Pesticide Poisoning of Animals In 2011 - Investigations of ......Pesticides and other chemicals were...
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Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2011 A Report of Investigations in Scotland
Transcript of Pesticide Poisoning of Animals In 2011 - Investigations of ......Pesticides and other chemicals were...
Pesticide Poisoning of Animals in 2011
A Report of Investigations in Scotland
PESTICIDE POISONING OF ANIMALS IN 2011
INVESTIGATIONS OF SUSPECTED INCIDENTS IN SCOTLAND
E A Sharp, L M Melton, M J Taylor, and J E Watson
Pesticides & Wildlife Branch
SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ
A Division of the Scottish Government Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate
PESTICIDE POISONING OF ANIMALS IN 2011
INVESTIGATIONS OF SUSPECTED INCIDENTS IN SCOTLAND
E A Sharp, L M Melton, M J Taylor, and J E Watson
Pesticides & Wildlife Branch
SASA, Roddinglaw Road, Edinburgh, EH12 9FJ
A Division of the Scottish Government Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate
CONTENTS
Page SUMMARY ........................................................................................................ 1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................... 2 INCIDENTS IN 2011 ......................................................................................... 4 Number of incidents in 2011 ...................................................................... 4 CATEGORISED INCIDENTS ............................................................................ 8 Approved use ............................................................................................ 8
Misuse ...................................................................................................... 8
Abuse ........................................................................................................ 9
Unspecified Use ........................................................................................ 10 ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES ............................................................... 11 APPENDICES Appendix I Investigation procedures .................................................... 13 Appendix II Summary of Positive Incidents 2011 .................................. 15 Appendix III Regions in Scotland used to classify incidents ................... 28
TLP010812
1
SUMMARY
The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme (WIIS) operated in Scotland by Science and Advice for Scottish Agriculture (SASA) Pesticides & Wildlife Branch http://www.sasa.gov.uk/wildlife-environment/wildlife-incident-investigation-scheme-wiis investigates suspected poisoning of wildlife, beneficial insects, companion animals and livestock if there is evidence to indicate that pesticides or biocides1 may be involved. The scheme, together with similar schemes operating in England & Wales and Northern Ireland, provides a means of post-registration surveillance of pesticide use throughout the UK, so that registration may be revised if necessary. These schemes also provide a measure of the success of the pesticide registration process and help in the verification and improvement of the risk assessments made in the registration of compounds. Incidents of approved use and of misuse can highlight problems with the approval conditions or the label instructions for a pesticide, and can provide valuable feedback into the regulatory process. The scheme in Scotland also provides evidence that can be used by the Scottish Government or the police, to enforce legislation relating to the safe use of pesticides and the protection of food, the environment and animals. In 2011, there were 237 incidents (which included 5 bee incidents) submitted to the WIIS Scotland. This represented a slight increase compared to the 233 received in 2010. Four incidents were excluded2, leaving 233 incidents accepted for further investigation. The cause of death or illness was determined in 129 incidents. Ninety four incidents (40% of all incidents accepted into the WIIS Scotland) tested positive for pesticides and other chemicals3. Twenty-five of these incidents were attributed to pesticide poisoning. Sixteen incidents were categorised as abuse, 5 incidents were attributed to unspecified use, one incident followed approved use and 3 incidents were categorised as misuse. Eighteen different pesticides or chemicals were identified (see Table 2). The insecticide, carbofuran was detected in 9 out of 16 (56%) incidents categorised as abuse, even though UK approval for use of products containing this chemical expired in 2001. Selected samples were also screened for evidence of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. Residues of various anticoagulant rodenticides were detected in 87 out of 210 incidents (i.e. 41% of those incidents selected for rodenticide screening). The second generation anticoagulant rodenticides, bromadiolone, brodifacoum and difenacoum were found to be the most prevalent active ingredients detected. 1 In recent years, some non-agricultural pesticides have been classified as biocides e.g. anticoagulant rodenticides.
However, throughout this report ‘pesticide’ or ‘pesticides’ will be used as the generic terminology. 2 Excluded refers to incidents where the criteria for acceptance into the WIIS Scotland have not been met or where
there is no suitable material for analysis.
3 Includes incidents that involved veterinary medicines and ethylene glycol.
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INTRODUCTION 1. In the United Kingdom the impact of pesticide use on non-target vertebrate
wildlife and other animals including honey bees, companion animals and livestock, is assessed before approval is granted by the regulatory body. In order to protect animals, restrictions on use may be imposed in the conditions of approval made under the Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR) 1986 (as amended) or the Plant Protection Products Regulations (2011), where it is thought that an unacceptable risk would arise.
2. The WIIS Scotland is one of four schemes, operating in the United Kingdom,
which investigates possible pesticide poisoning of animals. The WIIS Scotland is operated by SASA’s Pesticides & Wildlife Branch on behalf of the Scottish Government Agriculture, Food and Rural Communities Directorate (AFRC). The procedures for incident investigation are described in Appendix I.
3. Incidents confirmed as involving pesticides that were considered to be
responsible for the cause of death or illness of an animal or that contravene related legislation are assigned to one of the following categories:
Approved use of the product, according to the specified conditions of
use; Misuse of a product, by careless, accidental or wilful failure to adhere to
the correct practice; Abuse of a pesticide, in the form of deliberate, illegal attempts to poison
animals; Unspecified use, where the cause could not be assigned to one of the
above categories. Veterinary use, where subsequent investigation identifies the
involvement of a pesticide formulated as a veterinary medicine. Such cases are investigated incidentally rather than deliberately, and may include abuse, misuse, approved use, or unspecified use of the relevant compounds.
4. The results of investigations are ultimately reported to the Environmental Panel
of the UK Advisory Committee on Pesticides (ACP) http://www.pesticides.gov.uk/guidance/industries/pesticides/advisorygroups/acp. The information provided may result in a re-evaluation of the approvals previously granted to products, or may affect the progress to full commercial use of products currently under provisional approval. Information from incidents assists in the validation and improvement of the risk assessment procedures used by the regulatory body for new and existing compounds.
5. The majority of this post-registration surveillance activity is funded by the
agricultural and non-agricultural sectors of the pesticide industry, under the Food
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and Environment Protection Act 1985 (FEPA) and Control of Pesticides Regulations (COPR). In cases where there is evidence to indicate misuse or deliberate abuse of a pesticide, the results of investigations may also lead to legal enforcement. Under FEPA and COPR, all aspects of pesticide advertisement, sale, supply, storage and use are fully regulated. If investigations reveal contravention of FEPA, COPR, or other legislation such as the Wildlife and Countryside Act 1981 or Possession of Pesticides (Scotland) Order 2005, then prosecution or other forms of enforcement may ensue. All activities carried out to enforce the legislation in Scotland are funded by the Scottish Government.
6. The WIIS Hotline number (freephone: 0800 321600) is routed to SASA and
provides access for incident notification. To prevent large numbers of dead animals being submitted and analysed, strict criteria are applied to potential incidents prior to acceptance.
Incidents are usually excluded from analysis when there is insufficient or unsuitable sample. However, details are recorded for reference purposes.
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INCIDENTS IN 2011 NUMBER OF INCIDENTS IN 2011
7. A total of 237 suspected poisoning incidents were referred to the WIIS Scotland
throughout 2011 (Figure 1). Four incidents were excluded leaving 233 incidents accepted for subsequent investigation.
Pesticides and other chemicals were detected in 94 separate incidents i.e. 40% of all incidents investigated (Appendix II).
Number of incidents referred annually to the WIIS-Scotland
144
167
135
167
127
158152
121
157
177
190
175
166
233237
100
120
140
160
180
200
220
240
260
1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
Year
Figure 1. Number of incidents referred to the WIIS (Scotland) per annum (1997-2011).
8. The cause of death or illness was established in 129 incidents. 25 of these incidents involved pesticides and were assigned to an appropriate WIIS category. In the remaining 104 incidents, death of the animal was concluded to be due to starvation (28), disease (7), trauma (68) and ethylene glycol (1).
