PET 2nd Meeting: WATER

THE IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN OUR COMMUNITY

Water in olden times Water for agriculture Water awareness

ARAB BATHS IN JAÉN

I E S M I G U E L SÁ N C H E Z LÓ P E Z . TO R R E D E LC A M P O ( JA É N )

W H E R E A R E T H E A R A B BAT H S ?

THE ARAB BATHS ARE SITUATED IN THE HISTORIC CENTRE OF JAEN, SPECIFICALY ,IN THE POPULAR AREA OF MAGDALENA

THE DUCK SQUARE

THE KAIMAN FOUNTAIN OF MAGDALENA

HISTORIC CENTER OF JAÉN

T I M E L I N E O F JA E N A N D H I S A R A B BAT H S

CONSTRUCTED IN THE 11TH CENTURY, THE YEAR 1002, UNDER THE RULE OF KING ALÍ.

RENOVATED AND DECORATED IN THE ALMOHADE ERA (12TH CENTURY)

THE OLD ROMAN ARAB BATHS, FROM WHICH THE BASE WAS MADE USE OF.

USED BY CHRISTIANS AFTER THE RECONQUEST OF JAEN UNDER THE RULE OF FERNANDO III

ABANDONED UNTILL THE 20TH CENTURY, WHEN THEY WERE REDISCOVERED

A BRIEF HISTORY OF JAÉNNEOLITHIC PERIOD

CATHAGINENSISPERIOD

ROMANEMPIRE

VISIGOTHSKINGDOM

MUSLIMSERA

CHRISTIANS

3100-237 B.C 237-207 B.C 207B.C- C.V

C.V-712 712-1246 1246-2014

IMPORTANCE OF WATER IN THE ARAB WORLD

THE QUORAN SAYS THAT FROM WATER CAME THE FIRST HUMANS

WATER HAD A GREAT IMPORTANCE IN THE ARAB COUNTRIES AS IT WAS VERY SCARCE, THE OASIS WERE VERY IMPORTANT ZONES.

HEAVEN FOR MUSLIMS IS A PLACE FULL OF FOUNTAINS AND GARDENS

WATER PURIFIES THE SOUL AND WASHES AWAY SINS

GOD CREATED THE HEAVEN AND THE EARTH AND HIS THRONE IN THE SEA

GOD REIGHNS OVER HEAVEN AND EARTH AND PASSES JUDGEMENT IN THE FORM OF RAIN

IMPORTANCE OF BATHS IN THE MUSLIM WORLD

FUNCTIONS OF THE ARAB BATHS

RELIGIOUS FUNCTION

POLITICAL FUNCTION

SOCIAL FUNCTION

-- CLEANSE THE SOUL BEFORE PRAYER EVERY DAY

-- THE BATHS WERE NEXT TO THE MOSQUES

-- THE ORGANISATION OF THE CITY AND IMPORTANT BUSSINESS MEETINGS TOOK PLACE IN THE BATHS.

-- MARRIED PEOPLE WOULD ALL GO TO THE BATHS

-- THE GOSSIPS OF THE CITY

DRESSING ROOM COLD ROOM TEMPERATE ROOM HOT ROOM

THE DIFFERENT ROOMS OF THE HAMMAN

EVERY ARAB BATH HAS 4 CHAMBERS EACH OF WHICH SERVE A DIFFERENT PURPOSE.

FIRST ROOM: DRESSING ROOM

IT WAS IN THE FIRST ROOM THAT CUSTOMERS UNDRESSED AND LEFT THEIR CLOTHES IN CLOSETS. HERE THEY GAVE TOWELS AND SANDALS MADE OF WOOD OR CORK, BECAUSE THE FLOOR OF THE ROOMS REACHED HIGH TEMPERATURES

ARCHITECTURE

MARBLE FLOORS

BRICKED WALLS IN RED AND WHITE

HORSESHOES ARCHES ANDMIDDLECOLUMNS

CEILING WITH SKILIGHTS HOLES

SECOND ROOM, THE COLD ROOM

THIS IS THE SMALLEST ROOM AND IS THE SAME DESIGN AS THE DRESSING ROOM, IT SERVES TO REGULATE THE BODY TEMPERATE BEFORE GOING INTO THE WARMER ROOMS

