Pest Management in Feed MillsPest Management in Feed Mills

Bh. Subramanyam (Subi)Bh. Subramanyam (Subi)Department of Grain Science and IndustryDepartment of Grain Science and Industry

bhs@wheat.ksu.edubhs@wheat.ksu.eduTel: 785Tel: 785--532532--40924092

June 7, 2002June 7, 2002

AFIA Feed Management Short CourseAFIA Feed Management Short Course

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders

WeevilsWeevils

Internal FeedersInternal Feeders

MothMoth

BorerBorer

External FeedersExternal Feeders

Cigarette beetleCigarette beetle

Rusty grain beetleRusty grain beetle

Larger black flourLarger black flourbeetle larvaebeetle larvae

Sawtoothed grain beetleSawtoothed grain beetle

Spider beetleSpider beetle

Develop on broken kernels, grain dustDevelop on broken kernels, grain dust

External Feeders External Feeders -- ScavengersScavengers

External Feeders External Feeders -- MothsMoths

Almond mothAlmond moth

Moth larvaeMoth larvae

Indianmeal mothIndianmeal moth

Moth scalesMoth scales

Mold FeedersMold Feeders

Foreign grain beetleForeign grain beetle

Psocids or booklice

Hairy fungus beetleHairy fungus beetle

Flourish under humid conditionsFlourish under humid conditionsMold/cheese miteMold/cheese mite

Brief BiologyBrief Biology

Range of Tolerance for Temperature and Range of Tolerance for Temperature and MoistureMoisture

•• Multiply rapidly when conditions are favorable.Multiply rapidly when conditions are favorable.–– Cold bloodedCold blooded–– Temperatures, 8Temperatures, 8--41 41 ooCC–– Optimum Optimum -- 30 30 ooC and 50C and 50--70% RH70% RH–– Moistures 12Moistures 12--18% (4018% (40--80% RH) 80% RH)

•• Survive unfavorable conditions.Survive unfavorable conditions.–– DiapauseDiapause–– Retrogressive developmentRetrogressive development–– Survive in hot spotsSurvive in hot spots–– Survive in heated facilities or insulated Survive in heated facilities or insulated refugiarefugia

Reproductive Rates and Population CharacteristicsReproductive Rates and Population Characteristics

•• Beetles Beetles -- longlong--livedlived–– Mate and lay eggs throughout adult lifeMate and lay eggs throughout adult life

•• Moths Moths -- shortshort--livedlived–– Mate a few times and lay eggs within 1 Mate a few times and lay eggs within 1 week.week.

•• High reproductive rates.High reproductive rates.•• Dispersal.Dispersal.

Morphological AdaptationsMorphological Adaptations

•• Small size.Small size.•• Flattened shape of many beetles. Flattened shape of many beetles. ((CucujidaeCucujidae) helps them hide in cracks ) helps them hide in cracks and crevices.and crevices.

•• Easily overlooked.Easily overlooked.•• Need special tools to detect them.Need special tools to detect them.

The Truth About PestsThe Truth About Pests

•• Pests are always present (ubiquitous) Pests are always present (ubiquitous)

•• Level of pest management determines Level of pest management determines the risk of infestationthe risk of infestation

Perception vs. RealityPerception vs. Reality

––Is the facility really clean?Is the facility really clean?

What is clean for you may be What is clean for you may be dirty for the pests!dirty for the pests!

Important Pest Management Important Pest Management Concepts for the Feed IndustryConcepts for the Feed Industry

•• Keep pests below levels that do not Keep pests below levels that do not result in economic losses result in economic losses

•• Apply pesticides only when needed Apply pesticides only when needed

•• Use alternatives where feasible Use alternatives where feasible

Suggested Pest Management Suggested Pest Management Practices Practices

•• SanitationSanitation•• Stock rotationStock rotation•• Inspection of inInspection of in--coming ingredientscoming ingredients•• MonitoringMonitoring•• Selection and use of effective pest Selection and use of effective pest

control agentscontrol agents•• EvaluationEvaluation

What is “Food”?What is “Food”?

•• “…“….articles used for food or drink .articles used for food or drink for man or other animals.”for man or other animals.”