9. One incident was attributed to the approved use of pesticides. The details of the
incident were forwarded to SASA by Chemicals Regulation Directorate (CRD) (http://www.hse.gov.uk/index.htm) after a veterinary surgeon reported treating a dog that had became ill after ingesting “Bio Slug Mini Pellets” containing metaldehyde. Three incidents were categorised as misuse. Two involved dogs and the other involved cattle. In a further 5 incidents, it was not possible to identify a specific source of the pesticide residues detected and the cause of each incident was categorised as unspecified use. Sixteen incidents were categorised as abuse. Further details of these poisoning incidents are provided in the Categorised Incidents section. A breakdown of all 233 incidents is presented in Tables 1-3.
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Table 1: Number of incidents investigated in 2011
Sample
classificationa
Incidents Investigated
Incidents involving
pesticidesb
Categorised incidentsc
Incidents with other
known cause of death or
illness Vertebrate wildlife 177 84 17 100
Livestock 1 1 1 0
Companion animals 35 6 5 2
Honey bees 5 0 0 2
Bait, chemical or paraphernalia
15 3 2 Not applicable
TOTAL 233 94 25 104 a Where single incidents involved submission of several sample types – the sample was simply classified
by the first named specimen. b All incidents including those involving veterinary medicines and ethylene glycol. c Incidents involving ethylene glycol and veterinary drugs only were not assigned to a WIIS category. A list of the pesticides and other chemicals detected during 2011 is presented in Table 2. Table 2: Identity and frequency of pesticides detected in incidents and associated sample types Chemical
Number of
positive incidents
Sample typea
aldicarb 3 bait, buzzard, cat
aldicarb sulfoxideb 3 bait, buzzard, cat
bendiocarb 2 raven, red kite
brodifacoum 26 buzzard, dog, fox, red kite, sea eagle, sparrowhawk, tawny owl
bromadiolone 61 bait, barn owl, buzzard, dog, fox, golden eagle, kestrel, otter, peregrine falcon, rabbit, red kite, sparrowhawk, tawny owl
carbofuran 9 buzzard, chemical, golden eagle, raven, red kite, sparrowhawk
chloralose 2 bait, buzzard, crow, paraphernalia, red kite
coumatetralyl 4 fox, peregrine falcon, tawny owl
diazinon 1 chemical
difenacoum 34 buzzard, fox, red kite, sea eagle, sparrowhawk
dimetridazole 1 chemical
ethylene glycol 1 cat
metaldehyde 1 cattle
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Chemical
Number of
positive incidents
Sample typea
methiocarb 1 dog
novocaine 1 chemical
oxytetracycline 1 chemical
penicillin G 1 chemical
strychnine 1 bait, peregrine falcon a An individual incident may have involved submission of multiple sample types and/or detection of more
than one pesticide. b Aldicarb sulfoxide is a metabolite of aldicarb Table 3 contains details of the variety and number of specimens tested by SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch and the number where pesticide residues were detected. The presence of a pesticide residue does not imply pesticide poisoning was the cause of death. Table 3: Species and number tested (including detected residues) in 2011 Species or sample type Number tested
(residue detected)
Mammals - wildlife
Badger 2 (0)
Fox 46 (36)
Mole 1 (0)
Otter 1 (1)
Rabbit 1 (0)
Rat 1 (0)
Squirrel - red 2 (0)
Birds
Buzzard 60 (26)
Eagle - golden 7 (1)
Eagle - sea 7 (3)
Goshawk 2 (0)
Kestrel 4 (1)
Merlin 1 (0)
Owl - barn 2 (1)
Owl – long-eared 1 (0)
Owl – short-eared 1 (0)
Owl - tawny 9 (4)
Peregrine falcon 4 (3)
Red kite 17 (11)
Sparrowhawk 15 (8)
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Species or sample type Number tested (residue detected)
Chaffinch
1 (0)
Greenfinch 3 (0)
Pigeon 2 (0)
Sparrow 1 (0)
Gannet 1 (0)
Gull 3 (0)
Oystercatcher 1 (0)
Swan 5 (0)
Capercaillie 1 (0)
Red-legged partridge 2 (0)
Crow 6 (2)
Jackdaw 1 (0)
Raven 4 (2)
Rook 5 (0)
Companion Animals
Cat 15 (3)
Dog 14 (4)
Guineapig 1 (0)
Livestock
Cattle 1 (1)
Beneficial Insects
Honey bees 5 (0)
Miscellaneous
Deer (suspected bait) 2 (0)
Eggs (suspected bait) 3 (0)
Dog food (suspected bait) 1 (0)
Grouse (suspected bait) 3 (1)
Hare (suspected bait) 3 (0)
Animal remains (suspected bait) 9 (0)
Paraphernalia (e.g. knives, game bags, gloves) 21 (0)
Pheasant (suspected bait) 4 (2)
Pigeon (suspected bait) 3 (1)
Rabbit (suspected bait) 9 (0)
Sausage/meat (suspected bait) 2 (0)
Suspicious chemicals and substances e.g. soil, debris 49 (26)
Total number of specimens tested 365 (137)
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CATEGORISED INCIDENTS APPROVED USE 10. A veterinary surgeon reported the details of this incident, which occurred in
Lothian, to the CRD. A dog was treated for severe toxicity after ingesting a slug pellet formulation containing metaldehyde that had been applied to address a slug problem in the owner’s garden. The owner was unaware of the potential toxicity to dogs, believing the product to be ‘safe’ from the labelling on the packaging. The wording on the labelling for metaldehyde and methiocarb slug pellet products has been reviewed over the last few years due to the large number of incidents reported to the National Poisons Information Service (NPIS) that involve garden pesticides and children. The phrase “since this product contains metaldehyde, which can kill if eaten, it must be kept away from children and pets” is now required on all slug pellet products containing these active ingredients. Some products also carried a phrase “this product contains an animal repellent to reduce attractiveness of pellets to domestic animals” and CRD now require this to be removed to avoid the possibility of undermining the general warning to keep the pellets away from pets. Other changes, such as new packaging design to restrict the flow of pellets from the container and a clear ‘scatter diagram’ or picture to illustrate the correct method of application have also been introduced to improve the safety of such products. However, it appears that the approval for the product that was used may have expired and consequently the packaging may not have borne the amended warning phrases or safety features that might have avoided this incident.
MISUSE 11. Three incidents in 2011 were attributed to misuse. The first, which occurred in
February, resulted in the death of a working gun dog following massive pleural and abdominal haemorrhage. The analytical investigation identified a significant residue of brodifacoum in liver tissue from the dog confirming anticoagulant rodenticide poisoning was likely to be responsible for the dog’s death. An investigation into the circumstances surrounding the incident confirmed that ‘Jaguar’, an anticoagulant rodenticide formulation containing brodifacoum, had been used to control a rat infestation in a recently emptied chicken house. Brodifacoum-based anticoagulant rodenticide products are only approved for use in indoor situations and the inspector was satisfied that the bait had been used appropriately. The chicken unit was situated behind two fences and the owner insisted that the gates and unit had been kept securely fastened whilst the rodenticide blocks were in use. The dog was allowed free unattended access to the area of the holding but never allowed into the area of the chicken house. However, although all the appropriate precautions appear to have been taken the dog died following accidental exposure to brodifacoum.
In June, a cocker spaniel became ill after being walked in a rural area of
Perthshire. It was taken for veterinary treatment and the veterinary surgeon noticed a blue colouration was apparent in the vomit and faeces. It was suspected that the dog had ingested slug pellets and that metaldehyde poisoning
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was the likely cause of the illness. The laboratory analysis revealed a residue of methiocarb, another active ingredient used in slug pellets, in a sample of faeces from the animal. A field investigation undertaken by Scottish Government Agricultural staff concluded that the dog had ingested the poison whilst rooting around in rubbish.