PEOPLE DIDNT USUALY SPEND A LOT OF TIME IN THAT ROOM DUE TO THE COLD TEMPERATURE

3RD ROOM, THE TEMPERATE ROOM

-- THIS ROOM IS WERE PEOPLE SPENT MOST OF THEIR TIME AND SERVED AS A MEETING ROOM FOR THE ISLAMIC COMMUNITY

-- IT IS ONE OF THE BIGGEST TEMPERATE ROOM IN EUROPE

-- IT WAS POSSIBLE TO GET MASAJES, TRY ON PERFUMES AND EVEN EAT THERE

FOURTH ROOM, THE HOTROOM

-- THIS ROOM WOULD REACH VERY HIGH TEMPERATURES DUE TO THE FACT IT WAS WHERE THE OVEN THAT HEATED ALL THE BATHS WAS SITUATED

-- IT WAS THE ROOM IN WHICH THE MUSLIMS WASHED THEMSELVES

-- IT WAS THE ONLY PLACE IN WHICH PEOPLE BATHED IN COLD WATER.

COLD WATER BATH

OVEN WHICH WARMED THE BATHS

SPANISH ARAB BATHS NOWADAYS

CURRENTLY MANY ARABS BATHS

HAVE BEEN REFURNISHED AND

ARE USED AS A SPACE OF LEISURE,

RELAX AND SPA.

SUSTAIN

ABLE

WAT

ER USE IN

OLIVE O

RCHARD

IRRIG

ATIO

N

OLIVE TREES IN COUNTRIES

Main olive-producing countries in 2009 (Source: FAOSTAT) Production Tons Cultivated area (ha) Yield

World 18,241,809 9,922,836 1.83 Spain 6,204,700 2,500,000 2.48 Italy 3,600,500 1,159,000 3.11 Greece 2,444,230 765,000 3.14 Turkey 1,290,654 727,513 1.77 Syria 885,942 635,691 1.39 Morocco 770,000 550,000 1.4 Tunisia 750,000 2,300,000 0.33 Egypt 500,000 110,000 4.55 Algeria 475,182 288,442 1.65 Portugal 362,600 380,700 0.95 Lebanon 76,200 250,000 0.65 Jordan 189,000 126,000 1.5

SPAIN AS PRODUCER

-Spain is the biggest producer of olive oil in the world. In fact, Andalucia produces the majority of all the Spanish olive oil. Jaen, is the olive capital of the world.

- Our town, Torredelcampo, participates in harvesting the olives. Most of the people in our town make a living working with this type of agriculture.

TORREDELCAMPO

SPAIN

…JAEN

IRRIGATION METHODS

-Olive trees have been traditionally considered as a dry-land crop, although these trees have a very positive response to the contribution of water. The response at a productive level has been a great expansion of the irrigation of olive fields in a short period of time.

-Effort is needed to find economic crops using minimal water, to use application methods that minimize loss of water by:

Evaporation from the soil

Percolation of water beyond the depth of root zone

Minimize losses of water from storage or delivery systems.

1) TRADICIONAL METHODS

BASIN IRRIGATIONIn basin irrigation the water is applied to leveled fields bounded by dikes, the so-called basins. The shape and size of the basin depends on crop type. The basin has raised beds around the tree trunk to prevent disease development.

FURROW IRRIGATION

In furrow irrigation water is applied to small and regular channels, called furrows, and this method is usually applied to row crops. Furrows must have a mild slope and inflow discharges must be such that water movement is not too fast, nor too slow.

BORDER IRRIGATION

In border irrigation water is applied to short or long strips of land, diked on both sides and open at the downstream end. Water is applied at the upstream end and moves as a sheet down the border. The method is best adapted to areas with slow slopes.

2) SPRINKLING IRRIGATION

-Sprinkling irrigation developed mainly after 1950, with the introduction of light-weighted aluminum pipes. The water is applied over the entire ground surface in the form of rain, using a type of irrigation that allows the water to be carried with adequate pressure to the sprinklers.