•• FeedsFeeds--Commercial and pet foodsCommercial and pet foods

Adulterated Food Adulterated Food –– Important Important SectionsSections

•• 402 (a)(3) 402 (a)(3) –– consists in whole, or in part, of any filth, consists in whole, or in part, of any filth, putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise putrid, or decomposed substance, or if it is otherwise unfit for foodunfit for food

•• 402 (a)(4) 402 (a)(4) –– it has been prepared, packed, or held under it has been prepared, packed, or held under unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become unsanitary conditions whereby it may have become contaminated with filth or where it may have been contaminated with filth or where it may have been rendered injurious to health rendered injurious to health

CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (CURRENT GOOD MANUFACTURING PRACTICES (CGMPsCGMPs))

Sanitation is the Single Most Sanitation is the Single Most Important Pest Management Practice!Important Pest Management Practice!

•• Raw grainRaw grain•• Grain handling equipmentGrain handling equipment•• Inside processing facilityInside processing facility

–– EquipmentEquipment–– Floors/walls/IFloors/walls/I--beams/supportsbeams/supports–– Food contact surfacesFood contact surfaces–– Electrical boxes Electrical boxes

StoredStored--product insects can product insects can develop on very little food! develop on very little food!

Energy Loss Energy Loss

Wheat Wheat -- 1 kernel (34 mg) 1 kernel (34 mg) -- 752 J752 JT. T. castaneumcastaneum Dev 237 J Dev 237 J C. C. ferrugineusferrugineus Dev 35 J Dev 35 J S. S. granariusgranarius Dev 345 J Dev 345 J S. S. oryzaeoryzae Dev 130 JDev 130 JR. R. dominicadominica Dev 33 Dev 33 E. E. cautellacautella Dev 605 J Dev 605 J

Inspect for Insects Once a Inspect for Insects Once a Month in IngredientsMonth in Ingredients

Probe trap for beetlesProbe trap for beetles

Moth trapMoth trap

Probe trapProbe trap

Heat Treatment, Sanitation, and Heat Treatment, Sanitation, and Population Rebound of InsectsPopulation Rebound of Insects

August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment of KSU Pilot Feed Mill

Time (hours)0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

Tem

pera

ture

(o F)

80

90

100

110

120

130

140

150

160

170

Basement1st floor2nd floor3rd floor4th floor

Basement

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

y=19.1+13.3 exp(-x/2.35)); r2=0.88

1st floor

Time (hours)

Tem

pera

ture

(o C) o

r Rel

ativ

e hu

mid

ity (%

)

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

Observed temperature Predicted temperature Observed RH Predicted RH

y=31.4+33.5(1-1/(1+33.5*0.011x)); r2=0.95

y=33.4+33.3(1-1/(1+33.3*0.008x)); r2=0.99

y=19.9+11.9 exp(-x/2.47)); r2=0.74

2nd floor

3rd floor

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 3610

20

30

40

50

60

70 4th floor

0 4 8 12 16 20 24 28 32 36

y=31.9+32.1(1-1/(1+32.1*0.013x)); r2=0.90

y=18.9+13.8 exp(-x/2.90)); r2= 0.84

y=31.8+31.8(1-1/(1+31.8*0.011x)); r2=0.93

y=19.9+11.3 exp(-x/2.77)); r2=0.75

y=31.1+28.8(1-1/(1+28.8*0.007x)); r2=0.95

y=19.4+16.8 exp(-x/4.6)); r2=0.87

Relative humidity

Temperature

7 /18 /00 8 /1 /00 8 /15 /00 8 /29 /00 9 /12 /00

Num

ber o

f adu

lts

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

0

20

40

60

80

100

0.0

0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

2.0

0

2

4

6

8

0 .0

0 .2

0 .4

0 .6

0 .8

1 .0

7 /18 /00 8 /1 /00 8 /15 /00 8 /29 /00 9 /12 /00 0

20

40

60

80

100

120

0

5

10

15

D ate (m onth /day/year)

Trogoderm a variab ile

T ribo lium castaneum Tribo lium confusum

C ryp to les tes fe rrug ineus

C ryp to les tes pus illus S itoph ilus sp .