In the third misuse incident cattle died after ingesting a quantity of metaldehyde
slug pellets. The affected cattle were part of a group of 18 animals that had been in a rented field since the end of April 2011. The first indication that a problem existed occurred in mid-August when two animals were found collapsed and trembling in respiratory distress and a third was unwell and twitching. The findings of the post mortem examination, carried out by SAC Veterinary Services in Penicuik, suggested that the animals had ingested a slug pellet formulation when small, blue pellets were found in the animal’s intestines. The laboratory investigation confirmed that suspicion by identifying a residue of metaldehyde in a sample of rumen contents. The field investigation established that the field where the cattle were grazing, which is permanent pasture, has a disused quarry within it which is sometimes used by the landlord for burning waste paper. It was also established that the landlord has a large vegetable processing business and that metaldehyde slug pellets are used on these crops but were not used on the permanent grassland. A search of the field and disused quarry failed to uncover any evidence of metaldehyde and the source of the chemical remains uncertain. However, it may be that a container with some metaldehyde inadvertently ended up amongst rubbish waiting to be burnt and that allowed the stock to gain access to the poison.
ABUSE 12. In 2011, sixteen incidents were categorised as abuse compared to 32 incidents
in this category in 2010. Analytical investigations included analysis of tissue samples, digestive tract material, various chemicals and poisoning paraphernalia (e.g. implements/tools, game bags and sweepings from vehicles). As in previous years, a high proportion (63%) of abuse incidents involved birds of prey (Figure 2).
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
1997
1999
2001
2003
2005
2007
2009
2011
Birds of Prey Companion Animals Others
Figure 2. Abuse of pesticides in Scotland (number of incidents 1997 - 2011).
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13. Ten abuse incidents involved birds of prey (Table 4). The 6 others included; cat (1), crow (1), dog (1), raven (1) and suspected baits (2).
Table 4: Number of birds of prey that were victims of pesticide abuse in 2011
Regiona Number of
incidents
Buzzard Red Kite
Peregrine Falcon
Sparrowhawk Golden Eagle
Border 1 1 - - - -
Dumfries &
Galloway
1 - 1 - - -
Grampian 1 1 - - - 1
Highland 3 1 2 - - -
Lothian 1 2 - - 2 -
Strathclyde 2 - 1 2 - -
Tayside 1 2 - - - -
TOTAL 10 7 4 2 2 1
a See appendix III for regional classification in Scotland
14. Seven different pesticides and/or their metabolites were detected and identified
in abuse incidents in 2011. The pesticides were aldicarb, aldicarb sulfoxide, bendiocarb, bromadiolone, carbofuran, chloralose, and strychnine.
UNSPECIFIED USE 15. Sometimes it is not possible to definitely establish the source of a pesticide
which has been positively detected and is present at levels considered to pose a significant risk of mortality. Such cases are categorised as ‘Unspecified Use’. In 2011 5 incidents, all involving anticoagulant rodenticides fell into this category. Animals and pesticides involved in these incidents are listed in Table 5.
Table 5: Unspecified Use incidents recorded in 2011
Region Pesticides Month Species
Border brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum
February buzzard, tawny owl
Dumfries & Galloway
brodifacoum, bromadiolone, difenacoum
April red kite
Lothian bromadiolone, difenacoum February fox
Lothian difenacoum March buzzard
Strathclyde brodifacoum, bromadiolone March fox
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ANTICOAGULANT RODENTICIDES 16. Non-target animals are occasionally casualties of poisoning caused by wilful or
accidental non-compliance with good practice in rodenticide baiting. Indirect or secondary poisoning can also occur when predators, scavengers or curious animals ingest rodents killed or affected by rodenticides. The WIIS Scotland offers a unique opportunity to probe wider environmental contamination by looking for rodenticide residues present in non-target animals that otherwise would not be available. Routine monitoring of liver tissue from wild mammals, birds of prey and other animals is carried out in order to assess the magnitude and frequency of exposure to anticoagulant rodenticides. The results provide an effective indication of the non-target animals exposed to anticoagulant rodenticides.
In 2011, SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch tested 210 livers from a variety of animals for the presence of residues of anticoagulant rodenticides. Residues were detected and identified in the livers of 87 specimens i.e. 41% of the total number of livers tested (Table 6).
Table 6: Species tested throughout 2011 for the presence of residues of anticoagulant rodenticidesa Species Number tested Number positive b
Buzzard 50 21
Eagle-golden 5 1
Eagle-sea 5 3
Goshawk 2 -
Kestrel 4 1
Merlin 1 -
Peregrine falcon 4 2
Red kite 14 9
Sparrowhawk 15 7
Barn Owl 2 1
Long-eared Owl 1 -
Short-eared Owl 1 -
Tawny owl 9 4
Crow 3 -
Jackdaw 1 -
Raven 4 -
Rook 5 -
Greenfinch 3 -
Pigeon 1 -
Chaffinch 1 -
Capercaillie 1 -
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Species Number tested Number positive b
Gull 4 -
Partridge 2 -
Swan 5 -
Badger 2 -
Cat 3 -
Dog 10 1
Fox 46 36
Mole 1 -
Otter 1 1
Rabbit 1 -
Rat 1 -
Red Squirrel 2 -
TOTAL 210 87
a Brodifacoum, bromadiolone, chlorophacinone, coumatetralyl, difenacoum, difethialone, diphacinone,
flocoumafen & warfarin. b This is the total number of specimens that tested positive from 210 livers examined. An individual WIIS
incident may involve >1 specimen. *
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APPENDIX I INVESTIGATION PROCEDURES The investigation of suspected pesticide poisoning incidents relies on a scheme, which allows members of the public and interested organisations to notify relevant agencies and facilitate submission of carcases, suspected baits or other samples for pesticide analysis. The Wildlife Incident Investigation Scheme is operated in Scotland by the Pesticides and Wildlife Branch at SASA on behalf of the Scottish Government. Agricultural Staff in area offices located throughout Scotland, provide support when necessary for field investigations, and also act as an additional point of contact for notification of incidents. A number of environmental and animal welfare organisations, such as the RSPB-Scotland and the Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, play an active role in some incident investigations. These bodies act not only by assisting members of the public to notify incidents, but also by screening out inappropriate cases prior to notification. The Scottish Agricultural College (SAC) Veterinary Service acts in partnership with the scheme, in forwarding relevant samples to SASA from potential incidents notified indirectly via its laboratories, and by screening out incidents that are unlikely to involve pesticides. The post mortem examinations undertaken by these laboratories may identify disease, trauma, starvation or other causes of death, eliminating the need for expensive analytical investigation. As well as investigating incidents involving wildlife, the scheme covers suspected poisoning of livestock, companion animals and beneficial insects and investigates suspicious substances and suspected baits. Incidents may be rejected if they fall out with the remit of the scheme, or if other acceptance criteria are not met. SASA makes use of various analytical techniques, methods and instrumentation to detect, identify and quantify pesticide residues. Two multi-residue methods are currently used to determine and quantify: (1) Pesticides (2) Anticoagulant rodenticides. These multi-residue methods are supplemented by compound-specific analytical methods developed for the determination of chloralose, metaldehyde, paraquat, strychnine and gassing compounds. Wherever possible, residues are confirmed using an alternative analytical technique or measurement parameter. Field investigations are normally only triggered following the positive detection and identification of pesticide(s) in or on the test specimen. However, field investigations may also be initiated if sufficient evidence of pesticide involvement is available e.g. following direct notification or after post-mortem examination. Analytical results, post-mortem findings and field investigation reports are collated and interpreted by Pesticides and Wildlife Branch specialists in order to categorise an incident and to determine whether residue levels detected contributed to the death or illness of the animal involved. In some cases, the presence of residues in association with typical post-mortem findings may be used to determine mortality.
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The results of investigations in Scotland are presented annually in this report series and in reports published by the UK regulatory body, The Chemicals Regulation Directorate, who are able to assess relevant incident information for any implications for the approval status of a particular pesticide or family of pesticides. Where legal proceedings are used as part of enforcement action, the evidence gathered by SASA Pesticides & Wildlife Branch and SG Agricultural Staff, is presented in reports to the Procurator Fiscal Service. Police forces are active partners in countering pesticide abuse and take the lead in investigations and presentation of such cases to the Procurator Fiscal. How to Report Incidents SASA Website http://www.sasa.gov.uk/wildlife-environment/wildlife-incident-investigation-scheme-wiis PAW Scotland http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Environment/Wildlife-Habitats/paw-scotland/what-you-can-do
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A
PP
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on
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mm
ents
11
001
Janu
ary
Dum
frie
s &
G
allo
way
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
red
kite
T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad a
t the
roa
dsid
e w
ith a
dea
d ph
easa
nt ly
ing
near
by.
