regulations/NPD-regulations/Maaleforskriften_e.pdfhttp://www.npd.no/Global/Engelsk/5-Rules-and-regulations/NPD-regulations/Maaleforskriften_e.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei38_47-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei38_47-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-WrightGallun2005P237_48-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-WrightGallun2005P237_48-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Lorentzen_49-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Lorentzen_49-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-136026-MShttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-136026-MShttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-136026-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F136026-MShttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F136026-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei34_50-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei34_50-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-cnlopb_44-1http://www.cnlopb.nl.ca/pdfs/guidelines/meagl03.pdfhttp://www.cnlopb.nl.ca/pdfs/guidelines/meagl03.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-927098-05-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-DECCMeter_45-0https://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-measurement-of-petroleumhttps://www.gov.uk/oil-and-gas-measurement-of-petroleumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-npdreg_46-0http://www.npd.no/Global/Engelsk/5-Rules-and-regulations/NPD-regulations/Maaleforskriften_e.pdfhttp://www.npd.no/Global/Engelsk/5-Rules-and-regulations/NPD-regulations/Maaleforskriften_e.pdfhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norwegian_Petroleum_Directoratehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei38_47-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-WrightGallun2005P237_48-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-Lorentzen_49-0http://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-136026-MShttp://www.onepetro.org/mslib/servlet/onepetropreview?id=SPE-136026-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital_object_identifierhttp://dx.doi.org/10.2118%2F136026-MShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781555633134http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allocation_(oil_and_gas)#cite_ref-ei34_50-0

Petroleum Allocation

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