To ta l adu lts

Feed mill basement

Num

ber o

f adu

lts

0

20

40

60

80

0

4

8

12

16

20

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

0.0

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

1.0

0

1

2

3

4

0

2

4

6

8

07/18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 0.0

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.5

07/18/00 08/01/00 08/15/00 08/29/00 09/12/00 0

20

40

60

80

100

Trogoderma variabileTribolium castaneum

Cryptolestes ferrugineus Cryptolestes pusillus

Sitophilus sp.Rhyzopertha dominica

Typhaea stercorea Total adults

Date (month/day/year)

Outside, Southside of feed mill

D a te (m o n th /d a y /y e a r)

Num

ber o

f adu

lts

0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

0

1 0

2 0

3 0

4 0

0

2

4

6

0 .0

0 .5

1 .0

1 .5

2 .0

2 .5

0

1

2

3

4

5

0 7 /1 8 /0 0 0 8 /0 1 /0 0 0 8 /1 5 /0 0 0 8 /2 9 /0 0 0 9 /1 2 /0 0 0

2 0

4 0

6 0

8 0

1 0 0

0 .0

0 .4

0 .8

1 .2

1 .6

7 /1 8 /0 0 8 /1 /0 0 8 /1 5 /0 0 8 /2 9 /0 0 9 /1 2 /0 0 0

5

1 0

1 5

2 0

T ro g o d e rm a v a r ia b ile

T r ib o liu m c a s ta n e u m

T r ib o liu m c o n fu s u m

C ry p to le s te s fe r ru g in e u s C ry p to le s te s p u s illu s

R h y z o p e r th a d o m in ic a

T y p h a e a s te rc o re a T o ta l a d u lts

On feed mill roof

Total Number of BeetlesKSU Pilot Feed Mill

July 8 - December 1, 1999

Julian date, 1999180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340 360

Num

ber o

f adu

lts/4

0 tr

aps

0

200

400

600

800

10006,033 total adults

Outdoor and Indoor Trapping Just Before and After Heat Treatment of KSU Feed Mill (Aug. 14-16, 2000)

IMM ALM BeetlesLocation Before After Before After Before After

Inside 335 2 108 1 473 141

Outside 44 23 14 2 208 94

Roof 5 17 2 4 107 167___________________________________________ Inside the mill a total of 20 traps were used.Outside the mill and on roof, a total of 5-7 traps were used.

Feed Mill, After August 4-6, 1999 Heat Treatment

Trap location No. beetles/trap

Under pellet die stand 193 Pellet mill 73Spouting from bins 46Forberg mixer 9North side of control room 8Sewing machine 7

March 17-20, 2000 steam heat treatmentFlour mill, KSU

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

16

20

24

28

32

36

40

44

48

52

56

60

Roll stand

Sifter

Flour

Bran

Tem

pera

tur e

(o C)

Time (hours)

Maximum temperatures attained at floor level during a gas heat treatment, June 25-27, 1999. Dowdy and Subramanyam (1999, unpublished data)

40°C

45°C

50°C

55°C

60°C

65°C

70°C

75°C

80°C

85°C

Floor 1

Floor 2

Floor 3

Floor 4

Floor 5

N>

Poor Sanitation Affects Trap Poor Sanitation Affects Trap Catch EfficiencyCatch Efficiency

Traps for Beetles Traps for Beetles

FlitFlit--Trak TrapsTrak Traps

Pherocon II traps for moths

Subramanyam and Campbell (unpublished data)

Indianmeal moth trap catchNovember 13-17, 2000

01234567891011

Figure 1

5 10 15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

2

4

6

8

10

Back room

Dis

tanc

e fro

m le

ft fr

ont (

m)

Distance from left front (m)

A

A

A

C

B

5 10 15

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

0

2

4

6

Back room

Distance from left front (m)

A

A

A

C

B

1 2

A=Wild bird food B=Small animal food C=Cat and dog food

Is Sanitation Enough? Is Sanitation Enough?