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re w
as c
once
rn th
at th
e ki
te m
ight
ha
ve b
een
pois
oned
. H
owev
er, t
he la
bora
tory
inve
stig
atio
n on
ly c
onfir
med
exp
osur
e to
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
1100
2 Ja
nuar
y B
orde
r br
odifa
coum
st
arva
tion
buzz
ard
Buz
zard
foun
d de
ad b
y a
wal
ker.
The
con
cern
that
it m
ay
have
bee
n po
ison
ed w
as n
ot s
ubst
antia
ted.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f br
odifa
coum
was
con
firm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 11
003
Janu
ary
Cen
tral
br
omad
iolo
ne
star
vatio
n bu
zzar
d T
his
buzz
ard
was
foun
d de
ad in
a tr
ee b
y a
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n fa
iled
to p
rovi
de a
ny
evid
ence
to im
plic
ate
pest
icid
e po
ison
ing
but c
onfir
med
a lo
w
resi
due
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1100
6 Ja
nuar
y B
orde
r ca
rbof
uran
(b
rom
adio
lone
) ab
use
buzz
ard
The
buz
zard
was
foun
d de
ad in
an
area
whe
re th
ere
is a
hi
stor
y of
bird
of p
rey
pers
ecut
ion.
Alth
ough
the
carc
ase
was
in
an
adva
nced
sta
te o
f aut
olys
is r
esid
ues
of c
arbo
fura
n w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e an
d th
e gi
zzar
d co
nten
ts fr
om th
e bi
rd.
How
ever
, no
enfo
rcem
ent a
ctio
n ha
s be
en ta
ken
due
to
a la
ck o
f evi
denc
e. A
ver
y lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as
also
det
ecte
d in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 11
007
Janu
ary
Fife
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
dife
naco
um
unkn
own
whi
te ta
iled
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e T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad b
ehin
d a
stoc
k fe
nce
near
to a
n ar
ea o
f for
estr
y. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n fa
iled
to p
rovi
de
any
evid
ence
to im
plic
ate
pest
icid
e po
ison
ing
but c
onfir
med
th
e pr
esen
ce o
f low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne, b
rodi
faco
um
and
dife
naco
um in
live
r tis
sue.
11
010
Janu
ary
Str
athc
lyde
br
odifa
coum
m
isus
e do
g T
his
dog
died
follo
win
g m
assi
ve p
leur
al a
nd a
bdom
inal
ha
emor
rhag
e. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed a
re
sidu
e of
bro
difa
coum
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e do
g. A
fiel
d in
vest
igat
ion,
und
erta
ken
by A
FR
C a
gric
ultu
ral s
taff,
es
tabl
ishe
d th
at 'J
agua
r' ro
dent
icid
e bl
ocks
con
tain
ing
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
in u
se in
a c
hick
en h
ouse
on
the
prem
ises
. A
lthou
gh a
ll th
e ap
prop
riate
pre
caut
ions
had
bee
n ta
ken
this
do
g ap
pear
s to
hav
e di
ed fo
llow
ing
acci
dent
al e
xpos
ure
to th
e ro
dent
icid
e pr
oduc
t.
16
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
012
Feb
ruar
y D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a re
d ki
te
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
tang
led
in b
arbe
d w
ire o
n a
pylo
n; lo
w
resi
dues
of a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide
resi
dues
wer
e de
tect
ed
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1101
7 Ja
nuar
y Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
dife
naco
um
unkn
own
fox
Fox
foun
d de
ad b
y a
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
who
was
co
ncer
ned
that
it m
ay h
ave
been
poi
sone
d. T
he a
naly
tical
in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
pro
vide
any
evi
denc
e of
pes
ticid
e po
ison
ing
but r
evea
led
low
res
idue
s of
two
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
es in
the
liver
tiss
ue.
1102
0 F
ebru
ary
Hig
hlan
d ch
lora
lose
ab
use
red
kite
T
he p
olic
e w
ere
conc
erne
d th
at th
is b
ird m
ay h
ave
been
po
ison
ed.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
reve
aled
a g
ross
re
sidu
e of
chl
oral
ose
in th
e cr
op m
ater
ial f
rom
the
bird
. U
nfor
tuna
tely
no
enfo
rcem
ent a
ctio
n ha
s be
en p
ursu
ed d
ue to
in
suffi
cien
t evi
denc
e.
1102
2 Ja
nuar
y S
trat
hcly
de
dife
naco
um
trau
ma
spar
row
haw
k T
his
spar
row
haw
k w
as fo
und
dead
with
a fr
actu
red
right
cl
avic
le.
A v
ery
low
res
idue
of d
ifena
coum
was
det
ecte
d in
th
e liv
er ti
ssue
sub
mitt
ed fo
r an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e an
alys
is.
11
024
Feb
ruar
y S
trat
hcly
de
stry
chni
ne
(bro
mad
iolo
ne)
abus
e 2
pere
grin
e fa
lcon
s an
d a
susp
ecte
d pi
geon
bai
t
The
se c
arca
ses
wer
e su
bmitt
ed b
y S
cotti
sh S
PC
A in
spec
tors
. R
esid
ues
of s
tryc
hnin
e w
ere
dete
cted
in ti
ssue
s fr
om b
oth
pere
grin
es a
nd o
n th
e pi
geon
rem
ains
. T
his
case
has
bee
n cl
osed
due
to a
lack
of e
vide
nce.
A v
ery
low
res
idue
of
brom
adio
lone
was
als
o co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
one
of
the
pere
grin
es.
11
025
Feb
ruar
y G
ram
pian
br
odifa
coum
di
fena
coum
st
arva
tion
buzz
ard
Thi
s bu
zzar
d w
as fo
und
on to
p of
a g
rani
te p
illar
at t
he
entr
ance
to a
priv
ate
hous
e. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d th
at s
tarv
atio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
de
ath.
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
test
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of v
ery
low
res
idue
s of
br
odifa
coum
and
dife
naco
um.
11
026
Feb
ruar
y B
orde
r br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
dife
naco
um
unsp
ecifi
edta
wny
ow
l and
bu
zzar
d T
hese
bird
s w
ere
foun
d de
ad a
t the
sam
e lo
catio
n w
ithin
the
spac
e of
one
wee
k. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
rais
ed th
e po
ssib
ility
of a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide
pois
onin
g be
ing
resp
onsi
ble
for
thei
r de
aths
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
th
at s
uspi
cion
by
reve
alin
g re
sidu
es o
f rod
entic
ides
at l
evel
s th
at w
ere
cons
ider
ed to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
.
17
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
030
Feb
ruar
y Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
unkn
own
fox
Thi
s fo
x w
as fo
und
dead
in a
n ar
ea w
here
sev
eral
oth
er d
ead
foxe
s ha
d be
en r
epor
ted.
An
exte
nsiv
e an
alyt
ical
in
vest
igat
ion
only
rev
eale
d a
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
in
liver
tiss
ue fr
om th
e an
imal
. 11
032
Feb
ruar
y Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
dife
naco
um
unsp
ecifi
edfo
x T
his
fox
was
foun
d de
ad o
n th
e fin
der's
law
n. T
he la
bora
tory
an
alys
is id
entif
ied
resi
dues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um
in li
ver
tissu
e. T
he r
esid
ues
wer
e at
leve
ls th
at w
ould
no
rmal
ly b
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ra
nge.
The
sou
rce
of th
e ch
emic
als
has
not b
een
esta
blis
hed.