-There is ,also, a Micro-Irrigation System (MIS) that applies water through small devices which deliver it onto the soil surface very near to the plant.

MIS

3) DRIP IRRIGATION

- ON _ SURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION

Drip irrigation systems apply the water to individual plants by means of plastic pipes, usually laid on the ground surface.

- SUBSURFACE DRIP IRRIGATION (SDI)

Subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) is a low-pressure, low volume irrigation system that uses buried tubes to apply water.

The applied water moves out of the tubes by suction. Wetting occurs around the tube and water moves out in the soil in all directions.

•ADVANTAGES OF DRIP IRRIGATION ARE….Water conservation and enhanced fertilizer efficiency.

APPLICATION EFFICIENCY OF IRRIGATION SYSTEMS

Irrigation System Efficiency

Furrow/Flood Less than 50%-90% (depends on soil and slope)

Overhead Sprinkler 65%-75%

Micro sprinkler 75%-85%

Drip Greater than 85%

-So as we can see in the table this drip irrigation technique has been proved to be the most efficient. Out of all these types of irrigation, the most common and advisable system is local drip irrigation because, water losses due to percolation or evaporation hardly exist. Furthermore, drip irrigation is an unbeatable resource for the fertilization of olive trees.

Awareness and saving of water.

SAVE WATER! 1-students’ proposals

2-awareness

3- survey

In our High School

• We have done many activities to promote conservative use of water in young people.

• Students in our year have colaborated with the project since the beginning of the school year.

• We have learnt lots of useful information to make the most of our water.

Projects we have done.• At first we had to decide

which was the best project to carry out (drawing water drops, bookmarks, etc).

• The first decision we took was the one about the drops of water.

• All the students helped to make them. Some people made the shape, other people wrote the message…

• When all was finished we hung them from the ceiling of the entrance hall.

Projects we have done• We have made some bookmarks as a

secondary way to tell people of the importance of saving water and then we made sure that everyone got one of them.

SAVING WATER AT HOMEBe careful with water

In the kitchen is used 5% of the water consumed at home. The washing machine used a 20%

(170 liters/ every washing) and the dishwasher used 50 liters

every time we used it.

Every time you wash your car is consumed 375 liters

To watering 100 m2 of lawn 400 liters of water

are needed

In developed countries a lot of more water that needed is consumed. We use around 350 liters by person and day, when really only a maximum of 50

liters are necessaries.

If you take a bath you´ll consume 300 liters. If you take a shower for 5 minutes you

consume 100 liters. Every time you wash your teeth is needed 15 liters, and 40 liters

every time you empty your wc

.

In the bath room is used the 75% the water consumed at

home.

Some tips are:

1. Closing the tap when you are brushing your teeth or having a shower.

2. using adjustable nozzles in the taps that reduce water flow.

3. Using the washing machine only when it’s full.

4. Don’t use the toilet as a rubbish bin.

SurveyTaking a survey for the families in our

High school we get these results:  

9%

41%

50%

1. Grooming habits

People usually have a bath

Usual behavior is to have shower

Most people always use the shower63%

37%

2. Do we usually leave the tap running aimlessly? In the shower

We don´t run the tap in the shower until we are ready for use it

Usually we leave the tap running uselessly

48%52%

3. Flush

We have an economic flush

We don't have an economic flush

26%

74%

4. Water Closet

It´s usual to use the WC as a binWe never use the WC as a bin

33%

67%

5. When we are brushing our teeth or shaving

We leave the tap running uselesslyWe close and open the tap everytime we need it

26%

74%

6. Washing the dishes

We leave the tap running uselesslyWe close and open the tap everytime we need it

69%

31%

7. Dishwasher and washing machine

We use it only if they are fullWe use it when they aren´t full

11%

89%

8. Opened tap useless everywhere the house

In our house it´s usual to let taps opened or drippingWe always are very careful with the opened taps

36%

64%

9. Swimming pools

The water is kept for several yearsThe water of the swimming pool is threw away after every season

96%

4%

10. Do you think that your family is aware of the problem of water?

Yes, it isNo, it isn´t