Pesticide Resistance Photograph by Scott Bauer. Stephen J. Toth, Jr.Wayne G. Buhler Department of...
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Transcript of Pesticide Resistance Photograph by Scott Bauer. Stephen J. Toth, Jr.Wayne G. Buhler Department of...
![Page 1: Pesticide Resistance Photograph by Scott Bauer. Stephen J. Toth, Jr.Wayne G. Buhler Department of EntomologyDepartment of Horticultural ScienceNorth Carolina.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062408/56649ec05503460f94bcc39f/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance
Photograph by Scott Bauer.
Stephen J. Toth, Jr. Wayne G. BuhlerDepartment of Entomology Department of Horticultural ScienceNorth Carolina State University North Carolina State University
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Reasons for Pesticide FailuresReasons for Pesticide Failures• The pest was not identified correctly
and the wrong pesticide was used
• An incorrect dosage of pesticide was used or the pesticide was applied in an improper manner
• The pesticide was not applied at the appropriate time (i.e., pest was not in the area at the time of treatment or was in a life stage not susceptible to the pesticide)
• Pests re-infested the area following the pesticide application Terrapin scales on blueberry.
Photographs by John Meyer.
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Reasons for Pesticide FailuresReasons for Pesticide Failures• Pest Resurgence: the natural enemies (i.e., predators and
parasites) of the pest as well as the pest are eliminated by a pesticide application, the natural enemy populations can take longer to rebound than the pest population, therefore pest populations increase rapidly as the pesticide residues decrease
• Secondary Pests: certain pests that usually do not occur at significant levels can reach damaging levels after a pesticide application because their natural enemies are eliminated by the pesticide
• Pesticide Resistance: after repeated applications, pests become resistant to one or more pesticides
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Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance• Humans have been using
pesticides for thousands of years to control pests
• In the last 50 years, synthetic pesticides have been used widely to combat pests of agriculture and public health
• Early success with synthetic pesticides (such as DDT) suggested that the war on pests had been won by humans
NCSU Communication Services
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Pesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance• However, very soon the
effectiveness of synthetic pesticides began to decline
• Increased use of these pesticides resulted in an even more rapid decline in effectiveness
• Pests had become resistant to synthetic pesticides
Bill Tarpenning
Jack Bacheler
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Classic Examples of Pesticide ResistanceClassic Examples of Pesticide Resistance
• Resistance of mosquitoes to DDT and other insecticides• Resistance of corn earworms to multiple insecticide classes
USDA/ARSP. Koehler, University of Florida
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Magnitude ofMagnitude ofPesticide ResistancePesticide Resistance• Over 500 species of insects
• Over 270 species of weeds
• Over 150 plant pathogens
• About 6 species of rodents Dale Monks
Jim Baker
Mike Stringham
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How Do Pests How Do Pests Become Resistance?Become Resistance?• Pest population is exposed
to pesticide• Some members of the pest
population survive because of a genetic predisposition to be resistant to pesticide
• Surviving members of the pest population pass along the genetic resistant to their offspring
Brian Nault
Bill Tarpenning
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Factors ContributingFactors Contributingto Pest Resistanceto Pest Resistance
• Rapid reproduction rate of pests (i.e., insects that have many generations per year)
• Repeated applications of the same or similar pesticides
• Use of “broad-spectrum” pesticides (i.e., insecticides that kill all insects, including beneficial insects)
• Pesticides used as the sole means of pest control
Jim Baker
Jack Bacheler
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Multiple Pesticide ResistanceMultiple Pesticide Resistance• Multiple pesticide resistance (“cross-resistance”) is the
resistance of pests to more than one pesticide or pesticides in more than one chemical class (e.g., DDT and pyrethroid insecticides)
NCSU Communication Services
USDA/ARS
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Combating Pesticide Combating Pesticide ResistanceResistance
• Use an integrated approach to pest management not overly dependent on pesticides (e.g., cultural practices, biological controls, pest monitoring)
• Use pesticides judiciously (i.e., only when needed and at the lowest rate necessary to achieve control)
• Alternate the use of pesticides in different chemical classes with differing modes of action against the pest NCSU Communication Services
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ReferencesReferences
• Applying Pesticides Correctly: A Guide for Private and Commercial Applicators. Unit 1: Principles of Pest Control. p. 13.
• Bellinger, R. G. 1996. Pest Resistance to Pesticides. Southern Extension and Research Activity - Information Exchange Group 1. 3 pp. (http://ipmwww.ncsu.edu/safety/ Southern_region/pestrest.pdf )