Stegobium paniceum

5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01 0

2

4

6

8

10Total of adult beetles

5/18/01 6/1/01 6/15/01 6/29/01 7/13/01 7/27/01 8/10/01 8/24/01

Sanitation

Tempo spray

SanitationTempo spray

Rhyzopertha dominicaCryptolestes spp

0

2

4

6

8

10

SanitationTempo spray

No.

adu

lts/tr

ap/w

k (m

ean

+ se

)

Lasioderma serricorneOryzaephilus spp

Date (month/day/year)

0

2

4

6

8

10

Tempo spray

Tempo spraySanitation

Sanitation

Sanitation Tempo spray

Store 2Fig 3

Retail store

On the surface, seams, and stitchesof bags

Time spent on various IPM activitiesTime spent on various IPM activities

ActivityActivity Person hoursPerson hours

Assembling trapsAssembling traps 1 1 –– 22

Placing trapsPlacing traps 1 1 –– 22

Checking trapsChecking traps 1 1 –– 2.52.5

Sanitation Sanitation 8 8 –– 10 (21)10 (21)

Sanitation and Gentrol spraySanitation and Gentrol spray 8 8 –– 1010

Sanitation and Tempo spraySanitation and Tempo spray 8 8 –– 1010

Counting insectsCounting insects 2 2 –– 1616

Date (month/day/year)4/27/01 5/11/01 5/25/01 6/8/01 6/22/01 7/6/01 7/20/01 8/3/01 8/17/01 8/31/01

No.

adu

lt be

etle

s (m

ean

+ se

)

0

4

8

12

16

20

PSB1, Kansas CityPSB2 , TopekaDPS , Manhattan

Sanitation

Tempo spray

Beetles in PSB1

May 25 - June 1 June 8 - 15June 1 - 8 June 15 - 22

June 22 - 29 June 29 - July 6 July 6 - 13 July 13 - 20 July 20 - 27 July 27 - Aug 3

May 11 - 18 May 18 - 25

5 15 25 35

10

20

30

40

5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 355 15 25 35

5 15 25 355 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35

5 15 25 35

5 15 25 35

10

20

30

40

5 15 25 35

036912151821242730333639Aug 3 - 10 Aug 10 - 20 Aug 20 - 27 Aug 27 - Sept 1

5 15 25 35

10

20

30

40

5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35 5 15 25 35

Distance from left front (m)

Dis

tanc

e fro

m le

ft fro

nt (m

)

A

B

C

Before sanitation

After sanitation before Tempo

After Tempo

Food Increases Insect SurvivalFood Increases Insect Survival

•• Cyfluthrin (205 WP, 9.5 g/94 m2)Cyfluthrin (205 WP, 9.5 g/94 m2)•• No food No food –– 100% 100% knockeddownknockeddown within within 120 minutes, and none recovered120 minutes, and none recovered

Food Food –– 100% 100% knockeddownknockeddown within within 120 minutes, but 40% recovered 120 minutes, but 40% recovered after being placed on food after being placed on food

Poor Sanitation Decreases Poor Sanitation Decreases Efficacy of Applied InsecticidesEfficacy of Applied Insecticides

Chemical ControlChemical Control

•• Crack/crevice applicationCrack/crevice application–– Cyfluthrin, Cyfluthrin, fenvaleratefenvalerate, , hydroprenehydroprene

•• General surface applicationGeneral surface application–– Diatomaceous earthDiatomaceous earth

•• FoggingFogging–– ResmethrinResmethrin, DDVP, DDVP

•• FumigationFumigation–– PhosphinePhosphine–– Methyl bromideMethyl bromide–– ProfumeProfume

Diatomaceous Earth DustsDiatomaceous Earth Dusts

Perma GuardPerma Guard

DryacideDryacide

Healthy, untreated

DE-Treated

FumigationFumigation

SummarySummary•• Sanitation has many benefitsSanitation has many benefits•• Sanitation has to be followed by fumigation of Sanitation has to be followed by fumigation of

infested products or application of residual infested products or application of residual products (IGRs, inert dusts, Tempo)products (IGRs, inert dusts, Tempo)

•• Need seal all openings, cracks/crevices where Need seal all openings, cracks/crevices where dust accumulatesdust accumulates

•• Evaluate effectiveness of sanitation by Evaluate effectiveness of sanitation by continuous monitoring and precision targeting of continuous monitoring and precision targeting of control measurescontrol measures

•• Apply pesticides only when needed.Apply pesticides only when needed.