11
040
Mar
ch
Loth
ian
dife
naco
um
unsp
ecifi
edbu
zzar
d T
he r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um d
etec
ted
in th
e liv
er ti
ssue
from
th
is b
ird in
dica
ted
that
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e po
ison
ing
prob
ably
con
trib
uted
to th
e de
ath.
The
sou
rce
of th
e ch
emic
al
is s
till u
ncer
tain
. 11
041
Mar
ch
Tay
side
ch
lora
lose
(b
rom
adio
lone
) ab
use
2 bu
zzar
ds,
two
susp
ecte
d ph
easa
nt b
aits
an
d 2
crow
s
Thi
s in
cide
nt is
the
subj
ect o
f an
ongo
ing
polic
e in
vest
igat
ion.
A
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
det
ecte
d in
live
r tis
sue
from
one
of t
he b
uzza
rds.
1104
5 M
arch
S
trat
hcly
de
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
un
spec
ified
fox
Thi
s is
one
of s
ever
al a
nim
als
foun
d de
ad in
the
sam
e ar
ea.
The
labo
rato
ry te
sts
have
con
firm
ed r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
an
d br
odifa
coum
in li
ver
tissu
e. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
le
vel w
as w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
How
ever
, the
so
urce
of t
he c
hem
ical
has
not
bee
n es
tabl
ishe
d.
11
046
Mar
ch
Gra
mpi
an
carb
ofur
an
(bro
mad
iolo
ne)
abus
e go
lden
eag
le
and
a bu
zzar
d
Thi
s sa
telli
te ta
gged
eag
le w
as fo
und
to h
ave
been
poi
sone
d w
ith c
arbo
fura
n. A
buz
zard
car
case
sei
zed
durin
g th
e fie
ld
sear
ch w
as a
lso
conf
irmed
to h
ave
been
poi
sone
d. H
owev
er,
ther
e w
as in
suffi
cien
t evi
denc
e to
pur
sue
any
enfo
rcem
ent
actio
n an
d th
is c
ase
is n
ow c
lose
d. A
low
res
idue
of
brom
adio
lone
was
als
o de
tect
ed in
the
liver
tiss
ue fr
om th
e ea
gle.
11
048
Mar
ch
Bor
der
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
un
know
n bu
zzar
d T
wo
buzz
ards
foun
d de
ad b
elow
pow
er li
nes.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e pr
esen
ce o
f low
res
idue
s of
br
omad
iolo
ne a
nd d
ifena
coum
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om o
ne o
f the
bi
rds.
18
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
052
Mar
ch
Tay
side
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
dife
naco
um
star
vatio
n bu
zzar
d F
ound
dea
d in
poo
r bo
dily
con
ditio
n. T
he la
bora
tory
in
vest
igat
ion
was
res
tric
ted
to s
cree
ning
for
evid
ence
of
expo
sure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. Lo
w r
esid
ues
of
brom
adio
lone
, bro
difa
coum
and
dife
naco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in
live
r tis
sue.
11
054
Apr
il H
ighl
and
aldi
carb
ca
rbof
uran
ab
use
buzz
ard
The
labo
rato
ry in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of
resi
dues
of t
he c
arba
mat
e in
sect
icid
es, a
ldic
arb
and
carb
ofur
an, i
n tis
sue
sam
ples
ana
lyse
d fr
om th
is b
ird.
How
ever
, no
furt
her
polic
e in
vest
igat
ion
has
been
und
erta
ken
due
to a
lack
of e
vide
nce.
11
056
Apr
il Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
dife
naco
um
unkn
own
buzz
ard
Thr
ee b
uzza
rds
wer
e fo
und
dead
toge
ther
on
the
grou
nd
unde
r an
ele
ctric
ity p
ylon
. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
faile
d to
est
ablis
h th
e ca
use
of d
eath
. T
he la
bora
tory
in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of l
ow r
esid
ues
of th
e an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um in
liv
er ti
ssue
from
one
of t
he b
irds.
11
057
Apr
il D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
br
odifa
coum
unsp
ecifi
edre
d ki
te
Low
res
idue
s of
thre
e an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is b
ird.
The
com
bine
d re
sidu
e le
vel i
ndic
ates
that
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e po
ison
ing
prob
ably
con
trib
uted
to th
e de
ath.
The
sou
rce
of th
e ch
emic
als
has
not b
een
esta
blis
hed.
11
062
Apr
il S
trat
hcly
de
dife
naco
um
star
vatio
n sp
arro
wha
wk
Fou
nd d
ead
in a
gar
den.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s su
gges
ted
that
sta
rvat
ion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of
deat
h in
this
inst
ance
. A
low
res
idue
of d
ifena
coum
was
co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
.
1106
4 A
pril
Gra
mpi
an
brom
adio
lone
co
umat
etra
lyl
star
vatio
n ta
wny
ow
l T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
iden
tifie
d st
arva
tion
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
this
ow
l's d
eath
. Lo
w r
esid
ues
of tw
o an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es w
ere
foun
d in
live
r tis
sue
from
the
bird
. 11
066
Apr
il H
ighl
and
dife
naco
um
dise
ase
buzz
ard
Sep
ticae
mia
was
iden
tifie
d as
the
caus
e of
this
buz
zard
's
dem
ise.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um w
as d
etec
ted
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1106
9 A
pril
Hig
hlan
d di
fena
coum
br
odifa
coum
st
arva
tion
spar
row
haw
k T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad in
a g
arde
n an
d st
arva
tion
was
th
ough
t to
be th
e po
ssib
le c
ause
of d
eath
. V
ery
low
res
idue
s of
bro
difa
coum
and
dife
naco
um w
ere
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e.
19
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
075
May
Lo
thia
n al
dica
rb
al
dica
rb
sulfo
xide
abus
e 2
cats
T
hree
cat
s fr
om th
e sa
me
area
wer
e fo
und
dead
and
a fo
urth
ca
t was
eut
hana
sed.
Tis
sues
from
3 o
f the
cat
s w
ere
subm
itted
for
anal
ysis
. R
esid
ues
of a
ldic
arb
and
its
met
abol
ite a
ldic
arb
sulfo
xide
wer
e id
entif
ied
in ti
ssue
s fr
om 2
of
the
anim
als.
The
sou
rce
of th
e al
dica
rb h
as n
ot b
een
esta
blis
hed.
11
079
May
D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
carb
ofur
an
abus
e ra
ven
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
that
this
rav
en h
ad d
ied
from
car
bofu
ran
pois
onin
g. N
o fu
rthe
r ac
tion
has
been
po
ssib
le d
ue to
insu
ffici
ent e
vide
nce.
11
083
May
H
ighl
and
bend
ioca
rb
carb
ofur
an
abus
e re
d ki
te
Fol
low
ing
a re
port
of
a de
ad r
ed k
ite th
e po
lice
carr
ied
out a
gr
ound
sea
rch
and
colle
cted
the
red
kite
and
ske
leta
l rem
ains
of
ano
ther
bird
. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n de
tect
ed r
esid
ues
of b
endi
ocar
b an
d ca
rbof
uran
in th
e sa
mpl
es fr
om th
e re
d ki
te
only
. T
he c
ase
is n
ow c
lose
d du
e to
a la
ck o
f evi
denc
e.
11
087
May
S
trat
hcly
de
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x A
dea
d fo
x w
as fo
und
in a
fiel
d in
a c
ount
ry p
ark.
Fox
es h
ad
been
bei
ng fe
d by
a m
embe
r of
the
publ
ic a
nd it
was
not
ed
that
8 h
ad s
topp
ed c
omin
g fo
r fo
od.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n re
veal
ed th
at it
had
mul
tiple
sku
ll fr
actu
res
resu
lting
from
blu
nt tr
aum
a. A
sig
nific
ant r
esid
ue o
f br
omad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e bu
t a fi
eld
inve
stig
atio
n ha
s fa
iled
to e
stab
lish
the
sour
ce o
f the
ch
emic
al.
1109
1 M
ay
Tay
side
m
ethi
ocar
b m
isus
e do
g D
og b
ecam
e ill
afte
r ru
mm
agin
g in
rub
bish
whi
lst b
eing
w
alke
d. I
t lat
er r
ecov
ered
afte
r re
ceiv
ing
vete
rinar
y tr
eatm
ent.
