Pesticide Use in California: Benefits and...
Transcript of Pesticide Use in California: Benefits and...
Pesticide Use in California:Benefits and Trends
Leonard P. Gianessi
Data Sources
� Benefits- CropLife Foundation Reports� Herbicides- 2003, Updated 2006� Fungicides- 2005� Insecticides- For Release, June 2008� Fumigants- Ongoing� Growth Regulators- Ongoing
� Use Trends- Cal DPR� 1990-2006
CALDPR Data Project
� State-Level� Acre Treatments� 40 Crops
� Categories� Herbicides� Insecticides � Fungicides� Fumigants� Growth Regulators
Preliminary Crop Analysis
� Walnuts
� Kiwi
� Rice
� Pistachios
� Asparagus
� Lettuce
� Carrots
� Garlic
� Dates
� Olives
� Celery
� Strawberries
Walnut Blight: California
� Production losses of 50% in the early 1900’s.
� Copper sprays became standard practice in the 1940’s.
WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
COPPER
TotalAcres
WALNUTS: Fungicide Use, Walnut Blight
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
400000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
COPPER
MANEB
TotalAcres
Rice Blast Disease: California
� First found in the state in 1996.
� Fungicides prevent yield losses of 15-30%.
Rice Blast Spores
RICE: Fungicide Use, Blast
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
AZOXYSTROBIN
Total Acres
Garlic: Rust
Untreated Fungicide Treated
First Discovered in California in 1998.
GARLIC: Fungicide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
FungicideUse
TotalAcres
GARLIC: Fungicide Use, Rust
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
CHLOROTHALONIL
MANCOZEB
MEFENOXAM
METALAXYL
PYRACLOSTROBIN
SULFUR
TEBUCONAZOLE
Carrots: Cavity Spot
� Fungal Infection
� Infected Carrots Unacceptable for Fresh Market
� Entire Fields have been Abandoned
CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
METALAXYL
Total Acres
CARROT: Fungicide Use, Cavity Spot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
MEFENOXAM
METALAXYL
Total Acres
Pistachios
Healthy Panicle & Shoot Blight
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
FungicideUse
TotalAcres
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
TEBUCONAZOLE
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
BENOMYL
COPPER
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
BENOMYL
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
BENOMYL
COPPER
IPRODIONE
TEBUCONAZOLE
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
COPPER
IPRODIONE
TEBUCONAZOLE
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
TEBUCONAZOLE
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
TEBUCONAZOLE
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
TEBUCONAZOLE
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
PISTACHIOS: Fungicide Use, Panicle & Shoot Blight/Alternaria
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
COPPER
IPRODIONE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
TEBUCONAZOLE
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
OLIVES: Insecticide Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
CARBARYL
METHIDATHION
PETROLEUMOIL
Total Acres
Olive Fruit Fly
� First noticed - 1998
� Very few natural enemies in Europe or U.S.
OLIVES: Insecticide Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
CARBARYL
METHIDATHION
PETROLEUMOIL
SPINOSAD
Total Acres
RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
CARBOFURAN
Total Acres
RICE: Insecticide Use, Rice Water Weevil
0
100000
200000
300000
400000
500000
600000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
(S)-CYPERMETHRIN
CARBOFURAN
DIFLUBENZURON
LAMBDA-CYHALOTHRIN
Total Acres
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
250000
500000
750000
1000000
1250000
1500000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
HerbicideUse
TotalAcres
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CARFENTRAZONE
CLOMAZONE
CYHALOFOP
FENOXAPROP
GLYPHOSATE
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
BENSULFURON
MOLINATE
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
MCPA
MOLINATE
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
MCPA
MOLINATE
THIOBENCARB
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
CYHALOFOP
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CYHALOFOP
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CLOMAZONE
CYHALOFOP
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CARFENTRAZONE
CLOMAZONE
CYHALOFOP
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CARFENTRAZONE
CLOMAZONE
CYHALOFOP
GLYPHOSATE
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
RICE: Herbicide Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
275000
300000
325000
350000
375000
400000
425000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
2,4-D
BENSULFURON
BISPYRIBAC
CARFENTRAZONE
CLOMAZONE
CYHALOFOP
FENOXAPROP
GLYPHOSATE
MCPA
MOLINATE
PROPANIL
THIOBENCARB
TRICLOPYR
Unfumigated Carrots:Nematode Damage
� 25% Yield Loss w/o Fumigant Use
� Field May be Abandoned
USDA
CARROT Fumigant Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
1,3-D
Total Acres
CARROT Fumigant Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
1,3-D
CHLOROPICRIN
METHYLBROMIDE
Total Acres
CARROT Fumigant Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
1,3-D
CHLOROPICRIN
METAM-SODIUM
METHYLBROMIDE
Total Acres
Herbicide Experiment 1960s Carrots: Linuron
Treated Untreated
CARROT Herbicide Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
LINURON
TRIFLURALIN
FLUAZIFOP
CLETHODIM
Total Acres
Asparagus Harvest: California
Asparagus is a perennial plant producing spears for 15-20 years.
