Pet

Royal University of Phnom Penh `Faculty of Science

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Biochemistry Department

I. Introduction

Polyethylene Terephthalate(C10H8O4) (sometime written poly (Ethylene

Terephthalate)), commonly abbreviated PET, PETE, or the obsolete PETP or PET-P, is the

most common thermoplastic polymer resin of the polyester family and is used in fibers for

clothing, containers for liquids and foods, thermoforming for manufacturing and in

combination with glass fiber for engineering resins.

Bottles made of polyethylene terephthalate (PET, sometime PETE) can be recycled to

reuse the material out of which they are made and to reduce the amount of waste going to

landfills. PET is semi porous and absorbs molecules of the food or beverage contained, and

the residue is difficult to remove: Heating the plastic enough for sterilization would destroy it.

Therefore, most recycled bottles are used to make lower grade products, such as carpets. To

make a food grade plastic, the bottles need to be hydrolysed down to monomers, which are

Purified and then re-polymerised to make new PET. PET is used as a raw material for

making packaging materials such as bottles and containers for packaging a wide range of food

products and other consumer goods. Examples include soft drinks, alcoholic beverages,

detergents,cosmetics, pharmaceutical products and edible oils. PET is one of the most

common consumer plastics used.Polyethylene terephthalate also can be used as main material

in making paper.

The term plastics includes materials composed of various elements such as Carbon,

hydrogen ,oxygen, nitrogen, chlorine, and sulphur. Plastics are macromolecules formed by

polymerization and having the ability to be shaped by the application of reasonable amount of

heat and pressure or any other form of forces. It is one of the few new chemical materials

which have environment problem. Which most of these disadvantages are environment in

nature, the consequences could have widespread economic consequences in the long term.


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ObjectivesII.

Study about effect of reused polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) water battle on health .

III. Review Related Literature

1. Composition and Synthesis Synthesis

Composition Most plastics in organic polymers. The vast majority of these polymers are

based on chains of carbon atoms alone or with oxygen, sulfur, or nitrogen as well.Most

plastics contain Additives (0 to 50%).The average content of additives is 20% by weight of

the polymer.Fillers are used of improve performance and to reduce costs. Stabilizer like fire

retardants are used to lower the flammability of the material.

Plastics that are made up of polymers having only aliphatic (linear) C atomes in their

backbone chains.

Ex Polypropylene

Plastics that are made up of heterochain polymers contain O, N, S in their backbone chains in

addition to C.

Ex Polycarbonate


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2. Safe Plastic Numbers

There are several types of plastic-some being safer other. Plastic products are

commonly marked with a number enclosed by the recycling symbol, which is typically

found a on the bottom of the product. This symbol is used to identify the plastic and

recyclability of the product. In general plastic products marked with the number 2, 4 and 5

are the safer choices.

2.1 Polyethylene Terephthalate

PETE is commonly used to package:

Cosmetics

Household cleaners

Water

Juice

Soft drinks

Salad dressings


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Health Concerns: Studies have found levels of antimony (a toxic chemical) leaching

from water bottles that have been placed in heat for prolonged times. Although PETE does

not contain BPA or Phthalates, it is always best to make sure that your water bottles are not

temperature abused. PETE plastic should not be reused because cleaning detergents and high

temperature can cause chemicals to leach out of the plastic. Plastic #1 is only intended for one

time use.

2.1 High-Density Polyethylene

HDPE is used in the manufacturing of toys, and the

packaging of: Laundry detergent, Milk jugs, Folding chairs

and tables.

Health Concerns: No know health concerns.

2.3 Polyvinyl Chloride

Plastic #3 Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) is a thermoplastic polymer. Through the use of

phthalates, a plasticizer, it can be made softer and more flexible.it found in: Shower

curtains, Cling wrap, waterbeds, and pool toys. PVC can also be found in car interiors and

vinyl flooring, resulting in the release of toxic chemicals into the air.

Health Concerns: PVC is one of toxic plastic that should be avoided.

Purchase a shower curtain made from organic hemp, bamboo or PEVA. PEVA

(polyethylene vinyl acetate) is a non-vinyl(PVC free), chlorine-free ,

biodegradable plastic.

Air out the car before getting in

Avoid using cling wrap made with PVC

Avoid inflatable structures, air mattresses, and toys made with PVC.

hoose all baby toys, pool toys, and bath toys that are labeled to be PVC, Phthalate

and BPA free.


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2.4 Low-density Polyethylene

Plastic #4 - Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is a thermoplastic made from

petroleum. It can be found translucent or opaque. It is flexible and tough but breakable.

It can found in: Juice and milk cartons (as the water-proof inner and outer layer), most

plastic grocery bags and some packaging material.

Health Concerns: No know health concerns.