T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
at th
e do
g ha
d in
gest
ed a
qua
ntity
of m
ethi
ocar
b sl
ug p
elle
ts.
The
sou
rce
of
the
met
hioc
arb
has
not b
een
esta
blis
hed.
11
093
June
D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
st
arva
tion
red
kite
Lo
w r
esid
ues
of tw
o an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es w
ere
dete
cted
in
live
r fr
om th
is r
ed k
ite.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
that
sta
rvat
ion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of
deat
h.
1109
4 M
ay
Hig
hlan
d br
odifa
coum
tr
aum
a bu
zzar
d T
he r
esid
ue o
f bro
difa
coum
det
ecte
d in
this
buz
zard
was
ap
proa
chin
g th
e le
vel w
here
adv
erse
effe
cts
wou
ld b
e ex
pect
ed.
How
ever
, in
this
cas
e th
ere
was
circ
umst
antia
l and
po
st m
orte
m e
vide
nce
to in
dica
te th
at e
lect
rocu
tion
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
.
20
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
097
June
S
trat
hcly
de
ethy
lene
gly
col
othe
r ca
t T
here
was
con
cern
that
this
cat
had
die
d as
a r
esul
t of
pest
icid
e po
ison
ing.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
co
nfirm
that
sus
pici
on b
ut k
idne
y hi
stop
atho
logy
indi
cate
d th
at
ethy
lene
gly
col p
oiso
ning
was
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
11
101
June
D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
un
know
n ot
ter
Thi
s ot
ter
was
foun
d de
ad o
n a
river
ban
k. I
t was
the
seco
nd
otte
r to
hav
e di
ed in
the
area
with
in a
two
wee
k pe
riod.
The
po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
and
anal
ytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
es
tabl
ish
the
caus
e of
dea
th.
A lo
w, s
ub-le
thal
res
idue
of
brom
adio
lone
was
det
ecte
d in
live
r tis
sue.
11
103
May
Lo
thia
n m
etal
dehy
de
appr
oved
do
g D
og b
ecam
e ill
afte
r in
gest
ing
met
alde
hyde
slu
g pe
llets
ap
plie
d to
the
gard
en b
y its
ow
ner.
The
dog
rec
over
ed
follo
win
g ve
terin
ary
trea
tmen
t.
1110
5 Ju
ne
Hig
hlan
d di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a bu
zzar
d T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d th
at tr
aum
a as
soci
ated
with
a b
low
to th
e he
ad w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
de
ath
in th
is in
cide
nt.
A v
ery
low
res
idue
of d
ifena
coum
was
co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
11
109
June
W
este
rn
Isle
s di
fena
coum
un
know
n w
hite
taile
d ea
gle
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
on
a cr
oft.
The
cau
se o
f dea
th h
as
not b
een
esta
blis
hed.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um w
as
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1111
3 Ju
ly
Loth
ian
dife
naco
um
trau
ma
buzz
ard
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
at t
he s
ide
of th
e A
68.
The
re a
re
conc
erns
that
the
loca
l pop
ulat
ion
of b
uzza
rds
and
spar
row
haw
ks h
as d
eclin
ed r
ecen
tly.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e pr
esen
ce o
f a v
ery
low
res
idue
of
dife
naco
um in
live
r tis
sue.
11
115
July
D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
carb
ofur
an
(bro
mad
iolo
ne)
abus
e re
d ki
te
A g
amek
eepe
r re
port
ed fi
ndin
g a
dead
red
kite
to th
e po
lice.
R
esid
ues
of c
arbo
fura
n w
ere
conf
irmed
in b
oth
the
liver
tiss
ue
and
the
stom
ach
cont
ents
from
the
bird
con
firm
ing
carb
ofur
an
pois
onin
g as
the
caus
e of
the
bird
’s d
emis
e. H
owev
er, d
ue to
in
suffi
cien
t evi
denc
e no
enf
orce
men
t act
ion
has
been
take
n.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as a
lso
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e.
21
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
123
July
Lo
thia
n no
voca
ine
peni
cilli
n G
ot
her
chem
ical
A
sm
all b
ottle
con
tain
ing
oran
ge li
quid
and
a c
ream
col
oure
d se
dim
ent w
as fo
und
on a
tree
stu
mp.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
at th
e bo
ttle
cont
aine
d a
mix
ture
of
novo
cain
e (a
che
mic
al u
sed
as a
n an
aest
hetic
) an
d pe
nici
llin
G (
an a
ntib
iotic
). P
olic
e en
quiri
es h
ave
faile
d to
est
ablis
h th
e so
urce
of t
his
vete
rinar
y m
edic
ine.
11
126
July
G
ram
pian
di
fena
coum
un
know
n re
d ki
te
You
ng b
ird fo
und
aliv
e bu
t una
ble
to fl
y. T
he b
ird d
ied
desp
ite
rece
ivin
g ve
terin
ary
trea
tmen
t. A
low
res
idue
of d
ifena
coum
w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bi
rd
1112
8 A
ugus
t Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
spar
row
haw
k F
ound
dea
d un
der
bush
es in
a g
arde
n. T
he p
ost m
orte
m
exam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d tr
aum
a w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
de
ath.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1112
9 A
ugus
t D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
st
arva
tion
red
kite
T
his
bird
was
foun
d al
ive
but w
as s
ubse
quen
tly e
utha
nase
d.
It w
as v
ery
thin
with
no
fat r
eser
ves.
Low
res
idue
s of
br
omad
iolo
ne a
nd d
ifena
coum
wer
e fo
und
in li
ver
tissu
e.
11
133
Aug
ust
Loth
ian
met
alde
hyde
m
isus
e ca
ttle
Thr
ee a
nim
als,
out
of a
gro
up o
f 18
youn
g ca
ttle
in a
fiel
d,
wer
e fo
und
unw
ell.
Tw
o di
ed.
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n of
one
of t
he a
nim
als
reve
aled
the
pres
ence
of s
mal
l blu
e pe
llets
in th
e in
test
ines
. T
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed a
res
idue
of m
etal
dehy
de in
the
sam
ple.
It i
s th
ough
t tha
t im
prop
er d
ispo
sal o
f the
pro
duct
pac
kagi
ng m
ight
be
res
pons
ible
for
this
inci
dent
.
1113
6 A
ugus
t G
ram
pian
co
umat
etra
lyl
trau
ma
pere
grin
e fa
lcon
T
his
bird
had
bee
n sh
ot.
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
scr
een
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
his
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of a
low
res
idue
of c
oum
atet
raly
l. 11
139
Aug
ust
Tay
side
ca
rbof
uran
ab
use
chem
ical
A
sm
all p
last
ic tu
b co
ntai
ning
a q
uant
ity o
f blu
e gr
anul
es w
as
foun
d ne
ar a
n ou
thou
se o
n an
est
ate
in T
aysi
de.
The
an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
e ac
tive
ingr
edie
nt o
n th
e gr
anul
es to
be
carb
ofur
an.
No
furt
her
actio
n ha
s be
en ta
ken
and
the
case
is n
ow c
lose
d.
22
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
141
Aug
ust
Str
athc
lyde
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
fox
Thi
s fo
x w
as th
ough
t to
have
bee
n th
e vi
ctim
of a
roa
d tr
affic
ac
cide
nt.
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
scr
een
for
evid
ence
of
expo
sure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
his
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of l
ow r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
bro
difa
coum
. 11
142
Aug
ust
Tay
side
br
omad
iolo
ne
dife
naco
um
star
vatio
n bu
zzar
d T
here
is a
his
tory
of p
estic
ide
pois
onin
g in
the
area
whe
re th
is
bird
was
foun
d de
ad.
How
ever
, the
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
has
conf
irmed
onl
y lo
w r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
di
fena
coum
. T
he p
ost m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
sugg
este
d th
at
star
vatio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
1114
6 A
ugus
t C
entr
al
brom
adio
lone
ab
use
dog
and
brea
d ba
it T
wo
dogs
wer
e be
ing
wal
ked,
off
thei
r le
ads.