U.S. Fresh Asparagus Market
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004
ThousandMetric Tons
Exports
Imports
Production
Consumption
Costs & Returns to Produce Asparagus, California (2007)
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
4500
5000
5500
Pesticide Costs Other Costs Labor Costs Total Costs Returns
$/Acre
Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Rust
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
FungicideUse
TotalAcres
Asparagus: Fungicide Use, Crown & Spear Rot
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
FungicideUse
TotalAcres
Asparagus: Insecticide Use, Aphid
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
45000
50000
55000
60000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
InsecticideUse
TotalAcres
Organophosphates
Asparagus: Herbicide Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
HerbicideUse
TotalAcres
Weedy Asparagus: California
� Without weed control, it is difficult to harvest.
� Workers will not enter weedy fields.
PISTACHIOS: Sulfur Use, Mite Control
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
SULFUR
TotalAcres
PISTACHIOS: Soil Residual Herbicide Use
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
80000
90000
100000
110000
120000
130000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
ORYZALIN
OXYFLUORFEN
Total Acres
PISTACHIOS: Glyphosate Use
0
25000
50000
75000
100000
125000
150000
175000
200000
225000
250000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
GLYPHOSATE
Total Acres
Pistachio Herbicides
Oxyfluorfen
Oryzalin
Glyphosate
$/Acre
14
22
2
Hembree & Beede
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
InsecticideUse
TotalAcres
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
CARBARYL
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZINPHOS-METHYL
CARBARYL
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZINPHOS-METHYL
CARBARYL
PHOSMET
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZINPHOS-METHYL
CARBARYL
PHOSMET
SPINOSAD
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZINPHOS-METHYL
CARBARYL
METHOXYFENOZIDE
PHOSMET
SPINOSAD
PISTACHIOS: Navel Orangeworm Insecticide Use
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
220000
240000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
AZINPHOS-METHYL
CARBARYL
METHOXYFENOZIDE
PERMETHRIN
PHOSMET
SPINOSAD
Celery: Pink Rot
Yield decline of 10-15% without soil treatment.
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Pink Rot
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
DICLORAN
Total Acres
Bacterial Blight of Celery
This disease organism infects only celery.
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Bacterial Blight
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
COPPER
Total Acres
Celery: Late Blight
500 million spores can be produced on a single celery plant.
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
Total Fungicide Use
Total Acres
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
ANILAZINE
BENOMYL
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
Total Acres
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
ANILAZINE
BENOMYL
CHLOROTHALONIL
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
Total Acres
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
ANILAZINE
BENOMYL
CHLOROTHALONIL
PROPICONAZOLE
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
Total Acres
CELERY: Fungicide Use, Late Blight
0
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
ANILAZINE
AZOXYSTROBIN
BENOMYL
CHLOROTHALONIL
PROPICONAZOLE
PYRACLOSTROBIN
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
TRIFLOXYSTROBIN
Total Acres
Lettuce Downy Mildew
Plant resistance to Downy Mildew broke down in the early 1990’s.
LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
COPPER
FOSETYL-AL
MANEB
METALAXYL
Total Acres
LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
COPPER
FOSETYL-AL
MANEB
METALAXYL
Total Acres
LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
COPPER
FOSETYL-AL
MANEB
MEFENOXAM
METALAXYL
Total Acres
LETTUCE, HEAD: Fungicides, Downy Mildew
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
300000
350000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
COPPER
CYMOXANIL/ FAMOXADONEDIMETHOMORPH
FOSETYL-AL
MANEB
MEFENOXAM
METALAXYL
FENAMIDONE
ACIBENZOLAR
Total Acres
Lettuce Drop
Disease incidence can be as high as 70% in some fields.
LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
Total Acres
TotalFungicide Use
LETTUCE HEAD: Fungicide Use, Lettuce Drop
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
BOSCALID
DICLORAN
IPRODIONE
VINCLOZOLIN
Total Acres
Strawberry Yields
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Tons/Acre
1949 197919741969196419591954 1999199419891984
STRAWBERRY: Acreage
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
Acres
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
AcreTreatments
METHYLBROMIDE
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
AcreTreatments
CHLOROPICRIN
METHYLBROMIDE
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fumigant Use
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
30000
35000
40000
1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006
AcreTreatments
1,3-D
CHLOROPICRIN
METAM-SODIUM
METHYLBROMIDE
Total Acres
Strawberries: Gray Mold (Botrytis Fruit Rot)
The fungus infests 100% of strawberry
acreage.
STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
IPRODIONE
BENOMYL
ANILAZINE
VINCLOZOLIN
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
IPRODIONE
THIRAM
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
BENOMYL
ANILAZINE
VINCLOZOLIN
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
IPRODIONE
THIRAM
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
FENHEXAMID
CYPRODINIL/FLUDIOXONIL
PYRIMETHANIL
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
ANILAZINE
VINCLOZOLIN
Total Acres
STRAWBERRY: Fungicide Use, Botrytis Fruit Rot
0
20000
40000
60000
80000
100000
120000
140000
160000
180000
200000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
IPRODIONE
THIRAM
CAPTAN
THIOPHANATE-METHYL
FENHEXAMID
CYPRODINIL/FLUDIOXONIL
PYRIMETHANIL
BENOMYL
BOSCALID
ANILAZINE
VINCLOZOLIN
Total Acres
WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
Ethephon
TotalAcres
WALNUTS: Growth Regulator Use
0
50000
100000
150000
200000
250000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
Ethephon
TotalAcres
($20/Treatment)
Walnuts: Growth Regulator Use
� Ethephon application advances harvest by 10-14 days.
� Early harvest avoids the need for final insecticide spray.
� Early harvest improves the quality of walnuts.
Kiwi: Growth Regulator Use
� 50% of the 1996 crop went unharvested due to small size.
� Research demonstrated that hydrogen cyanamide produces a uniform crop with larger sizes.
KIWI: Growth Regulator Use
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
HydrogenCyanamide
Total Acres
DATES: Miticide Use
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
10500
12000
13500
15000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatm ents
SULFUR
Total Acres
DATES: Miticide Use
0
1500
3000
4500
6000
7500
9000
10500
12000
13500
15000
1990 1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004 2006
AcreTreatments
HEXYTHIAZOX
SULFUR
Total Acres
California Pesticide Trends Factors 1990-2006
� Public Policy� Section 18’s� FQPA� Water Quality Protection� Methyl Bromide Phaseout� OP Replacement Policy� Biopesticide Registrations� Non-Chemical Control Research
California Pesticide Trends Factors 1990-2006
� Industry Developments� Generics� Product Price Changes� New Active Ingredients� Biotech Crops
� Nature� New Pests� Weather Changes� Pest Resistance
� Crop Prices
Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California?
Q: Has pesticide use increased or decreased in California?
A: Yes.
Visit Us At: www.CropLifeFoundation.org