2.5 Polypropylene

Plastic #5 - Polypropylene (PP) is a thermoplastic polymer. It is strong, tough, has a

high resistance to heat and acts as a barrier to moisture. It can found in: Yogurt and

margarine tubs, plastic cups and baby bottles, kitchenware, microwavable able plastic and

lids.

Health Concerns: Most PP is microwavable safe and dishwasher safe. NOTE:

microwavable/dishwasher safe only means that the plastic will not warp when heated. It

does not imply that it is a healthy practice. A better alternative is using glass containers to

heat foods and to hand wash plastic instead of using the dishwasher.

2.6 Polystyrene

Plastic #6 - Polystyrene (PS) is a petroleum-based plastic. It can either be hard or used

in the form of styrofoam. Polystyrene is widely used in packaging materials and insulation.

Some common items include: Disposable cutlery, CD and DVD cases, Egg cartons, Foam

cups & to-go foam packaging from restaurants.

Health Concerns: According to the Foundation for Achievements in Science and

Education fact sheet, long term exposure to small quantities of styrene can cause neurotoxic

(fatigue, nervousness, difficulty sleeping), hematological (low platelet and hemoglobin

values), cytogenetic (chromosomal and lymphatic abnormalities), and carcinogenic effects.

Styrene is classified as a possible human carcinogen by the EPA and by the International

Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC).


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2.7 Other (Varies)

Plastic #7 can be a little tricky as it stands for “Other” which may or may not contain

BPA. It is commonly used to label Polycarbonate (PC). The letters PC may be present with

the recycling symbol, which would indicate that the product is made with polycarbonate. is

Polycarbonate found in : Electrical wiring, CD/DVD cases and Baby bottles.

Health Concerns: BPA has been found to be an endocrine disruptor. Choose bottles

made with the #1, #2, #4, or #5 recycling codes.

IV. Impact on Health

Toxic: Recycling of plastic is associated with skin and respiratory problems, resulting

from exposure to and inhalation of toxic fumes, especially hydrocarbons and residues

released during the process.

Higher Rates of Diseases for Adults: Water bottles containing BPA have also been

linked to increased rates of disease in adults. humans with the highest concentrations of BPA

in their urine are three times more likely to suffer from cardiovascular disease and 2.4 times

more likely to have Type 2 diabetes than people with low BPA concentrations.

Exposure to Bacteria: Bottles marked as Type 1 plastic are made from polyethylene

terephthalate, or PET. These are the soft plastic bottles most commonly used for bottled

water. PET bottles contain no BPA or faux-estrogen, but do pose potential health risks. these

bottles are often linked to bacterial contamination when they are re-used. This is primarily

due to the bottle's design, which makes it difficult to properly clean the bottle for reuse. North

Dakota State University reports that when used Type 1 bottles are tested for cleanliness, 13

percent are found to contain germs from food or saliva while another 9 percent contain fecal

matter.


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V. Plastic Waste Management

Disposal of plastic waste is a serious concern in India. New technologies have been

developed to minimize their adverse effect on the environment.


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New Technology for Plastic Waste management

1. Polymer Blended Bitumen Road

A brief description of the technique used in laying road using plastic waste is given in figure.

2. Conversion of Plastics Waste into liquid fuel

The entire process is undertaken in closed reactor vessel followed by condensation

Waste plastics while heating upto 2700 to 3000 C convert into liquid-vapour state,

which is collected in condensation chamber in the form of liquid fuel.

The tarry liquid waste is topped down from the heating reactor vessel.

The organic gas is generated which can be used in dual fuel diesel generator set for

generation of electricity.


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VI. Discussion

Plastic products marked with the numbers 2, 4 and 5 are the safer choices. Regardless

of what plastic you use, avoid exposing your plastics to high temperatures (microwave,

dishwasher) and use mild detergents for cleaning. Since there is no guarantee that plastics

will not leach out harmful chemicals, I suggest playing it safe by trying to avoid plastic

when possible

VII. Conclusion

Enormous quantities of plastic are produced and used.

It is convenient (use and throw away).

Although some plastics are recyclable, not enough is recycled.

Plastic waste pose a serious threat to environment

Laws, economical measures and education help.

Plastic waste management has assumed great significance in view of the

urbanization activities.

Some significant challenges still exist from both technological factors and from

economic or social behaviour issues relating to the collection of recyclable wastes,

and substitution for virgin material.

.


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VIII. References

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate

http://www.slideshare.net/pankajbaid17/plastics-disadvantages-recycling

http://www.slideshare.net/UNEPIETC/converting-waste-plastics-into-fuel

http://www.slideshare.net/030889/plastic-waste-management-16667588

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PET_bottle_recycling

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyethylene_terephthalate

http://www.slideshare.net/pankajbaid17/plastics-disadvantages-recycling

http://www.slideshare.net/UNEPIETC/converting-waste-plastics-into-fuel

http://www.slideshare.net/030889/plastic-waste-management-16667588

Pet

Healthcare

Transcript of Pet