One
of t
he d
ogs
was
see
n ea
ting
brea
d th
at h
ad b
een
adul
tera
ted
with
blu
e gr
ain.
Ana
lysi
s of
the
blue
gra
ins
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of
brom
adio
lone
, an
antic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide.
The
dog
su
rviv
ed.
The
cas
e is
now
clo
sed.
11
147
Sep
tem
ber
Loth
ian
carb
ofur
an
abus
e 2 sp
arro
wha
wks
an
d 2
buzz
ards
The
se c
arca
ses
wer
e fo
und
in a
lay-
by o
n th
e A
68.
The
an
alyt
ical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
at th
e bi
rds
had
been
po
ison
ed w
ith c
arbo
fura
n. A
pol
ice
inve
stig
atio
n ha
s fa
iled
to
prod
uce
any
posi
tive
lines
of e
nqui
ry a
nd th
e ca
se h
as b
een
clos
ed.
1115
2 S
epte
mbe
rT
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x T
his
fox
had
been
sho
t. T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f exp
osur
e to
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
The
an
alys
is c
onfir
med
the
pres
ence
of a
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
at
a le
vel t
hat w
ould
nor
mal
ly b
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1115
3 S
epte
mbe
rS
trat
hcly
de
carb
ofur
an
(bro
mad
iolo
ne)
abus
e re
d ki
te
Thi
s ta
gged
red
kite
was
foun
d in
a w
ood.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fin
ding
s w
ere
indi
cativ
e of
pes
ticid
e po
ison
ing
bein
g re
spon
sibl
e fo
r th
e de
ath
of th
is b
ird.
The
ana
lytic
al
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed th
at s
uspi
cion
by
reve
alin
g re
sidu
es o
f ca
rbof
uran
in th
e tis
sues
test
ed.
Des
pite
an
exte
nsiv
e se
arch
, no
enfo
rcem
ent a
ctio
n ha
s be
en p
ursu
ed d
ue to
in
suffi
cien
t evi
denc
e an
d th
is c
ase
is n
ow c
lose
d.
23
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
154
Sep
tem
ber
Bor
der
bend
ioca
rb
abus
e ra
ven
Thi
s ra
ven
was
foun
d ‘la
id o
ut’ w
ith s
tone
s ar
ound
it.
The
po
st m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
faile
d to
est
ablis
h a
caus
e of
dea
th
but t
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n co
nfirm
ed r
esid
ues
of
bend
ioca
rb, a
car
bam
ate
inse
ctic
ide,
in ti
ssue
s fr
om th
e bi
rd.
The
fiel
d in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
est
ablis
h th
e so
urce
of t
he
pois
on a
nd th
e ca
se is
now
clo
sed.
1115
5 S
epte
mbe
rLo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
dife
naco
um
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
2 fo
xes
Thi
s in
cide
nt in
volv
ed 3
foxe
s th
at h
ad b
een
shot
. R
esid
ues
of a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
wer
e fo
und
in tw
o of
the
anim
als.
In
each
cas
e th
e br
omad
iolo
ne r
esid
ue w
as a
t a
leve
l tha
t wou
ld n
orm
ally
be
cons
ider
ed to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
. 11
156
Sep
tem
ber
Gra
mpi
an
brom
adio
lone
st
arva
tion
spar
row
haw
k F
ound
dea
d on
farm
land
and
sub
mitt
ed fo
r an
ticoa
gula
nt
rode
ntic
ide
anal
ysis
onl
y. A
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
11
158
Sep
tem
ber
Hig
hlan
d al
dica
rb
abus
e gr
ouse
bai
t T
his
inci
dent
is th
e su
bjec
t of a
n on
goin
g po
lice
inve
stig
atio
n.
1116
4 S
epte
mbe
rT
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
un
know
n ba
rn o
wl
Fou
nd d
ead
in a
fiel
d cl
ose
to a
roa
d. T
he a
naly
tical
in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
the
pres
ence
of a
low
res
idue
of
brom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1116
5 S
epte
mbe
rT
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
un
know
n bu
zzar
d F
ound
dea
d. L
ow r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
11
167
Sep
tem
ber
Bor
der
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
un
know
n bu
zzar
d F
ound
dea
d. L
ow r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
dife
naco
um
wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
11
169
Sep
tem
ber
Cen
tral
br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
fox
Tw
o fo
xes
that
had
bee
n sh
ot w
ere
subm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ide
anal
ysis
. A
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om o
ne o
f the
ani
mal
s.
1117
0 S
epte
mbe
rT
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
Res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
dete
cted
. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
was
at
a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed
leth
al r
ange
. 11
171
Oct
ober
C
entr
al
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x T
his
fox
had
been
sho
t and
live
r tis
sue
was
sub
mitt
ed fo
r an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e an
alys
is.
Res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne
and
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
dete
cted
. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
w
as a
t a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed
leth
al r
ange
.
24
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
173
Oct
ober
T
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
un
know
n w
hite
taile
d ea
gle
The
re w
as c
once
rn th
at th
is b
ird m
ay h
ave
been
poi
sone
d.
How
ever
, onl
y a
very
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
11
174
Oct
ober
F
ife
brom
adio
lone
un
know
n bu
zzar
d
Tw
o bu
zzar
ds w
ere
foun
d de
ad in
the
sam
e ar
ea a
nd th
ere
was
a s
uspi
cion
that
they
may
hav
e be
en p
oiso
ned.
H
owev
er, t
he a
naly
tical
inve
stig
atio
n on
ly r
evea
led
a ve
ry lo
w
resi
due
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om o
ne o
f the
bird
s.
1117
5 O
ctob
er
Hig
hlan
d br
odifa
coum
st
arva
tion
spar
row
haw
k T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad in
a g
arde
n. T
he p
ost m
orte
m
exam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
indi
cate
d th
at s
tarv
atio
n w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
A v
ery
low
res
idue
of b
rodi
faco
um w
as
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e.
1117
7 O
ctob
er
Fife
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
dife
naco
um
trau
ma
fox
Live
r tis
sue
from
this
sho
t fox
was
sub
mitt
ed fo
r an
ticoa
gula
nt
rode
ntic
ide
anal
ysis
. R
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
, bro
difa
coum
an
d di
fena
coum
wer
e de
tect
ed.
The
bro
mad
iolo
ne r
esid
ue
was
at a
leve
l nor
mal
ly c
onsi
dere
d to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
le
thal
ran
ge.
1117
8 O
ctob
er
Cen
tral
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um w
as
conf
irmed
.
1118
3 S
epte
mbe
rT
aysi
de
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
taw
ny o
wl
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
in a
n ar
ea w
here
ther
e is
a h
isto
ry
of p
estic
ide
abus
e. H
owev
er, i
n th
is in
stan
ce tr
aum
a w
as
thou
ght t
o be
the
caus
e of
dea
th a
nd o
nly
a re
sidu
e of
br
odifa
coum
was
con
firm
ed in
the
liver
tiss
ue.
1118
9 O
ctob
er
Fife
br
omad
iolo
ne
coum
atet
raly
l tr
aum
a 3
foxe
s R
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
cou
mat
etra
lyl w
ere
dete
cted
in
liver
tiss
ue fr
om e
ach
of th
ese
shot
foxe
s. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
re
sidu
es w
ere
foun
d at
leve
ls n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
. 11
199
Nov
embe
r F
ife
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
di
fena
coum
trau
ma
buzz
ard
Thi
s bi
rd w
as fo
und
dead
in a
n ar
ea w
here
rat
poi
son
was
re
port
ed to
be
in u
se.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
reve
aled
lo
w r
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
, bro
difa
coum
and
dife
naco
um in
liv
er ti
ssue
. H
owev
er, i
n th
is c
ase
the
post
mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
that
trau
ma
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. 11
200
Nov
embe
r T
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x T
he li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
cree
ned
for
resi
dues
of
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
A r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as
conf
irmed
.
25
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
205
Dec
embe
r D
umfr
ies
&
Gal
low
ay
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a bu
zzar
d
The
car
case
s of
a b
uzza
rd a
nd a
mol
e w
ere
foun
d an
d su
bmitt
ed fo
r an
alys
is b
y a
mem
ber
of th
e pu
blic
who
was
co
ncer
ned
abou
t poi
soni
ng.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
faile
d to
pro
vide
any
evi
denc
e of
pes
ticid
e po
ison
ing.
A v
ery
low
re
sidu
e of
bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as c
onfir
med
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e bu
zzar
d.
1120
6 N
ovem
ber
Loth
ian
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n liv
er ti
ssue
from
this
sho
t an
imal
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
brod
ifaco
um.
The
bro
mad
iolo
ne r
esid
ue w
as a
t a le
vel
norm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1120
7 D
ecem
ber
Tay
side
br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
fox
Onl
y a
very
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
con
firm
ed in
liv
er ti
ssue
from
this
sho
t fox
. 11
209
Dec
embe
r T
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
Res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
dife
naco
um w
ere
dete
cted
. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
was
at
a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ra
nge.
11
212
Dec
embe
r B
orde
r br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
taw
ny o
wl
Thi
s ow
l car
case
was
foun
d in
a w
heel
ie b
in.
The
pos
t m
orte
m e
xam
inat
ion
findi
ngs
sugg
este
d th
at tr
aum
a w
as th
e lik
ely
caus
e of
dea
th.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
conf
irmed
th
e pr
esen
ce o
f low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
brod
ifaco
um in
live
r tis
sue.
11
214
Dec
embe
r T
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n liv
er ti
ssue
from
this
sho
t an
imal
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
a r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne a
t a le
vel
norm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1121
5 D
ecem
ber
Cen
tral
br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
fox
Thi
s fo
x ha
d be
en s
hot.
A lo
w r
esid
ue o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne w
as
conf
irmed
in li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
e an
imal
. 11
216
Dec
embe
r T
aysi
de
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n liv
er ti
ssue
from
this
sho
t an
imal
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. T
he a
naly
sis
conf
irmed
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
dife
naco
um.
The
bro
mad
iolo
ne r
esid
ue w
as a
t a le
vel
norm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
26
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
218
Dec
embe
r Lo
thia
n br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
fox
The
live
r tis
sue
from
this
sho
t fox
was
scr
eene
d fo
r re
sidu
es
of a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. A
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
co
nfirm
ed a
t a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1121
9 D
ecem
ber
Loth
ian
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x A
noth
er s
hot f
ox w
ith a
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
in li
ver.
The
re
sidu
e w
as a
t a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1122
0 D
ecem
ber
Str
athc
lyde
br
omad
iolo
ne
trau
ma
kest
rel
The
pos
t mor
tem
exa
min
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
that
trau
ma
asso
ciat
ed w
ith a
bro
ken
neck
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
in
this
inci
dent
. A
low
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
was
con
firm
ed in
liv
er ti
ssue
. 11
221
Sep
tem
ber
Gra
mpi
an
brom
adio
lone
br
odifa
coum
tr
aum
a fo
x Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
The
ana
lytic
al in
vest
igat
ion
reve
aled
low
re
sidu
es o
f bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd b
rodi
faco
um.
1122
3 S
epte
mbe
rG
ram
pian
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
fox
Live
r tis
sue
from
ano
ther
sho
t fox
was
sub
mitt
ed fo
r an
ticoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
e an
alys
is.
Res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne
and
brod
ifaco
um w
ere
dete
cted
. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
w
as a
t a le
vel n
orm
ally
con
side
red
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed
leth
al r
ange
. 11
224
Oct
ober
C
entr
al
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a fo
x T
his
fox
had
been
sho
t. T
he o
ppor
tuni
ty w
as ta
ken
to s
cree
n fo
r ev
iden
ce o
f exp
osur
e to
ant
icoa
gula
nt r
oden
ticid
es.
The
an
alys
is c
onfir
med
the
pres
ence
of a
res
idue
of b
rom
adio
lone
at
a le
vel t
hat w
ould
nor
mal
ly b
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed le
thal
ran
ge.
1122
5 S
epte
mbe
rG
ram
pian
br
omad
iolo
ne
coum
atet
raly
l tr
aum
a fo
x Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
is s
hot f
ox w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
Low
res
idue
s of
bro
mad
iolo
ne a
nd
coum
atet
raly
l wer
e co
nfirm
ed.
11
226
Sep
tem
ber
Gra
mpi
an
brom
adio
lone
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a 2
foxe
s Li
ver
tissu
e fr
om th
ese
foxe
s w
as s
ubm
itted
for
antic
oagu
lant
ro
dent
icid
e an
alys
is.
The
ana
lysi
s co
nfirm
ed th
e pr
esen
ce o
f a
resi
due
of b
rom
adio
lone
in ti
ssue
from
one
fox
and
a lo
w
resi
due
of d
ifena
coum
in th
e ot
her.
The
bro
mad
iolo
ne
resi
due
was
at a
leve
l tha
t wou
ld n
orm
ally
be
cons
ider
ed to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
.
27
Ref
. M
on
th
Reg
ion
C
hem
ical
C
ateg
ory
S
pec
ies
Co
mm
ents
11
227
Sep
tem
ber
Gra
mpi
an
brom
adio
lone
tr
aum
a 3
foxe
s R
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
wer
e de
tect
ed in
all
thre
e of
thes
e fo
xes.
The
res
idue
s in
2 o
f the
ani
mal
s w
ere
at le
vels
that
w
ould
nor
mal
ly b
e co
nsid
ered
to b
e w
ithin
the
antic
ipat
ed
leth
al r
ange
.
1122
8 S
epte
mbe
rG
ram
pian
br
omad
iolo
ne
brod
ifaco
um
trau
ma
fox
The
opp
ortu
nity
was
take
n to
test
live
r tis
sue
from
two
shot
fo
xes
for
evid
ence
of e
xpos
ure
to a
ntic
oagu
lant
rod
entic
ides
. R
esid
ues
of b
rom
adio
lone
and
bro
difa
coum
wer
e de
tect
ed in
on
ly o
ne fo
x. T
he b
rom
adio
lone
res
idue
was
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
. 11
229
Janu
ary
Hig
hlan
d br
odifa
coum
di
fena
coum
st
arva
tion
buzz
ard
T
his
bird
was
foun
d de
ad u
nder
a h
edge
row
afte
r a
perio
d of
se
vere
wea
ther
. A
ver
y lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um a
nd a
re
sidu
e of
bro
difa
coum
, at a
leve
l tha
t wou
ld n
orm
ally
be
cons
ider
ed to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
, wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
How
ever
, sta
rvat
ion
was
thou
ght t
o be
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
.
1123
2 Ju
ly
Hig
hlan
d br
odifa
coum
di
fena
coum
tr
aum
a re
d ki
te
Thi
s re
d ki
te w
as fo
und
dead
bel
ow it
s ne
st.
The
pos
t mor
tem
ex
amin
atio
n fin
ding
s in
dica
ted
that
trau
ma
was
the
likel
y ca
use
of d
eath
. A
ver
y lo
w r
esid
ue o
f dife
naco
um a
nd a
re
sidu
e of
bro
difa
coum
, at a
leve
l tha
t wou
ld n
orm
ally
be
cons
ider
ed to
be
with
in th
e an
ticip
ated
leth
al r
ange
, wer
e co
nfirm
ed in
live
r tis
sue.
1
A
s s
om
e in
cid
ent
inve
stig
atio
ns
are
on
go
ing
at
the
tim
e o
f p
ub
licat
ion
of
this
rep
ort
, o
nly
lim
ited
in
form
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28
APPENDIX III REGIONS IN SCOTLAND USED TO CLASSIFY INCIDENTS
Photography and cover design by SASA Photography Services
© Crown copyright 2012
ISBN: 978-1-78256-074-6
This document is also available on the Scottish Government website:www.scotland.gov.uk
APS Group Scotland DPPAS13365 (09/12)
w w w . s c o t l a n d . g o v . u k
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